Research Report Abstracts - Gesundheit

WPT2011, Research Report Abstracts eS1111
mental group subjects for 20 minutes, while the control group
subjects rested for 20 minutes. All subjects were retested
immediately after this period and retested again after another
20 minutes of rest. Average EMG activity and ground contact
time were calculated for the pre- and post-test sessions.
Analysis: Three independent 2 × 2 (group × time) multivariate
repeated measures analyses of variance (MANOVAs)
were performed (pre-test vs. post-test 1/pre-test vs. post-test
2/post-test 1 vs. post-test 2). In order to prevent a violation
of Type I error, a Bonferroni correction was applied and
significance was accepted at the P < 0.0167 level.
Results: Statistically significant interactions were found for
average EMG of the medial gastrocnemius muscle between
time (pre-test vs. post-test 1) and group (F(1,18) = 10.407;
P = 0.005) and between time (pre-test vs. post-test 2) and
group (F(1,18) = 8.702; P = 0.009) with decreasing activities
in the experimental and increasing activities in the control
group. No further statistically significant results were found.
However, several decreasing trends were recognizable.
Conclusions: 20 minutes of knee joint cooling tended to
decrease the average EMG activity of the lower extremity
musculature during a plyometric exercise. It has been
suggested that a diminished proprioception, induced by the
cryotherapy application, could have resulted in a modification
of the central program and thus in a decrease of the
pre-landing and braking phase muscle activity during a plyometric
exercise. This may lead to a reduced storage of elastic
energy in the tendinous tissue during the eccentric phase and
thus to a decrease in performance during the push-off phase.
Implications: The results lend support to the suggestion that
cryotherapy during sporting events may place the individuals
in a vulnerable position and greater caution should be
exercised when performing after a cryotherapy application.
However, since primarily trends rather than significant differences
were found, more data are needed to make definitive
conclusions.
Keywords: Cryotherapy; Leg muscles; Drop-jump
Funding acknowledgements: None.
Ethics approval: University Committee on Activities involving
Human Subjects (UCAIHS), New York University. HS#:
7022. Approval date: 3/3/2009.
Research Report Poster Display
Number: RR-PO-207-3-Tue Tuesday 21 June 13:00
RAI: Exhibit Halls2&3
VALIDATION OF THE NECK BOURNEMOUTH
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PATIENTS WITH SUB
ACUTE AND CHRONIC WHIPLASH ASSOCIATED
DISORDERS
Schmitt M. 1 , van Meeteren N. 2 , Helders P. 3
1Educational centre for musculoskeletal therapies, Education
and Research, Amersfoort, Netherlands, 2TNO Quality
of Life, Department of Physical activity and Health, Leiden,
Netherlands, 3Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University
Medical Center Utrecht, Subfaculty of Health Sciences University
Utrecht, Department of Pediatric Physical Therapy
and Clinical Exercise Physiology, Utrecht, Netherlands
Purpose: The objective of this study was to validate the Dutch
version of the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ) in
a population of people with sub acute and chronic Whiplash
Associated Disorders.
Relevance: In research, as in clinical practice there is a need
for outcome measures that comprehensively incorporates the
salient dimension of the biopsychosocial model.
Participants: Ninety-two patients, with sub acute and
chronic Whiplash Associated Disorders, completed the study.
Methods: The internal consistency (with help of Cronbach’s
α), construct validity, and convergent validity were estimated
in a different group of ninety-two patients. Agreement
and correlation between the NBQ-NL scores and counterpart
questionnaires (SF-36, Neck Disability Index, Hospital
Anxiety and Depression Scale, the General Perceived Self-
Efficacy and a numeric rating scale for perceived pain) were
investigated. Subsequently, thirty-four patients with sub acute
Whiplash Associated Disorders completed the questionnaire
twice over 1–3 weeks, to assess its test-retest reliability.
Analysis: Bland and Altman method and Spearman rank
correlation coefficient.
Results: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was
0.51–0.82 (except for General Perceived Self Efficacy (0.21).
The limits of agreement of normalized scores were relative
variable, from small to wide. Cronbach’s α (internal consistency)
for the NBQ-NL whole scale was 0.87. The ICC for
the test-retest reliability was excellent (0.92) and the SEM
was relatively low (3.7).
Conclusions: Overall, the rank correlation level in general
was good, whilst the agreement between questionnaires outcome
was variable, most of which seems to be attributable to
absolute scale differences. The NBQ-NL is a useable patientorientated
tool for assessing disability in clinical studies and
clinical diagnosis in Dutch speaking patients with whiplash
associated disorders.
Implications: Further studies are needed to investigate the
systematic differences, which are found between the Neck
Bournemouth Questionnaire and the counterpart measures,