PR-0794UK Proofreading and Editing - Upper
Punctuation, spelling and grammar information PUNCTUATION Teacher information Please note: In some cases, teachers will need to exercise their own judgment with regard to punctuation, as certain aspects, particularly commas and exclamation marks, are to an extent discretionary and depend on the individual writer’s intent. Capital letters Capital letters are needed for: • sentence beginnings; e.g. My dog is very friendly. He welcomes everyone. • proper nouns – people’s names (Chloe Parker), names of places (Indian Ocean), days of the week (Saturday), months (December), holidays and festivals (Christmas), countries (America), nationalities (Russian), languages (Italian) and religions (Buddhism). • titles; e.g. World Health Organisation NOTE: Prim-Ed Publishing employs minimal capitalisation for titles of books and other publications as recommended by Style manual for authors, editors and printers, sixth edition 2002. To kill a mockingbird Snow White and the seven dwarfs Commas Commas are used to separate items in a list or series. I enjoy reading, playing squash, skiing and swimming. Grammatical commas are used to: • make the meaning of a sentence clear. Jane said her mother is very busy. (Jane’s mother is very busy.) Jane, said her mother, is very busy. (Jane is very busy.) • indicate where a pause is needed in a sentence. Many years ago, dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Apostrophes for possession Apostrophes are used to show that something belongs to someone or something. The placement of the apostrophe can be challenging but the simple rule is that it is placed after the owner or owners. (The ‘tail’ of the apostrophe ‘points’ to the owner(s).) the boy’s shoes (one boy) .............. the boys’ shoes (more than one boy) the lady’s hats (one lady) .............. the ladies’ hats (more than one lady) Grammatical contractions Grammatical contractions are words that have been made by joining and shortening two words. An apostrophe is used in place of the missing letters. would not .............wouldn’t will not .....................won’t I would ...........................I’d they are ................. they’re Viewing Sample Exclamation marks Exclamation marks are used to end exclamations and imperatives (commands) and for emphasis at the end of a statement. I love it! Don’t touch! She ate every bit of it! Note: If overused, exclamation marks lose their effect. x Proofreading and editing skills Prim-Ed Publishing www.prim-ed.com
Quotation marks Quotation marks are used: Teacher information • to enclose quoted speech Single or double quotation marks are accepted but must be used consistently. ‘You’re late again’, my mother complained. “I’m sorry”, I replied. • To enclose quotes within quotes, one set is used outside and the other inside. He reported, ‘My mother complained, “Late again, John”’. • To cite a title (Note: In word processing, italics is preferred.). I read the book ‘Black Beauty’. Colons A colon is a marker of relationship and sequence. Colons are used: • before offset lists You need to take: warm socks, sturdy walking shoes, a raincoat. • between a statement and explanation I remember you: we went to the same school. • with quotations Malcolm Fraser said: ‘Life wasn’t meant to be easy’. Parentheses (round brackets) The main use of parentheses is to enclose explanations and asides. Parentheses are used to: • add explanatory words Ian Thorpe (Australia) is a champion swimmer. • express the same thing in a different way He ran 6 km (kilometres). • set-off an aside He won the race in record (yet to be confirmed) time. Viewing Sample Hyphens Hyphens are short strokes (without a space on either side) used to join words or parts of words. ice-cream pre-existing Note: Pupils should be encouraged to refer to a modern dictionary to check for current hyphenation, as it changes over time in response to common use. Prim-Ed Publishing www.prim-ed.com Proofreading and editing skills xi
- Page 1 and 2: Proofreading and editing skills Pra
- Page 3 and 4: Foreword Proofreading and editing s
- Page 5 and 6: Pupil pages Teacher information •
- Page 7 and 8: Curriculum links Country/Subject Ye
- Page 9: Activity content Page number GRAMMA
- Page 13 and 14: Prepositions Prepositions show the
- Page 15 and 16: Discussion Teacher information Writ
- Page 17 and 18: Pupil recount checklist Writing for
- Page 19 and 20: Pupil explanation checklist Writing
- Page 21 and 22: Pupil procedure checklist Writing f
- Page 23 and 24: Pupil proofreading and editing chec
- Page 25 and 26: Tasmanian devil Read the descriptio
- Page 27 and 28: Dream catcher Read the legend from
- Page 29 and 30: Robotic pets Read the discussion te
- Page 31 and 32: Mars Read the report. Mars the red
- Page 33 and 34: Crown Princess Mary of Denmark Read
- Page 35 and 36: Why do stars twinkle? Read the expl
- Page 37 and 38: Chinatown Read the description. whi
- Page 39 and 40: Windswept poem Read the poem. Editi
- Page 41 and 42: Guard the treasure! Read the proced
- Page 43 and 44: Eyewitness account Read the recount
- Page 45 and 46: The Aquada Read the description. Ed
- Page 47 and 48: The old shed Read the narrative. Ed
- Page 49 and 50: Birthday parties Read the report. E
- Page 51 and 52: Be healthy! Be happy! Read the disc
- Page 53 and 54: The ballad of Ned Kelly Read the ba
- Page 55 and 56: Art thief arrest Read the newspaper
- Page 57 and 58: The ‘Titanic’ should be left al
- Page 59 and 60: The marine turtle Read the report.
Punctuation, spelling <strong>and</strong> grammar information<br />
PUNCTUATION<br />
Teacher information<br />
Please note: In some cases, teachers will need to exercise their own judgment with regard to<br />
punctuation, as certain aspects, particularly commas <strong>and</strong> exclamation marks, are to an extent<br />
discretionary <strong>and</strong> depend on the individual writer’s intent.<br />
Capital letters<br />
Capital letters are needed for:<br />
• sentence beginnings; e.g. My dog is very friendly. He welcomes everyone.<br />
• proper nouns – people’s names (Chloe Parker), names of places (Indian Ocean), days of<br />
the week (Saturday), months (December), holidays <strong>and</strong> festivals (Christmas), countries<br />
(America), nationalities (Russian), languages (Italian) <strong>and</strong> religions (Buddhism).<br />
• titles; e.g. World Health Organisation<br />
NOTE: Prim-Ed Publishing employs minimal capitalisation for titles of books <strong>and</strong> other<br />
publications as recommended by Style manual for authors, editors <strong>and</strong> printers,<br />
sixth edition 2002.<br />
To kill a mockingbird<br />
Snow White <strong>and</strong> the seven dwarfs<br />
Commas<br />
Commas are used to separate items in a list or series.<br />
I enjoy reading, playing squash, skiing <strong>and</strong> swimming.<br />
Grammatical commas are used to:<br />
• make the meaning of a sentence clear.<br />
Jane said her mother is very busy. (Jane’s mother is very busy.)<br />
Jane, said her mother, is very busy. (Jane is very busy.)<br />
• indicate where a pause is needed in a sentence.<br />
Many years ago, dinosaurs roamed the Earth.<br />
Apostrophes for possession<br />
Apostrophes are used to show that something belongs to someone or something.<br />
The placement of the apostrophe can be challenging but the simple rule is that it is placed<br />
after the owner or owners. (The ‘tail’ of the apostrophe ‘points’ to the owner(s).)<br />
the boy’s shoes (one boy) .............. the boys’ shoes (more than one boy)<br />
the lady’s hats (one lady) .............. the ladies’ hats (more than one lady)<br />
Grammatical contractions<br />
Grammatical contractions are words that have been made by joining <strong>and</strong> shortening two<br />
words. An apostrophe is used in place of the missing letters.<br />
would not .............wouldn’t will not .....................won’t<br />
I would ...........................I’d they are ................. they’re<br />
Viewing Sample<br />
Exclamation marks<br />
Exclamation marks are used to end exclamations <strong>and</strong> imperatives (comm<strong>and</strong>s) <strong>and</strong> for<br />
emphasis at the end of a statement.<br />
I love it!<br />
Don’t touch!<br />
She ate every bit of it!<br />
Note: If overused, exclamation marks lose their effect.<br />
x <strong>Proofreading</strong> <strong>and</strong> editing skills Prim-Ed Publishing www.prim-ed.com
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