Horticulture Principles and Practices

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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr. 100 50 Bermuda grass, corn Houseplants, oak FIGURE 4–5 Light utilization of plants in photosynthesis. 0 0 0.5 Portion of full sunlight 1.0 TABLE 4–2 Plant Adaptation of Plants to Light Full Sunlight–Loving Plants Scientific Name African lily Agave Aluminum plant Avocado Cactus Cape jasmine Calla lily Coleus Dwarf banana Hibiscus Hen and chickens Geranium Corn Melon Tomato Squash Pepper Marigold Rose Plant Azalea Bird’s-nest fern Boston fern Chrysanthemum Fatsia Fatshedera Prayer plant Primrose Spider plant Sansevieria Agapanthus spp. Agave spp. Pilea cadierei Persea spp. Many species Gardenia jasminoides Zantedeschia aethiopica Coleus blumei Musa cavendishii Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Sempervivum tectorum Perlargonium spp. Zea mays Cucumis melo Lycopersicon esculentum Cucurbita mixta Capsicum anuum Tagetes spp. Rosa spp. Partial Shade–Loving Plants Scientific Name Rhododendron spp. Aspleniun nidus Nephrolepis exaltata Chrysanthemum spp. Fatsia japonica Fatshedera lizei Maranta leuconeura Primula spp. Chlorophytum comosum Sansevieria spp. 4.2 Aboveground Environment 103
FIGURE 4–6 The effect of low light intensity or darkness on plants. Pale green, true leaves Long, spindly stem; long internode Pale cotyledon Short, sturdy stem Insufficient light Normal light COLOR DEVELOPMENT In apples, fruits formed on the inner branches do not develop to their full intense color because the reduced light intensity experienced inside the canopy is not adequate for the anthocyanin pigments to develop. Chlorophyll development is light dependent. In the absence of light, asparagus and celery become blanched (white). These white products are preferred in certain cultures and markets; therefore, some growers in such areas deliberately cover the base of the plants by mounding with soil or using paper to block out light. TILLERING AND BRANCHING Plants such as grasses produce additional shoots or secondary stems from the crown, called tillers, when the IAA concentration in the plant falls below the optimum for vegetative elongation. Unless the IAA level is reduced, plants will not tiller, branch, or produce seed. The role of light in these responses is related to regulating the concentration of IAA. Photoperiodism Response to the duration and timing of day and night. Light Quality Light quality relates to its wavelength. For photosynthesis, plant leaf chlorophyll is able to absorb light wavelength in the visible portion of the radiant light spectrum (see Figure 4–4). The visible light ranges between about 400- and 735-nanometer wavelengths. In fact, most of the radiation reaching the earth from the sun falls within this range. Oxygen and ozone in the atmosphere filter out much of the high-energy radiation, and water vapor and carbon dioxide effectively screen out much of the infrared radiation before it reaches the earth’s surface. This radiation is involved in the interconversion of oxygen and ozone. When oxygen absorbs short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation, it is converted to ozone. Conversely, when ozone absorbs long-wavelength ultraviolet waves, it is converted to carbon dioxide. Of the minute fraction of light reaching the earth, plant pigments selectively absorb various wavelengths. A green leaf absorbs light through the visible spectrum but most strongly in the blue (approximately 430 nanometers) and red (approximately 660 nanometers) areas. It absorbs most poorly in the green (approximately 540 nanometers) area and thus reflects mostly green light, making most leaves appear green to the eye. Plant pigments absorb sunlight and use it as a source of energy in carbon dioxide fixation (the incorporation of carbon dioxide into an energy-rich organic product). The important light pigments include chlorophyll and carotenoids. Photosynthesis (the process by which plants utilize sunlight to make food) is described in detail in Chapter 5. Daily Duration of Light The length of day has an effect on two plant processes— time of flowering and plant maturity. This light-induced response is called photoperiodism, 104 Chapter 4 Plant Growth Environment
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
Page 78 and 79: (a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
Page 82 and 83: FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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Page 86 and 87: c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
Page 88 and 89: Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
Page 90 and 91: ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
Page 92 and 93: called cristae; this extreme foldin
Page 94 and 95: By virtue of its position, the prim
Page 96 and 97: Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
Page 98 and 99: (a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
Page 100 and 101: Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
Page 102 and 103: Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
Page 104 and 105: usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
Page 106 and 107: FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
Page 108 and 109: FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
Page 110 and 111: absorption of water and minerals fr
Page 112 and 113: Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
Page 114 and 115: Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
Page 116 and 117: Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
Page 118 and 119: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
Page 120 and 121: 4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
Page 122 and 123: concentration in the atmosphere.A c
Page 124 and 125: TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
Page 126 and 127: and upward. Another important gener
Page 130 and 131: and plants that flower under only c
Page 132 and 133: times of the year. Growers start th
Page 134 and 135: content. This section is sometimes
Page 136 and 137: TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
Page 138 and 139: Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
Page 140 and 141: Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
Page 142 and 143: 4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
Page 144 and 145: One of the most commonly used contr
Page 146 and 147: Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
Page 148 and 149: Fertilizers may be applied before p
Page 150 and 151: It is neither practical nor safe to
Page 152 and 153: Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
Page 154 and 155: 1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
Page 156 and 157: Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
Page 158 and 159: Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
Page 160 and 161: FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
Page 162 and 163: can self-install an underground irr
Page 164 and 165: 1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
Page 166 and 167: Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
Page 170 and 171: texture. The most commonly used gra
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
Page 174 and 175: Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
Page 176 and 177: Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
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Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
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FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
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TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
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TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
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way, plants are able to adapt to th
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form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
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FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
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25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
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FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
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Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
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is replaced by the by-product of re
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Stored produce may lose some color,
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with pricing. When selling by volum
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(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
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Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
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color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
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color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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