A study of histopathological effects and functional tests in liver and kidney of laboratory male mice treated with ammonium chloride
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of ammonium chloride on mice. The animals were divided into three groups: groups 2 and 3were treated orally with ammonium chloride at doses of 2 and 4 mg/body weight, respectively for a period of three weeks, while group 1 served as a control group. The tissue sections which were made from mice organs (liver and kidney) which treated with 4mg/ body weight of ammonium chloride proved that this dose has toxic effect only on the liver and kidneys. In the liver, the histopathological effects are represented by hypertrophy and irregular shape of nucleus, degeneration of cytoplasm, congestion of sinusoid, bleeding and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In kidneys, the effects focus on renal tubules only which
are represented by the degenerative changes, necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells. This study was also carried out to investigate the influence of ammonium chloride on levels of urea, creatinine, total protein, lipid (triglyceride and cholesterol), and liver marker enzymes such as AST, ALT and ALP. Oral administration of ammonium chloride (4mg/body weight) caused a significant increase in the levels of AST and a significant decrease in the level of ALP and total protein in mice. Treated mice with ammonium chloride at a dose of 2 and
4mg/ body weight for 21 days showed a significant decrease in levels of creatinine, triglyceride and cholesterol, while ALT and urea had no affect at two doses of ammonium chloride. In conclusion, ammonium chloride causes direct hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of ammonium chloride on mice. The animals were divided into three groups: groups 2 and 3were treated orally with ammonium chloride at doses of 2 and 4 mg/body weight, respectively for a period of three weeks, while group 1 served as a control group. The tissue sections which were made from mice organs (liver and kidney) which treated with 4mg/ body weight of ammonium chloride proved that this dose has toxic effect only on the liver and kidneys. In the liver, the histopathological effects are represented by hypertrophy and irregular shape of nucleus, degeneration of cytoplasm, congestion of sinusoid, bleeding and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In kidneys, the effects focus on renal tubules only which
are represented by the degenerative changes, necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells. This study was also carried out to investigate the influence of ammonium chloride on levels of urea, creatinine, total protein, lipid (triglyceride and cholesterol), and liver marker enzymes such as AST, ALT and ALP. Oral administration of ammonium chloride (4mg/body weight) caused a significant increase in the levels of AST and a significant decrease in the level of ALP and total protein in mice. Treated mice with ammonium chloride at a dose of 2 and
4mg/ body weight for 21 days showed a significant decrease in levels of creatinine, triglyceride and cholesterol, while ALT and urea had no affect at two doses of ammonium chloride. In conclusion, ammonium chloride causes direct hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
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Int. J. Biosci. 2016<br />
Pollak VE, Mattenheimer EH, De Bru<strong>in</strong> H,<br />
We<strong>in</strong>man KJ. 1965.Experimental metabolic<br />
acidosis. The enzymatic basis <strong>of</strong> ammonia production<br />
by the dog <strong>kidney</strong>. Journal <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Investigation<br />
44(2), 169–181.<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI105132<br />
Subash S, Subramanian P. 2009. Mor<strong>in</strong> a<br />
flavonoid exerts antioxidant potential <strong>in</strong> chronic<br />
hyperammonemic rats: A biochemical <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>histopathological</strong> <strong>study</strong>. Molecular <strong>and</strong> Cellular<br />
Biochemistry 327, 153-161.<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-009-0053-1<br />
Rajesh MG, Latha MS. 2004. Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary<br />
evaluation <strong>of</strong> antihepatotoxic activity <strong>of</strong> kamilari, a<br />
poly herbal formulation. Journal <strong>of</strong><br />
Ethnopharmacolog 91(1), 99-104.<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.12.011<br />
R<strong>and</strong>all DJ, Wright PA. 1987. Ammonia<br />
distribution <strong>and</strong> excretion <strong>in</strong> fish.Fish Physiology <strong>and</strong><br />
Biochemistry 3, 107-120.<br />
Reitman S, Frankel S. 1957. A colorimetric<br />
method for the determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> sperm GOT <strong>and</strong><br />
GPT. American Journal <strong>of</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Pathology 28, 56-<br />
63.<br />
Rub<strong>in</strong> E, Reisner HM. 2014. Essential <strong>of</strong> Rub<strong>in</strong>'s<br />
pathology, 6 th ed., Wolters Kluwer, Lipp<strong>in</strong>cott<br />
William <strong>and</strong> Wilk<strong>in</strong>s: 826 p.<br />
Sallie R, Tredger JM, William R. 1991. Drugs<br />
<strong>and</strong> the <strong>liver</strong>. Biopharmaceut. Pharmaceutical<br />
Disposal 12, 251-259.<br />
Schliess F, Görg B, Fischer R, Desjard<strong>in</strong>s P,<br />
Bidmon HJ, Herrmann A, Butterworth RF,<br />
Zilles K, Häuss<strong>in</strong>ger D. 2002. Ammonia <strong>in</strong>duces<br />
MK-801- sensitive nitrate <strong>and</strong> phosphorylation <strong>of</strong><br />
prote<strong>in</strong> tyros<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> residues <strong>in</strong> rat astrocytes. The<br />
FASEB Journal 16(7), 739-741.<br />
Subash S, Subramanian P. 2010. Mor<strong>in</strong> improves<br />
the expression <strong>of</strong> urea cycle enzymes <strong>in</strong><br />
hyperammonemic rats. Journal <strong>of</strong> Pharmacy<br />
Research 3(6), 2557-2560.<br />
Subash S, Subramanian P. 2012. Protective effect<br />
<strong>of</strong> mor<strong>in</strong> on lipid peroxidation <strong>and</strong> lipid pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>ammonium</strong> <strong>chloride</strong>-<strong>in</strong>duced hyperammonemic rats.<br />
Asian Pacific Journal <strong>of</strong> Tropical Medic<strong>in</strong>e 1(2), 103-<br />
106.<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60025-5<br />
Takeuchi K, Ohuchi T, Harada H. 1995. Irritant<br />
<strong>and</strong> protective action <strong>of</strong> urea-unease ammonia <strong>in</strong> rat<br />
gastric mucosa. Digestive Diseases <strong>and</strong> Sciences<br />
40(2), 274-281.<br />
Thenmozhi AJ, Subramanian P. 2011.<br />
Antioxidant potential <strong>of</strong> Momordica charantia <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>ammonium</strong> <strong>chloride</strong>- <strong>in</strong>duced hyperammonemic rats.<br />
Evidence-Based Complementary <strong>and</strong> Alternative<br />
Medic<strong>in</strong>e. Article ID 612023, 7 pages.<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep227<br />
Thophon S, Kruatrachue M, Upthan ES,<br />
Pokethitiyook P, Sahaphong S, Jarikuan S.<br />
2003. Histopathological alterations <strong>of</strong> white seabass,<br />
Lates calcarifer, <strong>in</strong> acute <strong>and</strong> subchronic cadmium<br />
exposure. Environmental Pollution 121, 307–320.<br />
Stevens A, Lowe J, Scott I, Damjanov I. 2009.<br />
Core pathology, 3 rh ed. Mosby, Elsvier, London: 632<br />
p.<br />
Steven W, Rajiv J, Dejong H. 2009. Interorgan<br />
ammonia traffick<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>liver</strong> disease. Metabolic Bra<strong>in</strong><br />
Disease 24, 169-181.<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-008-9122-5<br />
Tietz NW. 1995. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical guide to <strong>laboratory</strong> <strong>tests</strong>,<br />
3 rd ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia: 610-611 p.<br />
Treem WR. 1994. Inherited <strong>and</strong> acquired<br />
syndromes <strong>of</strong> hyperammonemia <strong>and</strong> encephalopathy<br />
<strong>in</strong> children. Sem<strong>in</strong>ars <strong>in</strong> Liver Disease 14, 236-258.<br />
Ujjwal K, Dey S. 2010. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> organ<br />
193 Al-Ali et al.
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