BAKER HUGHES - Drilling Fluids Reference Manual
GLOSSARY OF TERMS Sodium Bicarbonate - NaHCO 3 . A material used extensively for treating cement contamination and occasionally other calcium contamination in drilling-fluids. It is the half -neutralized sodium salt of carbonic acid. Sodium Bichromate - Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 . Also correctly called "sodium dichromate." See Chromate. Sodium Carbonate - Na 2 CO 3 - A material used extensively for treating out various types of calcium contamination- It is commonly called "soda ash." When sodium carbonate is added to a fluid, it increases the pH of the fluid by hydrolysis. Sodium carbonate can be added to salt (NaCl) water to increase the density of the fluid phase. Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose - Commonly called CMC. Available in various viscosity grades and purity. An organic material used to control filtration, suspend weighting material, and build viscosity in drilling fluids. Used in conjunction with bentonite where low-solid fluids are desired. Sodium Chloride - NaCl. Commonly known as salt. Salt may be present in the fluid as a contaminant or may be added for any of several reasons. See Salt. Sodium Chromate - Na 2 CrO 4 . See Chromate. Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH. Commonly referred to as "caustic" or "caustic soda." A chemical used primarily to impart a higher pH. Sodium Polyacrylate - A synthetic high molecular weight polymer of acrylonitrile used primarily as a fluid loss control agent. Sodium Silicate Fluids - Special class of inhibited chemical fluids using as their bases sodium silicate, salt, water, and clay. Solids Concentration or Content - The total amount of solids in a drilling fluid as determined by distillation includes both the dissolved and the suspended or undissolved solids. The suspended solids content may be a combination of high and low-specific gravity solids and native or commercial solids. Examples of dissolved solids are the soluble salts of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Suspended solids make up the wall cake; dissolved solids remain in the filtrate. The total suspended and dissolved solids contents are commonly expressed as percent by volume, and less commonly as percent by weight. Solubility - The degree to which a substance will dissolve in a particular solvent. Solute - A substance which is dissolved in another (the solvent). BAKER HUGHES DRILLING FLUIDS REFERENCE MANUAL REVISION 2006 15-43
GLOSSARY OF TERMS Solution - A mixture of two or more components that form a homogeneous single phase. Example solutions are solids dissolved in liquid, liquid in liquid, gas in liquid. Solvent - Liquid used to dissolve a substance (the solute). Sour Gas - A general term for those gases that are acidic either alone or when associated with water. Two sour gases associated with oil and gas drilling and production are hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, generated by oxidation of certain sulfur or nitrogen bearing materials, are also in this category but not found in the anaerobic conditions of the subsurface. Souring - A term commonly used to mean fermentation. Specific Gravity - See Gravity, Specific. Specific Heat - The number of calories required to raise 1 gram of substance 1 degree Centigrade. The specific heat of a drilling fluid gives an indication of the fluid's ability to keep the bit cool for a given circulation rate. Spudding In - The starting of drilling operations for a new hole. Spud Mud - The fluid used when drilling starts at the surface, often a thick bentonite-lime slurry. Spurt Loss - See Surge Loss. Squeeze - A procedure whereby slurries of cement, fluid, gunk plug, etc. are forced into the formation by pumping into the hole while maintaining a back pressure, usually by closing the rams. Stability Meter - An instrument to measure the breakdown voltage of invert emulsions. Stacking a Rig - Storing a drilling rig upon completion of a job when the rig is to be withdrawn from operation for a period of time. Starch - A group of carbohydrates occurring in many plant cells. Starch is specially processed (pre gelatinized) for use in fluids to reduce filtration rate and occasionally to increase the viscosity. Without proper protection, starch is subject to bacterial degradation resulting in the fermentation and the alteration of fluid properties. Static - Opposite of dynamic. See Quiescence. BAKER HUGHES DRILLING FLUIDS REFERENCE MANUAL REVISION 2006 15-44
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS<br />
Solution - A mixture of two or more components that form a homogeneous single phase. Example<br />
solutions are solids dissolved in liquid, liquid in liquid, gas in liquid.<br />
Solvent - Liquid used to dissolve a substance (the solute).<br />
Sour Gas - A general term for those gases that are acidic either alone or when associated with water.<br />
Two sour gases associated with oil and gas drilling and production are hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and<br />
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, generated by oxidation of certain sulfur or<br />
nitrogen bearing materials, are also in this category but not found in the anaerobic conditions of the<br />
subsurface.<br />
Souring - A term commonly used to mean fermentation.<br />
Specific Gravity - See Gravity, Specific.<br />
Specific Heat - The number of calories required to raise 1 gram of substance 1 degree Centigrade.<br />
The specific heat of a drilling fluid gives an indication of the fluid's ability to keep the bit cool for a<br />
given circulation rate.<br />
Spudding In - The starting of drilling operations for a new hole.<br />
Spud Mud - The fluid used when drilling starts at the surface, often a thick bentonite-lime slurry.<br />
Spurt Loss - See Surge Loss.<br />
Squeeze - A procedure whereby slurries of cement, fluid, gunk plug, etc. are forced into the<br />
formation by pumping into the hole while maintaining a back pressure, usually by closing the rams.<br />
Stability Meter - An instrument to measure the breakdown voltage of invert emulsions.<br />
Stacking a Rig - Storing a drilling rig upon completion of a job when the rig is to be withdrawn from<br />
operation for a period of time.<br />
Starch - A group of carbohydrates occurring in many plant cells. Starch is specially processed (pre<br />
gelatinized) for use in fluids to reduce filtration rate and occasionally to increase the viscosity.<br />
Without proper protection, starch is subject to bacterial degradation resulting in the fermentation and<br />
the alteration of fluid properties.<br />
Static - Opposite of dynamic. See Quiescence.<br />
<strong>BAKER</strong> <strong>HUGHES</strong> DRILLING FLUIDS<br />
REFERENCE MANUAL<br />
REVISION 2006 15-44
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