NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY "Forthe increase and diffusion <strong>of</strong>geographic knowledge." THE NATIONAL GllOGRhPalC SOCIETY is chartered in Washington, D. c.,as a nonpr<strong>of</strong>it scientific and educational organization. Since lS90 the Society has supported more than 5,500 explorations and research projects, adding to knowledge <strong>of</strong> earth , sea, and sky. GILBERT M. GROSVENOR,President Executive VicePresident REG MURPHY Senior Vice Presidents MICHELA A. ENGUSH ROBERT B. SIMS Vice Presidents SUZANNEDUPRE,Secretary and Counsel H. GREGORY PLAITS, Treasurer DONNA1. HASSLINGER, JAMES P.KELLY, JONATHANW. LANDERS, GEORGEE. NEWSTEDT, DALEA. PETROSKRY, TERRY SMITH BOARD OF TRUSTEES GILBERT M. GROSVENOR, Chairman JOE L. ALLBRITTON Chairman, The RiggsNational Bank WILLIAM L. ALLEN THOMAS E. BOLGER Chairman, &ecutillc Committee, Bell Atlantic FRANKBORMAN Chairman and GE.D., Patlex Corporation LE\VISM. BRANSCOMB Kennedy School <strong>of</strong> Government, Harvard University J. CARTER BROWN Director Emeritus, National Gallery <strong>of</strong>Art MARTHA E. CHURCH The Carnegie Foundation for the Advan cement <strong>of</strong>Teaching MICHAEL COLLINS President, Michael Col/im Associates MICHELA A. ENGLISH A. LEON HIGGINBOTHAM, JR. , Former Chief Judge for the Third Circuit, U. S. Court <strong>of</strong>App eals JOHNJAYISELIN President, The Cooper Union JAMESC. KAUTZ Limited Partner, Goldman, Sachs 6- Co. J. WILLARD MARRIOIT, JR. Chairman and President, Marriott Int ernational FLOREITA DUKES McKENZIE Former Superintendent <strong>of</strong>Schools, District <strong>of</strong>Columbia REG MURPHY PATRICK F. NOONAN Chairman, Th e Comervation Fund NATIlANIEL P. REED Bminessman-Environmentalist WILLIAM K.REILLY Former Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency ROZANNE L. RIDGWAY Co-Chair, Atlantic Council <strong>of</strong>the United States B. FRANCIS SAULII Chairman and President, B. F. Saul Company ROBERT B. SIMS TRUSTEES EMERITUS OwenR. Anderson.RobertL. Breeden,Lloyd H. Elliott, GeorgeM. Elsey,William Graves,CarylP. Haskins. Mrs. LyndonB. Johnson.Wm. McChesney Martin, Jr., LauranceS. Rockefeller, RobertC. Seamans,Jr., FrederickG. Vosburgh RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION COMMITTEE GeorgeE. Stuart Vice President and Chairman; FrankC. Whitmore, Jr., and RichardS. Williams, Jr.. ViceChairmen; StevenS. Stettes, Secretary; H.J. de Blij, Donella H. Meadows.Betty J. Meggers, BernardQ. Nletschmann, DavidPimentel, PeterH. Raven, RobertC. Seamans,Jr., CharlesH. Southwick,John H. Steele, GeorgeE. Watson, HenryT. Wright EDUCATION FOUNDATION LannyM. Pr<strong>of</strong>fer, Executive Director NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT M. GROSVENOR, President and Chairman WILLIAM L. ALLEN, Editor Associate Editors ELIZABETH A. MOIZE, ROBERT M. POOLE SENIOR ASSISTANT EDITORS ROBERT BOOTH, Production' ALLEN CARROLL, Art • RICK GORE, Science DAVIDJEFFERY,Legends' THOMAS R. KENNEDY, Photography. PETER.MILLER, &peditions JOHN"G. MITCHELL, Environment· OLNER PAYNE,Manuscripts CONSTANCE H. PHELPS,Layout and Design· LESLEYB. ROGERS, Research W. ALLAN ROYCE, Illustrations· JOHN F. SHUPE, Cartography' GEORGE E. STUART,Archaeology EDITORIAL Assistant Editors: Don Belt, Judith Brown, Mike Edwards, Alice J. Hall, Jane Vessels. Japanese Edition: Bernard Ohanian. Senior writers: John L. Eliot, Cathy Newman,Joel L. SwerdlOW, Prllt J. Vesillnd. senior Editorial Staff: Charles E. Cobb, Jr., Larry Kohl, Thomas O'Neill, Peter L. Porteous,Jennifer Reek, Cliff Tarpy, Meg Nottingham Walsh,Boriswemtreuo. A. R.Williams. Production: JohnL. McintOSh. EditorialStaff: CassandraFranklln-Barbajosa, lisa Moore tasce. Alan Malrson, William R. Newcott, Katherine Ozment, Margaret G. lackowltz. Research: Michaeline A. Sweeney,Assoc. Director: Senior Researchers:CarolynH. Anderson,Danlelle M. Beauchamp,Judith F.Bell, Kathy B. Maher, BarbaraW. McConnell, JeanneE. Peters, Abigail A. Tipton. Researchers:Eva P. Dasher, Sheila Green-Kenton, Valerie A. May, Chhaya M. Rao, Christopher SCaptura. Legends: Victoria C. Ducheneaux. Planning Council: MaryMcPeak ILLUSTRATIONS Photography: Kent J. Kobersteen, Assoc. Director; SusanA. Smith, Asst. Dlr.; Sam Abell, Jodi Cobb. illustrations Editors:William T. Douthitt, Assoc. Director: DennisR.Dimick, Asst. Dir.; JohnA. Echave,BruceA. McElfresh,Kathy Moran,SusanWelchman.Layoutand Design: DavidGriffin, Asst. Dlr.; William H. Marr: Typography: Betty Clayman DeAtley, Kay Kobor Hankins, Douglas M. McKenney. Art: Mark R. Holmes, Christopher P. Sloan, Asst. OIrs.; Christopher A. Klein, Artist; Karen E. Gibbs, Hillel J. H<strong>of</strong>fmann, David W. Wooddell, Research. Engraving and Printing: Janet C. Evans,Director; JudyL. Garvey, RandalG. Sluss CARTOGRAPHY Assoc. Director: Marguerite B. Hunalker:Asst. Directors: Kevin P.Allen, FrancesH. Myers,Juanj.vatoes. Geogra" pher; Alice T.M. Rechlin. Editors: EdwardEaston, MaureenJ. Flynn, JonathanE. Kaut, DavidB. Miller, Gus Platis. Designers: Sally S. sunmereu. Supvr.; Charles W. Berry, John A. Bonner, Robert E. Pratt, Nancy Schweickart. Researchers: Harold A. Hanson, Supvr.; Dierdre T. Bevington-Attardl, Mary Kate cenmstre. Deborah J. Gibbons, LindaR. Kriete, lisa R. Ritter, AndrewJ.Wahll. Production: RichardW.Bulllngtcn. MartinJ. Golden,Supvrs.; Barbara G. Carrigan, Barbara P. Holland, Ellen J. Landsman,James E. McClelland, Jr., Daniel J. Ortiz, Stephen P.Wells, Alfred L. Zebarth. Specialists: EdwardJ. Holland, RonaldE. Williamson EDITORIAL SERVICES Administration: NevaL. Folk, Asst. to the Editor; Sara L. Anderson,Sandra M. Dane, Marisa Domeyko, Artemis S. Lernpathakls.Rebecca Martin, CharleneS. Valeri, KathyWilliamson. Control <strong>Center</strong>; CarolL. Dumont.Travel:Ann C. Judge, Director; Ann E. Chenowetl1. Audiovisual: Joanne M. Hess, Asst. Vice President and Director: Ronald S. Altemus, Scott A. Brader,P.Andrewvan Duym.COmmunications: MaryJeanneJacobsen,Director, PublicAffairs: Joy Aschenbach,BarbaraH. Fallon, BarbaraS. M<strong>of</strong>fet, Benita M. Swash.Information Services:Correspondence; Joseph M. BlantoJi,Jr., Director: JohnA. Rutter. Image Collection: Maura A. Mulvihill, Asst. Vice President and Director; Eudora B. Cheppell, CarolynJ. Harrison; WIlliam D. Perry, Image Sales. Library and Indexing: Susan Fifer Canby, Director; AnnC. Benson,Ellen D. Briscoe,CarolynLocke, MartaStrada. Records: MaryAnneMcMillen, Director; Ann E. HUbbs. Translations:KathrynA. Bazo ADMINISTRATION Asst. VicePresidents:ChristinaC.Alberghinl, CarolynF.Clewell,JosephS. Fowler,DouglasE. Hill, RobertE. Howell, RobertV.Koenig, ThomasE. Kulikosky,Carol E. Lang, FrancesA. Marshali, jennifer Moseley,Jimmie D. Pridemore. Asst. Treasurers: BarbaraJ. Constantz,Rloh1ird T. Moreland.Assts. tothe PresIdent:KarenL. Harshbarger, KarenS. Marsh. Accounting: Chla-Chyi Cheng, Michael J. Cole, Larry E. Dowdy, Barbara A. Finn, Stephen R. Vlck, Janet C.Yates.Administration: Maria-Teresa <strong>Law</strong>rence,BuSiness Manager; DavidC. Beveridge,MaryL. Blanton, nercres.r Granberg,CarolA. Houck,MyraA. Mclellan, R. Miles White, BarbaraA. Williams, MarilynJ. Williams. Development Offlca: DorothyR.Jacobson,MargaretSears: BetsyEillson. EducationalServices:RobertL. Graham.ExplorersHall: Susan S. Norton, Director; NancyW. Beers, RichardMcWalters. ForeignEditIons: RobertW. Hernandez, Asst. Vice President and Director. GeographyEducation: Robert E. Dulli, Asst. Vice President and Director; Mary Lee Elden, J. .Joe Ferguson, RogerB. Hirschland. HumanResources:BarbaraDuckworthCase. Information Systems:James P. McCrystal, Vice President; Richard A. Mechler, Asst. Vice President; Scott Bolden, Warren Burger, William I.. Chewning,Curtis L. Conway, Jr., Fred R. Hart, George F.Hubbs,RobertW. Madden. Promotion: JoanM. Anderson, James V. Bullard, Robert L. Feige, Charles F. Herrmann III, DeborahA. Jones. Circulation: KittY Carroil Williams, Asst. Vice President; Kathleen Gallagher PRODUCTION SERVICES Quality: Bill M. Aldridge, Manager. Pre-Press:Ge<strong>of</strong>freyT. McConnell, Martin G. Anderson,JamesC. Pflieger, Phillip E. Plude, BernardG. Quarrlck,John R. Reap.Imaging Servicas: RobertE. Allnutt. Printing: HansH. Wegner, Joseph M. Anderson,Sherrie S. Harrison,Diana l.. Yates.Administration: JoanS. Simms ADVERTISING J. Scott Crystal, Vice President and Director; RonBottorff, Western Manager; Laurie L. Kutsche, ChicagoManager; Sherburne F. Naulty, Eastern Manager; Philip G. Reynolds, Special Accounts and Southwest Manager; Andrea Vaughan, Detroit Manager. Washington: Sarita L. M<strong>of</strong>fat, Asst. Vice President, Operations; Renee S. Clepper, Researchand Marketing; Gail M. Jackson,Production; PandoraB. Todd,Promotion EDUCATIONAL SERVICES OF THE SOCIETY Book Division: Wiliiam R. Gray, Vice President and Director; Charles Kogod, Asst. Director; Leah Bendavid-Val, Senior Editor. Traveler; Richard Busch, Editor; Peul Martin, Managing Editor; World: Susan Mondsheln Tejada, Editor; Scott S. Stuckey,Managing Editor. Educational Madia: George A. Peterson, Vice President and Director; Raymond F. Cooper,Asst. Vice President and Assoc. Director; David Beacom, Assoc. Director. Manufacturing: George V. White, Director: John T. DuM, Assoc. Director. Administration: Suzanne R. Mcuowelt, Asst. Vice President; CarolynW.Jones NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TELEVISION TimothyT. Kelly, President; ToddBerman, MarketlngtDlstr.; SUsanBorke, Business Affairs; Lowell S<strong>of</strong>fer, Finance; Andrew Wllk, Programming/Production; Patricia Gang, Film Library; Nicolas Noxon, Exec. Producer, Specials; Michael Rosenfeld,Exec.Producer, Explorer; Kathleen F.Teter,Public Relations Copyright @ 1996 National GeographicSooiety.All rights reserved. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHlC and YellowBorder: Registered Trademarks@Marcas Reglstradas. NATIONAL GEOGRoI.PHIC assumes no responsibility for unsolicited materials.
INDEX OF PUBLICATIONS <strong>1995</strong> ONTH ESE PAGESYOUwill find a guide to article s in NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, TRAVELER, and WORLD, as well as to Natio nal Geographic Society Television Special s, videos, books, and maps . Beyond our <strong>publications</strong> and product s is something harder to pin down, yet equall y vital : an array <strong>of</strong> programs through which the Society makes major contributions to science, education, and public service. Since 1890-nearly as long as the Society has published its journal-the Committee for Researc h and Exploration has provided grants for groundbreaking studie s. In <strong>1995</strong> the committee allocat ed nearly four million dollars for research in a broad range <strong>of</strong> areas including anthropology, archaeology, astronomy, biology, and oceanography. Looking over the hundreds <strong>of</strong> grant s awarded in <strong>1995</strong>, I am reminded <strong>of</strong> a day nearly four decades ago when a young Englishwoman came to us with virtua lly no academic credentials and one outrageous idea: to live with chimpanzees in Tanzania to learn something <strong>of</strong> their lives and behavior. The committee took a chance on her, and Jane Goodall's subseq uent work became , in the words <strong>of</strong> biologist Stephen Jay Gould, "one <strong>of</strong> the Western world 's great scientific achievements." In April <strong>1995</strong> Jane (pictured today, top, and at the beginning <strong>of</strong> her work, bottom) was awarded the Society's highest honor, the Hubbard Med al, by Vice President AI Gore. Just four years ago many experts doubted that the Maya Mo untai ns <strong>of</strong> Belize contained much <strong>of</strong> importance regardi ng Maya civilization . But when archaeologist Peter Dunham approached the committee, it thought otherwise-and Dunham has since uncovered 15 ama zingly rich ancient sites. "National Geographic is unique in looking broadly at the face <strong>of</strong>the earth," says Ind ex 95 Dunham, "not just prehistory but biology, geology, and living history ." Where will the Jane Goodalls and Peter Dunhams <strong>of</strong> tomorrow come from? The next generation <strong>of</strong> scientists and researchers is in today's classrooms-and so are Society programs aimed at helping every young ster find both information and inspiration in geography. In every state, as well as the District <strong>of</strong> Columbia, Puerto Rico , and Canada, geographic alliances are helping teachers make geography come alive. Underwritten by Society matching funds, the alliances last year trained thousands <strong>of</strong> ", .CHAELNIC HOLS ( TOP) ; HUGO V"N l.O.WICK teachers through works hops , field trips, and state-<strong>of</strong>-the-art reso urce materials. Once again some six million students nationwide participated in the National Geography Bee, sponsored by WORLD and Chrys ler Corporation. Casting an even wide r net, the Natio nal Geographic Kids Network linked nearly 300,000 students in 28 co untries . Co mmunica ting through classroom computers, the kids share information abo ut their lives and dream s. They