Children of Incarcerated Parents

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causality, researchers have found a consistent relationship between the current African American family structure and poverty, education, and pregnancy. According to C. Eric Lincoln, the Negro family's "enduring sickness" is the absent father from the African- American family structure. C. Eric Lincoln also suggests that the implied American idea that poverty, teen pregnancy, and poor education performance has been the struggle for the African-American community is due to the absent African-American father. According to the Moynihan Report, the failure of a male dominated subculture, which only exist in the African-American culture, and reliance on the matriarchal control has been greatly present in the African-American family structure for the past three centuries. This absence of the father, or "mistreatment", has resulted in the African-American crime rate being higher than the National average, African-American drug addiction being higher than whites, and rates of illegitimacy being at least 25% or higher than whites. A family needs the presence of both parents for the youth to "learn the values and expectations of society." Poverty Black single-parent homes headed by women still demonstrate how relevant the feminization of poverty is. Black women often work in low-paying and female-dominated occupations. Black women also make up a large percentage of poverty-afflicted people. Additionally, the racialization of poverty in combination with its feminization creates further hindrances for youth growing up Black, in singleparent homes, and in poverty. For married couple families in 2007, there was a 5.8% poverty rate. This number, however, varied when considering race so that 5.4% of all white people, 9.7% of black people, and 14.9% of all Hispanic people lived in poverty. These numbers increased for single-parent homes, with 26.6% of all single-parent families living in poverty, 22.5% of all white single-parent people, 44.0% of all single-parent black people, and 33.4% of all single-parent Hispanic people living in poverty. While majority opinion tends to center on the increase in poverty as a result of single-parent homes, research has shown that this is not always the case. In one study examining the effects of single-parent homes on parental stress and practices, the researchers found that family structure and marital status were not as big a factor as poverty and the experiences the mothers had while growing up. Furthermore, the authors found little parental dysfunction in parenting styles and efficacy for single-mothers, suggesting that twoparent homes are not always the only type of successful family structures. The authors suggest that focus should also be placed on the poverty that African Americans face as a whole, rather than just those who live in single-parent homes and those who are of the typical African American family structure. Educational Performance There is consensus in the literature about the negative consequences of growing up in single-parent homes on educational attainment and success. Children growing up in singleparent homes are more likely to not Page 20 of 109
finish school and generally obtain fewer years of schooling than those in twoparent homes. Specifically, boys growing up in homes with only their mothers are more likely to receive poorer grades and display behavioral problems. For black high school students, the African American family structure also matriarchy, one theory posits that the reason children of female-headed households do worse in education is because of the economic insecurity that results because of single motherhood. Single parent mothers often have lower incomes and thus may be removed from the home and forced to work more hours, and are sometimes forced to move into poorer affects their educational goals and expectations. Studies on the topic have indicated that children growing up in single-parent homes face disturbances in young childhood, adolescence and young adulthood as well. Although these effects are sometimes minimal and contradictory, it is generally agreed that the family structure a child grows up in is important for their success in the educational sphere. This is particularly important for African American children who have a 50% chance of being born outside of marriages and growing up in a home with a single-parent. Some arguments for the reasoning behind this drop in attainment for singleparent homes point to the socioeconomic problems that arise from mother-headed homes. Particularly relevant for families centered on black neighborhoods with fewer educational resources. Other theories point to the importance of male role models and fathers in particular, for the development of children emotionally and cognitively, especially boys. Even for fathers who may not be in the home, studies have shown that time spent with fathers has a positive relationship with psychological well-being including less depression and anxiety. Additionally, emotional support from fathers is related to fewer delinquency problems and lower drug and marijuana use. Teen Pregnancy Teenage and unplanned pregnancies pose threats for those who are affected by them with these unplanned Page 21 of 109
Page 2 and 3: Turning the Improbable Into the Exc
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Page 8 and 9: 6. 1 We disseminate Quarterly publi
Page 16 and 17: overwhelming amount of stress and c
Page 18 and 19: incarcerated parents to foster the
Page 22 and 23: pregnancies leading to greater divo
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Page 26 and 27: to 90% of all US families. Accordin
Page 28 and 29: conciseness what 'everyone knew': t
Page 30 and 31: had contributed to apparent lower a
Page 32 and 33: ule of anthropology: That in all kn
Page 34 and 35: consequence of the social bias wome
Page 36 and 37: Sexual Violence A form of sexual vi
Page 38 and 39: Measures of Poverty An important as
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Page 42 and 43: statistically determine the impover
Page 44 and 45: Policies Decision-Making Power Deci
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Page 64 and 65: Amachi/Big Brothers Big Sisters of
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demonstrate that there is a vision
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well as Harvard's Department of Soc
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In his book Still the Promised City
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When Work Disappears When Work Disa
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Notes _____________________________
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AMACHI: MENTORING CHILDREN OF PRISO
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Public/Private Ventures is a nation
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AMACHI
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AMACHI
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ii AMACHI
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In fact, according to a U.S. Senate
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A growing number of additional citi
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6 AMACHI
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THE MODEL Drawing on research on ef
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Each month, pastors received a repo
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12 AMACHI
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LOCATING AND ENROLLING THE CHILDREN
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Even women whose children were not
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The first step was to deliver the m
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P/PV staff tried to contact the pas
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While Amachi would help the congreg
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Table 2: Mentor Demographics Number
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26 AMACHI
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Table 3: Number and Percentage of M
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The Amachi matches included in thos
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Table 5: Number of Matches, Mentors
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changes in their lives that affecte
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BBBS Surveys Data collected by Big
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38 AMACHI
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1. A combination of four factors wa
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4. There was leadership that was ab
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to the program’s early success. D
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was privately funded, the pastor wa
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APPENDIX: CHURCHES PARTNERING IN AM
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Mentoring Children of Incarcerated
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Table of Contents I. Introduction.
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I. Introduction In his State of the
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II. Identify Programs in Your Commu
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III. Find the Right Partner Quality
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• Pre-service training for all ne
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IV. Refining the Partnership The in
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• Interest & ability to conduct m
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The Center for Children of Incarcer
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Ch i l d r e n o f In c a rc e r at
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Ch i l d r e n o f In c a r c e r a
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Advocacy Foundation Publishers The
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XVI for Drug-Free Communities Landm
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Vol. VIII 2022 ComeUnity ReEngineer
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Vol. XV 2029 Inner-Cities Revitaliz
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The e-Advocate Monthly Review 2018
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The e-Advocate Journal of Theologic
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Issue Title Quarterly Vol. I 2015 I
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The e-Advocate Juvenile Justice Rep
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2018 - The Theological Law Firm Aca
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www.TheAdvocacyFoundation.org Page
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