[James_H._Harlow]_Electric_Power_Transformer_Engin(BookSee.org)
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• Transient voltages generated due to resonance between the transformer and the network<br />
• Fast transient voltages generated by vacuum-switch operations or by the operation of disconnect<br />
switches in a gas-insulated bus-bar system<br />
This is a very specialized field in which the resulting voltage stresses must be calculated in the windings,<br />
and withstand criteria must be established for the different voltages and combinations of voltages. The<br />
designer must design the insulation system to withstand all of these stresses.<br />
References<br />
Kan, H., Problems related to cores of transformers and reactors, Electra, 94, 15–33, 1984.<br />
H. Jin Sim<br />
Scott H. Digby<br />
Waukesha <strong>Electric</strong> Systems<br />
Dudley L. Galloway<br />
Galloway <strong>Transformer</strong> Technology<br />
LLC<br />
Dan Mulkey<br />
Pacific Gas & <strong>Electric</strong> Company<br />
Gustav Preininger<br />
Consultant<br />
Sheldon P. Kennedy<br />
Niagara <strong>Transformer</strong> Corporation<br />
Paulette A. Payne<br />
PEPCO<br />
Randy Mullikin<br />
Kuhlman <strong>Electric</strong> Corp.<br />
Craig A. Colopy<br />
Cooper <strong>Power</strong> Systems<br />
Arindam Maitra<br />
Anish Gaikwad<br />
Arshad Mansoor<br />
Douglas Dorr<br />
EPRI PEAC Corporation<br />
Ralph Ferraro<br />
Ferraro, Oliver & Associates<br />
Richard F. Dudley<br />
Michael Sharp<br />
Antonio Castanheira<br />
Behdad Biglar<br />
Trench Ltd.<br />
2<br />
Equipment Types<br />
2.1 <strong>Power</strong> <strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
Introduction • Rating and Classifications • Short-Circuit Duty<br />
• Efficiency, Losses, and Regulation • Construction • Accessory<br />
Equipment • Inrush Current • <strong>Transformer</strong>s Connected<br />
Directly to Generators • Modern and Future Developments<br />
2.2 Distribution <strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
Historical Background • Construction • General <strong>Transformer</strong><br />
Design • <strong>Transformer</strong> Connections • Operational Concerns •<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong> Locations • Underground Distribution<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong>s • Pad-Mounted Distribution <strong>Transformer</strong>s •<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong> Losses • <strong>Transformer</strong> Performance Model •<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong> Loading • <strong>Transformer</strong> Testing •<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong> Protection • Economic Application<br />
2.3 Phase-Shifting <strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
Introduction • Basic Principle of Application • Load Diagram<br />
of a PST • Total <strong>Power</strong> Transfer • Types of Phase-Shifting<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong>s • Details of <strong>Transformer</strong> Design • Details of On-<br />
Load Tap-Changer Application • Other Aspects<br />
2.4 Rectifier <strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
Background and Historical Perspective • New Terminology and<br />
Definitions • Rectifier Circuits • Commutating Impedance •<br />
Secondary Coupling • Generation of Harmonics • Harmonic<br />
Spectrum • Effects of Harmonic Currents on <strong>Transformer</strong>s •<br />
Thermal Tests • Harmonic Cancellation • DC Current Content<br />
• <strong>Transformer</strong>s Energized from a Converter/Inverter •<br />
Electrostatic Ground Shield • Load Conditions • Interphase<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
2.5 Dry-Type <strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong> Taps • Cooling Classes for Dry-Type <strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
• Winding Insulation System • Application • Enclosures •<br />
Operating Conditions • Limits of Temperature Rise •<br />
Accessories • Surge Protection<br />
2.6 Instrument <strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
Overview • <strong>Transformer</strong> Basics • Voltage <strong>Transformer</strong> • Current<br />
<strong>Transformer</strong><br />
2.7 Step-Voltage Regulators<br />
Introduction • <strong>Power</strong> Systems Applications • Ratings • Theory<br />
• Auto-Booster • Three-Phase Regulators • Regulator Control •<br />
Unique Applications<br />
2.8 Constant-Voltage <strong>Transformer</strong>s<br />
Background • Applications • Procurement Considerations •<br />
Typical Service, Storage, and Shipment Conditions • Nameplate<br />
Data and Nomenclature • New Technology Advancements •<br />
Addendum<br />
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC<br />
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC