The Network Society - University of Massachusetts Amherst

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Innovation, Technology and Productivity 145 In other words, the dynamics of innovation, of entrepreneurship, of creative destruction thrives better, practically by definition, in an environment providing higher rewards for creativity and curiosity than in an environment putting a higher premium on the security and protection of employment. Viewed from this perspective, the gap between Europe, and in particular continental Europe, and the United States in terms of innovative capacity, efficiency, and wealth creation may also, at first sight look like the price Europe has to pay for not wanting to give up its social model and in particular social securities and achievements. To summarize: it might be argued that the Lisbon declaration was not really clearly formulated. A better way would have been: how much of the social achievements of the European model is Europe prepared to give up to keep up with the United States, let alone develop Europe into one of the most prosperous and dynamic regions in the world? Or alternatively: which elements of the European social model are sacred and which elements are worth paying a dynamic growth price for? 15 Many of the proposals on “activating the labor market” with by now popular concepts like “empowerment” and “employability” appear to go hand in hand with innovation and growth dynamics, others though do not. Some European countries such as the UK and Denmark appear to have been much more successful in reducing dismissing costs than others, and appear to have benefited from it much more in terms of growth dynamics. The central question which must be raised within this context is whether the social security model developed at the time of the industrial society is not increasingly inappropriate for the large majority of what could be best described as “knowledge workers” who are likely to be less physically (and by contrast possibly more mentally) worn out by work than the old type of blue collar, industrial workers. The short working hours, or early retirement schemes might well appear to knowledge workers less of a social achievement, work not really representing a “disutility” but more an essential motivating activity, providing even a meaning to life. 15 As Wim Duisenberg, the previous chairman of the European Central Bank, once stated: maybe we should accept that Europe will always face a growth and productivity gap with the U.S. simply because of existing differences in Europe in language, culture, and customs. As long as we value maintaining those, we will get joy out of our lagging behind the U.S.
146 The Network Society There is in other words an urgent need for a complete rethought of the universality of the social security systems in Europe, recognizing explicitly that depending on the kind of work citizens get involved in, social achievements including employment security, a relatively short working life and short weekly working hours are important social achievements and elements of the quality of life, which should not be given up, and the case, probably exemplified by the highly qualified researcher, where exactly the opposite holds. It is in other words urgent time to broaden the discussions in science, technology and innovation policy circles to include social innovation.
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The Network Society From Knowledge
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Castells, Manuel and Cardoso, Gusta
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iv The Network Society Part III: Or
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Figures Figure 2.1—Businesses usi
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Tables Table 2.1—Technological Ac
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Notes on Contributors Jorge Sampaio
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Notes on Contributors xiii and Inst
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Notes on Contributors xv Francois B
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Acknowledgements Although dealing w
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Editor’s Preface This volume expl
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Editor’s Preface xxi analysis of
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Editor’s Preface xxiii in a diffe
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Part I: The Network Society: From K
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4 The Network Society Often, the em
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6 The Network Society social change
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8 The Network Society Let us start
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16 The Network Society globalizatio
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18 The Network Society • At the s
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20 The Network Society Dilemmas of
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Chapter 2 Societies in Transition t
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Societies in Transition to the Netw
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These models that can be given the
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Table 2.2b International comparison
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Table 2.3 Use of the Internet per c
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are differences in the use of a tec
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Table 2.9 International comparison
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Table 2.10 Position of the informat
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Information Technology and the Worl
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In Section 4 we allocate the growth
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ut steadily for the region as a who
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input rose after 1995 from 0.72 per
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ution of IT investment after 1995 r
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Reports. We assume that IT capital
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including those that deal with chro
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2002). This study demonstrates that
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Uses of Internet and Mobile Technol
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Bibliography Uses of Internet and M
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E-Learning and the Transformation o
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226 The Network Society In terms of
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238 The Network Society This is the
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Introduction Chapter 9 The IP TV Re
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The IP TV Revolution 243 in every m
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Figure 9.2 Nevius Media Center Serv
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money. To understand this we must l
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Table 9.1 Downward Internet Streami
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Distributors In a new world media o
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Talent The IP TV Revolution 253 It
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The IP TV Revolution 255 in any way
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268 The Network Society Smith, A. (
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286 The Network Society this decent
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Free Software and Social and Econom
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A New Form of Production Free Softw
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the rich countries and those of the
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Internet and Society in a Global Pe
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The World Internet Project is based
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Internet Users Watch Less Televisio
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less. Would they watch the same amo
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tainment and the ways in which usag
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326 The Network Society 10. RFID (r
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Part VI: Policies of Transition to
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338 The Network Society cepts of cr
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342 The Network Society Figure 15.1
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344 The Network Society 2. The Sing
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352 The Network Society Figure 15.4
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370 The Network Society Castells, M
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Introduction Policies of Transition
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European countries embraced ICT lat
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Policies of Transition to the Netwo
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The first ‘i’ is for informatio
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Chapter 17 ICT as a Part of the Chi
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ICT as a Part of the Chilean Strate
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406 The Network Society tral idea i
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