John Calvin-Life,Legacy and Theology

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JOHN CALVIN : LIFE, LEGACY AND THEOLOGY - PROF. M. M. NINAN The larger colony of Massachusetts Bay was founded in 1628-30, and by 1640 more than 20,000 Puritans had arrived. These were the flower of the Puritan movement, and they were led by such men as John Cotton, Thomas Mather, and John Davenport, all from Cambridge. Their Calvinism was not a rigid and static system, and they weren’t happy with either episcopacy or Presbyterianism. Slowly congregationalism spread throughout the Puritan colonies, though retaining elements of Presbyterianism. Thomas Hooker promoted political suffrage to all free men, even if they weren’t communicants in the church. In 1636 Roger Williams, who for his ideas of separation of church and state had been ousted from Massachusetts, founded at Providence the colony of Rhode Island, where he allowed just about anyone to come. 1636 also saw the founding of Harvard College. Some of the Puritans stressed the responsibility of men, others of the goodness of God; still others the entire Calvinist pattern of theology. Various synods were held to decide major issues facing the Church. The Westminster Confession was adopted bodily, except for the sections dealing with polity and discipline. Cotton Mather’s writings, among others, indicate the acceptance of essentially Presbyterian views of the ministry. But the moral character of people started to slide, and revival would not come fully until Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening. New Englanders were the most famous Calvinists to settle in America before 1700, but they were certainly not the only ones. The Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam, later New York, had established their Reformed church by 1640 (by 1665, the Dutch had also established it in South Africa, which still remains a bastion of the Dutch Reformed church). After 1685, some two thousand Huguenots, fleeing France after Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, reestablished their Reformed churches after settling in places as far apart as Boston and South Carolina. Soon afterward, thousands of Scots-Irish colonists from Ulster (Northern Ireland) fled in order to escape Protestant persecution; they settled mostly in the middle colonies and formed their first presbytery at Philadelphia by 1706. Methodism, the largest neo-Calvinist Protestant church in America, arrived there by the mid-eighteenth century. As the history of Calvinist emigration to America testifies, such seventeenth-century intra-Protestant confessional quarrels were often high-stakes issues for laymen. They were even more so for clerics because public authorities quickly removed ministers from theologically incorrect factions. After 1619, Remonstrants were deprived throughout the Netherlands; in Scotland, many Episcopalians were deprived after 1639, and Presbyterians were deprived in about one-fourth of its thousand parishes after 1661. The situation was worst in Stuart England, which exceeded its previous pastoral purges under the Tudors in 1553 and 1559. During the Puritan Revolution, over two thousand of England's nine thousand parishes lost Royalist pastors for being insufficiently Calvinist. After the Restoration of 1660 gave the Church of England a head (Charles II) who had once remarked that "Presbyterianism is not a religion for gentlemen," two thousand more were removed as insufficiently Episcopalian. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, another four hundred British clergy were deposed for refusing to swear allegiance to William and Mary. https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/protestant-denominations/calvinism https://banneroftruth.org/us/resources/articles/2009/an-outline-of-the-life-of-john-calvin/Reormer/ 132
JOHN CALVIN : LIFE, LEGACY AND THEOLOGY - PROF. M. M. NINAN https://www.enotes.com/topics/john-calvin Excerpt from Ecclesiastical Ordinances Edited by Hans J. Hillerbrand Published in 1968 1. Calvin's teachings were adopted by the Puritans, a strict Protestant group in England. They advocated purification of the Church of England (Anglican Church), the official religion of England. Although the Church of England was considered a Protestant faith, it still practiced many of the teachings and elaborate rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. A few dissenters among the Puritans contended that the church was too corrupt to be saved and they wanted total separation. Separation was considered a crime against the state. Nevertheless, a congregation in Scrooby, England, declared themselves to be Nonconformists, or separatists. When the Scrooby leaders were persecuted in 1607, the congregation went to Leyden in the Netherlands (Holland), where they were free to practice their religion. Eventually they decided to leave the Netherlands and settle in English territory in North America. Calling themselves Pilgrims, they set out aboard a ship called the Mayflower in September 1620. Although they were headed for Virginia, a storm forced them into a harbor on the coast of present-day Massachusetts in December 1620. The Pilgrims the established the Plymouth Colony, which was based on the teachings of John Calvin. In 1630 they were joined by other Puritans, who founded the nearby Massachusetts Bay Colony and practiced an even stricter form of Calvinism. https://www.challies.com/book-reviews/john-calvin-christian-biographies-for-young-readers/ http://www.normandyvision.org/article06070401.php http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/john-calvin.html https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherhowse/5907503/Was-John-Calvin-really-a-monster.html https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/spiritual-life/lessons-learned-john-calvin-biography.html https://www.thereformationroom.com/single-post/2017/01/14/How-Luther-Went-Viral https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/ ======================> Roots Of Calvinism: Dehumanization, Slavery, And Racism In America! The Negative Impact of Calvinism and Augustine on Slavery in America https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/calvinism-spiritual-foundation-america Calvinism: The Spiritual Foundation of America by Christopher Pisarenko has gone as far as to say that the spiritual ethos of America is based on the Calvinistic predestination and particular election and limited atonement to justify slavery and injustice to others. This is an extract from it: "For if it is true that the innate depravity of man is universal and no one deserves salvation, then it necessarily follows that the genocide of non-Europeans, the oppression of marginalized groups, the impoverishment of the working class and the annihilation of human life in ever bloodier conflicts are all nothing more than “natural” off shoots of man’s incorrigible depravity. It does not matter, then, how 133
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John Calvin-Life,Legacy and Theology

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