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S24 A. Heredia Montesinos et al. / European Psychiatry 27 (2012) / supplement n°2 /S22-S26 socio- demographic data were assessed: age, education level, income, marital status, number of children, region of origin (urban vs. rural), and years in Germany. 2.3.2. Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) Stigma Scale The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) [23] is a catalogue of instruments used to study different cultural and epidemiological aspects of a health condition. It has been used to measure attitudes and perceptions regarding a number of health conditions in different cultural settings. For this study only its Stigma Scale was used. The EMIC Stigma Scale covers certain areas of life that may be affected by stigma, namely, concealment, avoidance, pity, shame, being made fun of, respect and marriage (prospects). It is composed of 13 statements which are ranked from 0 to 3 (0=no, 1=not sure, 2=maybe, 3=yes). Since there is no German or Turkish version of the EMIC, the Stigma Scale was translated and translated back into both languages by professional translators. 2.3.3. Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) is a self- report screening instrument for measuring the severity of depression [1]. The inventory is composed of 21 items relating to depressive symptoms (hopelessness and irritability), cognitions (guilt or feelings of being punished), and physical symptoms (fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). Statements are marked which have been true during the past two weeks. Each item consists of 4 statements that range from mild/neutral (mild=0) to severe (severe=3). The severity of depression is divided into four groups: 0–13: minimal depression; 14–19: mild depression; 20–28: moderate depression; and 29–63: severe depression. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. 2.3.4. The Screening for Somatoform Symptoms II (SOMS- II) The SOMS II [17] is a self- report screening instrument for 53 physical symptoms. It includes all 33 physical complaints of the DSM- IV somatization disorder symptom list, the symptoms of ICD- 10 somatization disorder, and the ICD- 10 somatoform autonomic dysfunction symptom list. It assesses whether the listed physical symptoms were experienced during the last two years (yes/no). 2.3.5. The Symptom Checklist- 90- Revised (SCL- 90- R) The Symptom Checklist- 90- Revised (SCL- 90- R) is a self- report screening measure of general psychiatric symptomatology with 90 items [3]. It includes subscales measuring somatization, obsessive- compulsive, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. The severity of experiences with each symptom over the past week is rated on a 5- point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The SCL- 90- R has three global indices. The Global Severity Index (GSI) measures the overall psychological distress, the Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI) measures the intensity of symptoms, and the Positive Symptom Total (PST) reports the number of self- reported symptoms. 2.4. Data analysis Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS, Version 19. Pearson´s correlations were performed to examine the association between EMIC Stigma Scale, BDI II, SCL- 90, and SOMS- II. To explore the infl uence of severity of depression on the association between stigma and somatic symptoms, the sample was divided into two groups according to the severity of the depression (group 1: BDI>28 vs. group 2: BDI
3.2. Interrelations of stigma, depression, overall psychological distress, and somatic symptoms A. Heredia Montesinos et al. / European Psychiatry 27 (2012) / supplement n°2 / S22-S26 S25 There were signifi cant correlations between depression and overall psychological distress (Pearson’s r=.718**, p
Page 1 and 2: 68767 EUROPEAN PSYCHIATRY THE JOURN
Page 3 and 4: Vol. 27, Supplement n°2, June 2012
Page 5 and 6: Editorial © 2012 Elsevier Masson S
Page 7 and 8: health of Turkish woman in Germany:
Page 9 and 10: studies [8,6,27]. Commonly suggeste
Page 11 and 12: lack of desire to obtain an educati
Page 13 and 14: the study should be emphasised [4,1
Page 15 and 16: clear is the picture regarding depr
Page 17 and 18: SD=15.9; t(183)= - 2.575; p=.011).
Page 19 and 20: as caring for children and taking c
Page 21 and 22: © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All ri
Page 23 and 24: were then scrutinized independently
Page 25 and 26: [6] Berry J, Kim U. Acculturation a
Page 27: A. Heredia Montesinos et al. / Euro
Page 33 and 34: F. Mammadova et al. / European Psyc
Page 35 and 36: [17] Su KP, Chiu TH, Huang CL, et a
Page 37 and 38: society, history (slavery and colon
Page 39 and 40: That the model is false suggests th
Page 41 and 42: 6. Ego disorders in psychosis - tra
Page 43 and 44: In this state, socially unaccepted
Page 45 and 46: generating a model of the self with
Page 47 and 48: Acknowledgements This work was supp
Page 49 and 50: to Kleinman, explanatory models con
Page 51 and 52: categories was performed very caref
Page 53 and 54: [31] Mayring P. Qualitative Inhalts
Page 55 and 56: patients (often with lower social s
Page 57 and 58: are listed by Turkish immigrants in
Page 59 and 60: [19] Schnegg M, Lang H. Die Analyse
Page 61 and 62: 1. Introduction The number of immig
Page 63 and 64: on the availability of service usag
Page 65 and 66: Studies in some European countries
Page 69 and 70: our study, we composed an assessmen
Page 71 and 72: With regard to content, the pilot a
Page 73 and 74: Acknowledgments We are very gratefu
Page 75 and 76: cross- cultural mental health train
Page 77 and 78: 3.3.2. German experiences Despite t
Page 79 and 80:
[31] Mösko M, Gil- Martinez F, Sch
Page 81 and 82:
2. Psychosocial care as a necessary
Page 83 and 84:
* First Rank Symptoms according to
Page 85 and 86:
Epilogue A. Kleinman Esther and Syd
Page 87 and 88:
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