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TABLE 14–1 Plant Selected Popular Succulents (Excluding Cacti and Bromeliads) Scientific Name Houseleeks Century plant Wart plant Milk bush Crown of thorns Candle plant Mother-in-law’s tongue or snake plant Air plant or Panda plant Hen and chickens Agave Aloe Ox tongue Jade plant Burro tail Sempervium spp. Agave americana Haworthia spp. Euphorbia tirucali Euphorbia splendens Senecio articulatus Sansevieria trifasciata Kalanchoe spp. Echeveria spp. Agave angustifolia; A. botterji Aloe variegata and other species Gasteria spp. Crassula argentea Sedum spp. 14.4 PROPAGATION Succulents may be propagated from seed, cuttings, or offsets. Aloes, haworthias, apicras, and gasterias may be propagated from suckers as well as seed and cuttings. 14.4.1 SEED Seeds may be nursed in trays or pots containing a rooting medium that drains very well. Many succulent seeds are small and should not be buried during propagation. The soil surface should be of fine tilth. The seeds are sprinkled on the soil surface and then watered. The soil should be kept moist with either a glass plate or clear plastic covering. Germination occurs within two to three weeks. 14.4.2 CUTTINGS Cutting are best taken in May and June for quick healing of wounds. A sharp blade should be used for cutting. Leaf cuttings of succulents can be propagated by first rooting them in water or soil. Succulents of the family Crassulaceae are particularly suited for propagation from leaf cuttings. After removing a leaf, the cut surface should be allowed to dry for a few days before planting in the medium. 14.4.3 OFFSETS Nonbranching succulents often produce offsets that readily propagate the species. Offsets are identical plants that develop as side growths from the mother plant originating from either the main stem or the base of the mother plant, as occurs in bulbs. These young, full-fledged plants may be removed after they have grown to a size that will enable them to survive independently of the parent plant. The daughter plants are detached by cutting with a sharp razor blade or knife and inserted into a rooting mixture. They are nursed under warm, medium light conditions with sufficient moisture until they have formed adequate roots. Offsets are commonly produced by cacti, bromeliads, and bulbs. Offsets Side growth of the mother plant originating from either the stem or base of the plant. 14.4 Propagation 457
14.5 GROWTH REQUIREMENTS Growth requirements include the following: 1. Light. An inadequate light supply is usually the cause of poor growth and development of succulents grown indoors. Since an indoor light supply is irregular, succulents grown indoors should be located on the windowsill or near a window where they can receive sunlight. Window-grown plants are prone to phototropic response and should be turned regularly to prevent the foliage from curving toward bright light. It is a good practice to place potted succulents outside for some time during the bright days of spring and summer. 2. Temperature. Succulents generally grow well under warm conditions. They are cold sensitive and as such should not be left outside during the cold season. 3. Moisture. By nature, succulents are able to store large amounts of water due to adaptive mechanisms that enable them to survive dry conditions. However, this should not be misconstrued to mean that they do not need watering. On the contrary, a good watering regime increases the success of succulents. Physiologically, they need watering during the period of active growth. The amount provided should be reduced during the rest period of the plant. Since the foliage of most succulents have great aesthetic value, it is best to water potted indoor succulents from below to prevent water from splashing on the plants, which often leaves unsightly markings from the salts in the water. 4. Fertilizing. Unless the succulents are fast growing, they are not likely to benefit a great deal from any fertilizer application regimen. However, some nutrition is needed to support basic growth and development. Nitrogenous fertilizers should be used with caution since they may cause weakness and flabbiness in top growth. 5. Diseases and pests. Indoor plant pests such as root mealybugs, spider mites, scales, and mealybugs affect succulents because the anatomical arrangement of the leaves is a conducive environment for such pests to hide and thrive. When root mealybugs become a problem, succulents should be repotted after removing the old medium. Observance of phytosanitation reduces the incidence of diseases and pests. 6. Repotting. Like other potted plants, succulents periodically need to be repotted into larger containers. In spite of their succulence, some of these plants are brittle and should be handled with care. The foliage may be cleaned with a mild detergent and water. 14.6 BROMELIADS Epiphyte A plant that grows upon another plant but is not a parasite. 14.6.1 WHAT ARE BROMELIADS? Bromeliads belong to the family Bromeliaceae. These tropical plants have certain distinguishing features. They have a rosette plant form and absorb food and moisture primarily through their leaves. The name bromeliad derives from this aerial feeding characteristic. As such, bromeliads are sometimes called air plants. Most bromeliads grown indoors are epiphytes; however, nonepiphytic terrestrial species exist. The most popular terrestrial species is the edible pineapple (Ananas comosus). Bromeliads produce brilliantly colored flowers that may appear at any time of the year once the plant has attained maturity. Bromeliads also need to have water in the center of the rosette, which is the growing point. The two most common plant shapes are presented in Figure 14–12. Popular species are listed in Table 14–2. 458 Chapter 14 Growing Succulents
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Page 436 and 437: FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
Page 438 and 439: This system was demonstrated in a 5
Page 440 and 441: FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Page 444 and 445: or object to be warmed. Failure to
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Page 448 and 449: FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
Page 450 and 451: FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
Page 452 and 453: FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
Page 454 and 455: Source of Water The quality of loca
Page 456 and 457: FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
Page 458 and 459: Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
Page 460 and 461: However, in winter, greenhouse vent
Page 462 and 463: OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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Page 468 and 469: FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
Page 470 and 471: FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
Page 472 and 473: 13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
Page 474 and 475: (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
Page 476 and 477: 14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
Page 478 and 479: FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
Page 480 and 481: frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
Page 484 and 485: (a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
Page 486 and 487: 14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
Page 488 and 489: FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
Page 490 and 491: FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
Page 492 and 493: FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
Page 494 and 495: Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
Page 496 and 497: PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
Page 498 and 499: 15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
Page 500 and 501: 8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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Page 504 and 505: (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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Page 508 and 509: the landscape. Some very successful
Page 510 and 511: Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
Page 512 and 513: FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
Page 514 and 515: How frequently do they entertain? A
Page 516 and 517: the patio should be located on the
Page 518 and 519: 15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
Page 520 and 521: Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Page 524 and 525: SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
Page 526 and 527: 3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
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TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
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TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
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way, plants are able to adapt to th
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form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
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FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
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25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
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FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
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Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
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is replaced by the by-product of re
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Stored produce may lose some color,
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with pricing. When selling by volum
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(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
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Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
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color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
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color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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