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S6 D. Dingoyan et al. / European Psychiatry 27 (2012) / supplement n°2 / S4-S9
3.2. Perceived barriers
The participants mentioned a number of reasons for the
lower participation rates of individuals with Turkish migration
backgrounds in research studies. The content analysis indicated
eight distinct categories (Table 2). The fi rst category refers to
the traditional role of women that is culturally determined by
the Turkish community. The participants stated that women are
controlled and oppressed by male family members (father, husband)
and have little opportunity to make individual decisions.
Therefore, women would need to exhibit courage to participate
in research studies. This type of self- confi dence is often lacking,
as many Turkish women perceive themselves as subordinated
and helpless without their husbands at their sides. Furthermore,
the participants expressed that most Turkish women do not have
the time or interest to participate in research studies because
of their family responsibilities (child care, household, jobs) (e.g.,
“Turkish women carry a heavy burden on their shoulders and
typically do not have time to deal with such interviews.”). A
lack of knowledge (category 2) and a lack of interest (category 3)
were further reported reasons. Lack of knowledge was mainly
attributed to low education and knowledge levels as well as a
Table 1
Socio- demographic characteristics of focus group participants with Turkish migration backgrounds.
characteristics N labels results percentage
age 37 range
mean age
gender 37 female
male
country of birth 37 Turkey
Germany
nationality 37 Turkey
Germany
jear of migration 37 1969 - 1981
1982 - 1994
1995 - 2008
fi rst language 37 Turkish
German
both
highest 37 any school
graduation
37 any school graduation
primary school (5 years)
secondary school (Haupt- or Volksschule)
secondary school (Realschule)
grammar school (Gymnasium)
other
Proofs
Table 2
Stated reasons for the low er willingness of individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds to participate in health research studies.
categories key words examples number
of statements
1 role of woman oppression
"Many women are controlled by their husbands
17
patriarchiat
and are put under pressure, it takes a lot
lack of self- confi dence
of courage to participate in such a survey."
2 lack of knowledge ignorance
lack of education
unawareness
3 lack of interest disinterest
passivity
lack of openness
4 German- Turkish interactions cultural differences
lack of communication
lack of empathy
5 mistrust distrust
scepticism
trust problem
6 anxiety fear
concerns
doubts
7 data privacy protection data abuse
problems through signature
state control
8 benefi ts of the study study aim
benefi ts
personal advantages
16- 62
44
29
8
31
6
12
25
8
7
4
33
1
3
1
10
6
6
10
4
"Unfortunately, education does not have a great meaning
for Turks and they do not take it seriously."
78%
22%
84%
16%
32%
68%
42%
37%
21%
89%
3%
8%
3%
27%
16%
16%
27%
11%
“The Turks remain indifferent towards such projects.” 15
"We stand outside social life, we lack the interaction
with the Germans.”
"Distrust if a letter is delivered from an unknown
location. Distrust of the German population."
"Fear of to get ripped off and not get out of it anymore." 10
"Does the German government want to monitor us?
There is the fear that our profi ts will be taken
out of our hands.”
"Many are wondering what benefi t the participation has
for them, and what will come of it at the end?"
15
14
13
9
9