[James_H._Harlow]_Electric_Power_Transformer_Engin(BookSee.org)
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Wenzel, D., Borsi, H., and Glockenbach, E., Pulse Shaped Noise Reduction and Partial Discharge Localisation<br />
on <strong>Transformer</strong>s Using the Karhunen-Loéve-Transform, Paper 5627, in Proc. 9th ISH, Graz,<br />
1995.<br />
Wenzel, D., Schichler, U., Borsi, H., and Glockenbach, E., Recognition of Partial Discharges on <strong>Power</strong><br />
Units by Directional Coupling, Paper 5626, in Proc. 9th ISH, Graz, 1995.<br />
Zaretsky, M.C. et al., Moisture sensing in transformer oil using thin-film microdielectrometry, IEEE Trans.<br />
<strong>Electric</strong>al Insulation, 24, 1989.<br />
3.14 U.S. <strong>Power</strong> <strong>Transformer</strong> Equipment Standards and Processes<br />
Philip J. Hopkinson<br />
This section 4 describes the power transformer equipment standards approval processes and lists the<br />
standards that are in place in the U.S. in 2002. The subsection on accredited standards approval processes<br />
(Section 3.14.1) provides an abbreviated description of the methods that are employed in the U.S. for<br />
gaining American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval and recognition. Similarly, an approval<br />
process is also shown for International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) documents.<br />
The U.S. uses a voluntary process for the development of nationally recognized power transformer<br />
equipment standards. This chapter describes the U.S. standards accreditation process and provides flow<br />
charts to show how accredited standards are approved. With the International Electrotechnical Committee<br />
(IEC) taking on increased importance, the interaction of U.S. technical experts with IEC is also described.<br />
Finally, relevant power transformer documents are listed for the key power transformer equipment<br />
standards that guide the U.S. industry.<br />
3.14.1 Processes for Acceptance of American National Standards<br />
The acceptance of a standard as an American national standard (ANS) requires that it be processed<br />
through one of three methods:<br />
1. Canvass list<br />
2. Action of accredited standards committee<br />
3. Action of accredited standards <strong>org</strong>anization<br />
Table 3.14.1 lists the major standards <strong>org</strong>anizations.<br />
All three methods share the common requirement that the process used has been accredited by the<br />
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), that the methodology incorporates due process, and that<br />
consensus among the interests is achieved. Inherent in that approval is presentation of accepted operational<br />
procedures and/or a balloting group that is balanced among users, manufacturers, and generalinterest<br />
groups. Other considerations include the following:<br />
• The document must be within the scope previously registered.<br />
• Identified conflicts must be resolved.<br />
• Known national standards must have been examined to<br />
Avoid duplication or conflict<br />
Verify that any appeal has been completed<br />
Verify that the ANSI patent policy is met<br />
4<br />
Many thanks are offered by the author for assistance rendered by representatives of the National <strong>Electric</strong>al<br />
Manufacturer’s Association, by American National Standards Institute, and by individuals from IEEE, IEC, EEI,<br />
EL&P, UL, and especially by Ms. Purefoy, who arranged and documented these contents.<br />
TABLE 3.14.1 Major Standards Organizations<br />
ANSI<br />
ASC C57<br />
IEEE<br />
NEMA<br />
EL&P<br />
EEI<br />
AEIC<br />
UL<br />
IEC<br />
American National Standards Institute<br />
Accredited Standards Committee C57 for <strong>Power</strong> and Distribution <strong>Transformer</strong>s (deactivated December<br />
31, 2002, by mutual decision of IEEE, NEMA, and C57 Committee)<br />
Institute of <strong>Electric</strong>al and Electronics <strong>Engin</strong>eers<br />
National <strong>Electric</strong>al Manufacturers Association<br />
<strong>Electric</strong> Light and <strong>Power</strong><br />
Edison <strong>Electric</strong> Institute<br />
Association of Edison Illuminating Companies<br />
Underwriter’s Laboratory<br />
International Electrotechnical Commission<br />
While the three processes differ in their methods of gaining consensus, all three use common methods<br />
for document submittal to ANSI. An explanation of the ANSI submittal process, which involves the use<br />
of Board for Standard Revision form 8 (BSR-8) and Board for Standard Review form 9 (BSR-9), is<br />
available on-line at http://web.ansi.<strong>org</strong>/rooms/room_16/public/ans.html.<br />
The BSR-8 form (request to initiate public review of a proposed ANS) is used to submit draft candidate<br />
American national standards for public review in ANSI’s standards action. This form can be submitted<br />
multiple times for the same standard if multiple public reviews are required due to substantive changes<br />
in text. If the BSR-8 form is a resubmittal, this should be clearly marked on the form. This form is<br />
available via the ANSI reference library or via e-mail to psa@ansi.<strong>org</strong>.<br />
The BSR-9 form (request for formal approval of a standard as an ANS) is used to submit candidate<br />
American national standards for final approval. All of the information requested on the form must be<br />
provided. The form itself serves as a checklist for the evidence of consensus that the BSR and the ANSI<br />
procedures require. The certification section on the form is the developer’s acknowledgement that all<br />
items listed as part of the certification statement are true, e.g., all appeals have concluded. This form is<br />
available via the ANSI reference library or via e-mail to psa@ansi.<strong>org</strong>.<br />
An explanation of the accreditation process (accreditation of American National Standards Developers)<br />
is available at http://web.ansi.<strong>org</strong>/rooms/room_16/public/accredit.html.<br />
3.14.1.1 Canvass List<br />
The canvass-list method provides procedures for seeking approval/acceptance of a document without<br />
the structure of a committee or an <strong>org</strong>anization. Figure 3.14.1 shows a flow diagram of the ANSI canvasslist<br />
method. Under the canvass list, the originator of a standard seeking its acceptance as an American<br />
national standard (ANS) must assemble, to the extent possible, those who are directly and materially<br />
affected by the activity in question. The standards developer conducts a letter ballot or “canvass” of those<br />
interested to determine consensus on a document. Additional interest in participating on a canvass is<br />
sought through an announcement in ANSI’s publication entitled, “Standards Action.” Although canvass<br />
developers provide ANSI with internal procedures used in the development of the draft American national<br />
standard, the due process used to determine consensus begins after the draft standard has been developed.<br />
Standards developers using the canvass method must use the procedures provided in Annex B of the<br />
ANSI procedures.<br />
The balloting group, by the above methods, consists of a balance of interests and affected parties. To<br />
summarize, once the canvass list is approved and finalized, the document is circulated for voting.<br />
Simultaneously, the manager of the canvass list completes and submits the Board for Standard Revision<br />
8 (BSR-8) form for public notification of the undertaking and providing opportunity for comment from<br />
persons outside the balloted group. Once the balloting period ends, a minimum of 45 days, and usually<br />
after 60 days for transformers, the manager completes Board for Standard Review 9 (BSR-9) to provide<br />
(1) validation that the proposal received consensus approval in the balloting and (2) a report on how<br />
each of the participants voted. The BSR-9 is forwarded to ANSI for action by the Board for Standard<br />
Review. Of particular concern is that the document review be completed under an open and fair procedure<br />
and that a consensus of the voting group approve its acceptance.<br />
Underwriter’s Laboratories (UL) uses the canvass-list method to obtain ANSI recognition of UL<br />
documents.<br />
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC<br />
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC