Garden Answers - March Digital Sampler

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Seasonal
making beautiful gardens
Create some
sparkle
Treat yourself to the
earliest bulbs and
shrubs for fragrance
Beautiful gardens
✿ Woodland flowers light up an English idyll
✿ Historic folly, beebole & dovecote add grandeur
✿ Elegant garden has picture-perfect pond
Make a
colour
statement
Top ten annuals to boost
your flower power
Meet the real
stars of spring
Learn the secrets of frost
proof magnolias
discover...
how to...
GROW GOURMET ROOTS
Exciting new cultivars to try
Easy
step by
step
Fold your own pots
No tape or staples required!
HELP our BUTTERFLIES
Easy catering for caterpillars
OCTOBER MARCH ISSUE ISSUE 31 JANUARY-27 13 Sept - 10 Oct FEBRUARY

es
58
reader
garden
64
visit
Hidcote
70
garden
wildlife
38
paper
pots
Beautiful gardens
46
cover
STORY
52
cover
STORY
58
cover
STORY
64
WILDlife
70
cover
STORY
“It’s full of lovely views”
Naturalised bulbs and woodland
flowers transform this English
garden in March
“The garden stirs into life in
spring” With its folly, beebole and
dovecote, this historic plot is full of
drama and flowers
“Our garden is so picturesque”
This elegant garden with spring
bulbs and pretty pond looks
perfect from every angle
Garden to visit Hidcote is famous
for its yew-framed garden rooms
and exuberant planting schemes
Plant for your butterflies...
but we can’t enjoy these winged
wonders without catering for their
caterpillars too. Here’s how
Gourmet grower
75
cover
STORY
ask the experts
81
90
92
GARDEN BUYS
44
96
Grow gourmet roots Root crops
come in all shapes, sizes and
colours. Here’s how to grow them
Ask Garden Answers Our expert
Geoff Stebbings provides answers
to your gardening questions
Border rescue Bare soil in March
presents an opportunity to plant
evergreens and spring flowers
Design solutions Gear up the
garden for entertaining outdoors
Subscribe to Garden Answers
Pay just £2.62 per issue!
Buyers’ Guide to growing frames
Broaden your gardening horizons
102
104
106
your garden life
100
109
114
Save £5 on Nandina ‘Fire Power’
and offers on pots and daphne
plants from YouGarden
540 extra-value plug plants for
£36 *plus p&p! Fill summer beds
and pots with this Suttons offer
200 summer-flowering bulbs for
£17.99 – a great-value offer for
seasonal colour from Dobies
Over to you Readers share their
gardening stories to win an RSPB
feeding station. Plus, send us your
photos to win Felco secateurs
Puzzles and prizes This month you
can win a flower card game from
Laurence King, or Hayloft vouchers
worth £50, with a 10% discount
Garden view Helen Billiald’s
greenhouse is her refuge… find out
why she loves to escape there
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SUBSCRIBE
today
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75
tasty
tomatoes
540
plugs
for £36*
Fill beds and pots
with our offer
on p104
14
signs of
spring
90
border
rescue
Cover: gap photos/Dave Zubraski
Magnificent
magnolias, p26
On the cover
14 Create seasonal sparkle
22 Make a colour statement
26 The real stars of spring
38 Fold your own pots
46 Woodland flowers...
52 Historic folly...
58 Elegant garden...
70 Help our butterflies
75 Grow gourmet roots
104 540 plug plants for £36 plus p&p
Contents
Celebrate
28
Celebrate apple blossom A tunnel
6
of espaliered apple trees is both
pretty and productive
8
Be inspired by… Ferns unfurling,
novelty gnomes, flowers for March,
14
little blue bulbs and our bud-ID quiz
Discover the first signs of spring
As the garden begins to stir, there
are plenty of sensory treats to lure
you outdoors
33
Make a colour statement Annuals
22
are a cheap and easy source of
38
glorious summer colour
26
Enjoy the real stars of spring
Showy and fragrant, some
magnolias are surprisingly
40
frost-resistant. Here’s our pick
of the best garden cultivars
cover
STORY
cover
STORY
cover
STORY
cover
STORY
Give bedding a new twist
Take planting inspiration from
the sweet shop and dessert trolley
to inject fresh colour into annual
planting schemes
Easy gardening
cover
STORY
cover
STORY
What to do this month Grow
annual climbers, tidy up spring
bulbs and order plug plants. Plus
there’s still time to move evergreens
Make your own paper pots These
eco-friendly, biodegradable
containers are great for sowing
seed and won’t cost a penny
Plant a spring sensation Perennial
wallflowers, tiarellas and primulas
light up the March garden, jostling
beneath a red-stemmed cornus
4 Garden Answers

Plant a spring
sensation
Perennial wallflowers, tiarellas and primulas light up the
March garden, jostling beneath a red-stemmed cornus
Sometimes we’re happily planning and planting our
gardens six months ahead, at other times it’s a struggle
to plan for the following weekend... The wonderful thing
about this border is that you can start it now and enjoy a display
this spring as well as in the years to come.
This pretty combination is essentially a woodland scheme
using plants that like a humus-rich, moisture-retentive soil.
The white spires of tiarella lift the whole picture, while the
unusual scented perennial wallflower ‘Winter Orchid’ echoes
the warmth of the red-stemmed dogwood.
STEP 2
Choose the right plants
STEP 1
Design your
border
Cornus alba
‘Sibirica’
3easy
steps
Tiarella
‘Spring Symphony’
Cornus alba ‘Sibirica’
This red-stemmed dogwood
lights up the winter garden
and has colourful autumn
foliage too. Cut back in spring
to boost the stem colour.
H and S up to 2.5m (8ft)
Tiarella ‘Spring
Symphony’ Pink buds open to
starry white spires April-June.
This perennial lives up to its
name of ‘foam flower’. Leaves
have attractive dark centres.
H and S30cm (12in)
Words: HELEN BILLIALD photos: Gap Photos/Friedrich Strauss; alamy; shutterstock Illustration: Gill Lockhart
Primula
‘Dawn Ansell’
Primula
‘Belarina Rosette
Nectarine’
Erysimum
‘Winter Orchid’
Pulmonaria
‘Blue Ensign’
Erysimum ‘Winter Orchid’
These fragrant, coppery,
burnt-orange flowers fade to
purple, from March to late
summer. Perennial in a
well-drained, sheltered spot.
H30cm (12in) S40cm (16in)
Primula ‘Dawn Ansell’
An elegant and robust plant
that blooms late winter to
spring. Its double white
flowers have a green ruff
and feature a hint of green
at the eye. H and S15cm (6in)
Primula ‘Belarina
rosette Nectarine’
Yellow buds open to warm
orange, two-toned double
flowers tipped with pinky-red.
Flowers spring to summer.
H15cm (6in) S30cm (12in)
Pulmonaria ‘Blue Ensign’
Violet-blue flowers that fade
to purple, from March to May.
Loved by pollinators and
supported by a neat rosette of
dark green leaves. H30cm
(12in) S45cm (18in)
➤
Subscribe at www.greatmagazines.co.uk 41

Easy gardening
STEP 3
Plant your border
This combination consists of mostly
woodland plants that like a humus-rich,
moist but well-drained soil in part shade.
Give them a weed-free start and add
plenty of well-rotted garden compost
or leafmould to the soil, plus extra
grit if you’re on heavy clay to improve
drainage. Give the entire planting a
generous annual mulch of well-rotted
organic matter to retain moisture and
gradually improve soil structure.
1
Plant the dogwood
Look out for bareroot cornus plants
from November to April, or pick up
container-grown specimens at other times
of the year. Make sure you soak bareroot
plants thoroughly in a bucket of water for
an hour before planting. To help imagine
the shrub’s eventual spread, use a tape
measure to be sure you’re not crowding it
between other plants. Firm and water
deeply after planting, then finish with a
mulch of well-rotted organic matter.
Once ‘Sibirica’ is established (after two
or three years), coppice plants hard in early
spring, back to a low framework of shoots.
This encourages young stems that carry
the most dramatic red colour. Or prune out
a third of the stems annually for a more
gradual renewal and year-round structure.
2
Underplant with tiarella
The tiarella is the star of this
planting, and you’ll get the biggest impact
from a generous sweep of plants. However,
if you’re on a budget, they’ll happily spread
so you can slowly increase their numbers in
time. They thrive in semi-shade with
humus-rich soil around their feet – think
moisture-retentive but not waterlogged.
Plant and divide established clumps in
Make the display last...
spring just as they
start into growth.
Keep them looking
tidy by clearing
away old leaves in
spring and later by
deadheading after
flowering.
3
Add the
primulas
Tough and reliable
primulas return year
after year, then flower
their socks off. Plant
them in September/
October or look out for
young plants in garden
centres in spring. They do
best in part shade and will need
dividing every couple of years,
either straight after flowering in May
(if your garden is exposed) or in early
autumn. A loose covering of dry mulch
such as straw will help protect earlyflowering
plants during a sudden cold snap.
4
Trickle through
the wallflowers
...or try
this
‘Winter Orchid’ is a rather unusual scented
perennial wallflower. Give it well-drained
soil and a protected site or it tends to be
short lived. Look out for this cultivar in
autumn or spring (March/April); they’re
worth tracking down because the flowers
keep coming right through until August.
Spring plants in particular may need extra
water to stop them drying out and
becoming stressed over summer.
5
Bluebells and purple
lysimachia also make
good companions
for frothy tiarella
Fill gaps with pulmonaria
Bring some contrast to the planting
with rich blue pulmonaria flowers. Plant
in March or April and keep an eye on
summer watering, especially during
their first year. Stressed, dry plants
tend to show signs of powdery mildew.
You can give tired plants a
tidy up after flowering by
cutting them back hard,
tidying away old leaves and
finishing with a deep watering
and thick mulch. ✿
Hamamelis intermedia
‘Jelena’ Witch hazel with
coppery-orange flowers
against bare stems January-
February and rich autumn
colour. H and S3m (10ft)
Sarcococca confusa
Sweetly scented Christmas
box has glossy evergreen
leaves and tiny white
flowers December-March.
H and S1.5m (5ft)
Brunnera macrophylla
‘Jack Frost’ Heart-shaped,
patterned silvery leaves and
delicate sprays of bright
blue flowers in April-May.
H40cm (16in) S60cm (2ft)
Digitalis purpurea
Albiflora White foxglove
spires are loved by bees and
other beneficial insects, and
appear May into summer.
H1.2m (4ft) S60cm (2ft)
42 Garden Answers

gourmet grower
Roots to relish (clockwise from above left)
yacon tubers, multicoloured carrots, horseradish,
Hamburg parsley
germinate and they sit quietly into the
winter waiting to be used. Sow March to
May and you can harvest from September
onwards; they’re particularly good roasted.
Salsify is one root I return to every few
years because I’m keen for another hit of its
delicate and appealing but rather strange
flavour. Beautiful in creamy gratins it’s
lovely roasted too. The roots are long and
Purple kohl rabi stems
partner well with
feathery fennel
slim (winkling them out of the
ground can be tricky) and they
discolour once peeled, so pop them in
water and lemon juice to stop them
going brown. They’re also called
oyster plant but I’ve never detected
that flavour; I’d put them closer to
globe artichoke. Sow in spring into deep,
well-drained soil and harvest from October.
They keep well over winter in the ground.
Coloured carrots are nothing new, but
some of the variously shaded cultivars
provoke fierce debate over differences
in flavour. Try ‘Night Bird’ for long purpleblack
roots with an intense colour that
goes to the core. Or, go for an extrasweet
root with yellow ‘Jaune
Obtuse de Doubs’ or super-sweet
off-white ‘Creampak’ F1. Sow
carrots April to June into a
deep, free-draining soil and
cover with fleece to prevent
carrot f ly.
Although a swollen stem
rather than a root, kohl rabi
is often lumped into root
veg territory. This brassica
remains woefully
undervalued in this
country. The aim is to grow
it fast in lovely rich soil and
harvest when young. I grate it
into coleslaw for a sweet, mild
cabbage-cum-broccoli taste.
Sow direct March to
July and watch out
for slugs and snails who love the
seedlings. Try ‘Azure Star’.
An overlooked root that I’m rather
fond of is horseradish. A good roast
seems incomplete without its pungent hit.
The plants are thugs so site them carefully.
They like damp ground and often seem to
end up hidden at the end of a garden near the
compost heap. Plant the thongs (bare roots)
in March or April, potting them up first if
the weather’s frightful. Harvest once the
weather cools in autumn and winter.
Digging up plants (as best you can) and
replanting healthy roots will stop it
spreading too far and keep plants youthful.
Finally, for an unusual and incredibly
bountiful harvest in a fertile sunny site,
yacon has beautiful late summer and
autumn foliage that looks perfect in a
tropical border. Once frost knocks back the
leaves (like a dahlia), dig up the tubers.
You’ll find two types: huge baking-potatosized
tubers to eat, and little knobbly
growing-tip tubers, nearer the surface,
which you can overwinter in a frost-free
shed. I put mine in barely damp potting
compost, then bring them back into growth
in a greenhouse container the following
spring and plant out after all risk of frost.
The tubers are a sweet, crunchy delight (a
cross between water chestnuts and pear)
that I like to use in salads and stir-fries. ➤
76 Garden Answers

Worth rooting for...
Turnip ‘Tokyo Cross’
Delicious, ping-pongball-sized,
white roots.
£1.79 for 400 seeds
Dobies 0844 967
0303; www.dobies.
co.uk
Hamburg parsley Use
the leaves as parsley and
the roots as a parsnip
substitute. £1.49 for
1000 seeds DT Brown
0333 003 0869; www.
dtbrownseeds.co.uk
Salsify ‘Mammoth’
Flavoursome roots for
gratins or roasting that
can be overwintered in
the ground. £1.49 for 120
seeds Unwins 0844 573
8400; www.unwins.co.uk
Carrot ‘Night Bird’
Dark purple colour
right through to the
core. £3.49 for 200
seeds Suttons Seeds
0844 326 2200;
www.suttons.co.uk
Carrot ‘Jaune Obtuse
de Doubs’ Sweet yellow
carrots that retain their
colour when cooked.
£2.22 for 400 seeds
Real Seeds 01239 821107;
www.realseeds.co.uk
Carrot ‘Creampak’ F1
Cream-skinned thin
carrots, delicious raw
or cooked, with no need
to peel. £2.49 for 400
seeds Dobies 0844 967
0303; www.dobies.co.uk
Kohl rabi ‘Azure Star’
Quick-growing late
crop perfect for
coleslaw. £1.99 for 100
seeds Marshalls Seeds
0844 557 6700; www.
marshalls-seeds.co.uk
Horseradish
Add bite to salads and
sauces with grated
horseradish. £9.99 for 5
thongs Marshalls Seeds
0844 557 6700; www.
marshalls-seeds.co.uk
Purple-skinned yacon
Sweet, crunchy tubers
ideal for stir-fries and
salads. £9.99 for 6 super
plugs Suttons Seeds
0844 326 2200;
www.suttons.co.uk
Subscribe at www.greatmagazines.co.uk 77

❤
Celebrate
Stripy Dutch crocus
‘Pickwick’ can be
naturalised in the lawn to
form eyecatching shapes
discover the first signs of
As the garden begins to stir, there are plenty of sensory
treats to lure you outdoors. Val Bourne describes her
favourite sights, sounds and smells
At this time of year, there’s a wonderful
moment when you feel the warmth of the
sun on your face for the first time in months.
You look around and find the garden is
beginning to burgeon into life. Before long it’s
careering full tilt towards spring, having
languished in the winter doldrums for months.
Bees are foraging and there’s a buzz of activity
in the air. The birds have paired up and are busy
nesting, exploring bird boxes or singing away
on a branch. You’re likely to see your first
butterfly too; hibernating peacocks
and red admirals, battered by
winter, are on the move again.
There are signs everywhere you look – from plump
buds on the apple tree to the daffodil poised to open its
papery bud. A burst of warmth may prompt a crocus to
show off its orange-red feather duster of pollen, or a
winter aconite to unfurl and push aside those feathery
protective leaves. Both will be visited by bees
desperate for sustenance.
Spring is stirring all around, on the
ground and in the air. Your garden
responds because this is the most
exciting time of the year. The pleasure of
anticipation is intense because we’ve got
it all to come – so spend some time peering,
looking and willing it all to grow a little faster. ➤
Subscribe at www.greatmagazines.co.uk 15

❤
Celebrate
A weeping cherry, Prunus
pendula, underplanted
with purple-blue muscari
Look for breaking buds & blossom
One of the best sights is a branch of
blossom spied against a clear blue
spring sky. It’s relatively easy to
find space for a small flowering
cherry or crab apple in your garden,
because many are slow growing.
Crab apples flower just as the
new leaves appear and often
the foliage comes in shades
of reddish purple, giving a
rich combination of flowers
and leaves in spring, followed by
fruit in a variety of colours. Crab
apples often remain on the tree
through much of winter; these are
trees for every season. The flowers
are able to pollinate your apple trees
over many weeks: another good reason to
plant one. Disease-resistant Malus toringo
‘Scarlet’ has lots of small purple fruits but if
you’re after red fruits for jelly, try ‘Harry
Baker’, named after an RHS fruit specialist.
Flowering cherries (prunus cultivars) are
equally stunning. New breeding in Japan,
carried out by Masatoshi Azari, has produced
150 healthy flowering cherries. So far it’s
possible to acquire the blush-white
‘Matsumae-fuki’, often sold as ‘Chocolate Ice’
due its dark foliage. ‘Hanagasa’ (also sold as
‘Pink Parasol’) bears clusters of pale pink,
double flowers each with a green centre. With
a broad spreading habit for the epitome of
garden elegance, both received AGMs in a
recent RHS trial. Long before they flower
you’ll see a tip of colour in the bud – a telltale
sign of exciting things to come.
Productive fruit trees also provide spring
blossom and the apple tree ‘Bramley's
Seedling’ has large pale pink flowers,
although they won’t provide viable pollen for
other apple trees. The edible quince, Cydonia
oblonga, is also highly decorative, with fruitily
fragrant blossom in delicate watery pink
emerging from pointed buds. This earlyflowering
tree is also self-fertile. Or, opt for a
Fuji cherry (Prunus incisa): some, such as
‘Kojo-no-mai’, are more shrub than tree. Its
contorted branches are covered in buds in
early spring, which open to a mix of rose pink
and bridal-white confetti sprinkled daintily
over every bend in the branches. ➤
Plants to use
Prunus
‘hanagasa’
Spreading branches
wreathed with pale pink
flower clusters in April.
H6m (20ft) S4m (13ft)
Prunus
‘matsumae-fuki’
Chocolate-brown young
foliage and large white
flowers in April-May.
H and S6m (20ft)
Malus ‘Bramley’s
Seedling’
Pink spring blossom
develops into large
green cooking apples.
H7m (23ft) S6m (20ft)
Prunus incisa
‘kojo-no-mai’
Large shrub with
bronze leaves and
white flowers in March.
H and S2m (6½ft)
Malus ‘Harry
Baker’
Dark pink flowers and
ruby-red fruits in
autumn. H10m (33ft)
S6m (20ft)
16 Garden Answers

4
Ammi majus
‘Graceland’ agm
This elegant umbellifer creates
a froth of white lacy flowers above
weightless ferny foliage. Bees and
butterflies are drawn to its open blooms
and birds are later attracted to the
seedheads. Weave the plants among
other border specimens for support, or
plant in groups staked with twiggy
stems. ‘Graceland’ blooms from June to
August but this can be extended with
successional sowings. Its cut flowers
have a lengthy vase life and combine
beautifully with any other flowers in
season. H1.4m (55in) S50cm (20in)
3
Cleome hassleriana
Also known as the spider flower plant thanks to its extraordinarily long
stamens, which protrude from orb-shaped blooms. The exotic-looking
flowers in tones of pink, lavender, white or purple rise to the top of strong, thorny
stems like giant sparklers erupting and need little support despite their lofty
dimensions. A position in full sun will intensify their spicy fragrance, especially in
the evening, and will prolong flowering until the first frosts. Happy in an average
garden soil and fairly drought tolerant once established. H90-120cm (3-4ft)
S30-60cm (1-2ft)
➤
Subscribe at www.greatmagazines.co.uk 23

5
6
Nicotiana mutabilis
‘Marshmallow’
One of the more unusual tobacco
plants, ‘Marshmallow’ displays a
wonderful array of tri-coloured
flowers simultaneously, ranging
from deep magenta to pale pink
and white. The graceful movement
of the almost-weightless wands of
flowers as they catch the breeze
is compelling to watch. For this
reason, it combines well with other
plants that add a touch of lightness
to the border, such as grasses and
Gaura lindheimeri.
H1.2m (4ft) S60cm (2ft)
Cosmos ‘Sensation’
A traditional stalwart of the ever-expanding cosmos family that
reliably produces a mass of long-stemmed, daisy-shaped flowers
from early summer until stopped in its tracks by the frost. Give these tall
accent plants a strong support from the start because the weight of filigree
foliage and blooms on a mature plant can cause the central stem to buckle.
‘Sensation’ can be found in mixed hues of pink, magenta and white.
H1.2m (4ft) S60cm (2ft)
7
Nicotiana sylvestris agm
An elegant tobacco plant with a bold
architectural form, destined to steal the
limelight whether in a traditional
cottage garden or any modern design.
A majestic tower of highly scented,
white trumpet-shaped blooms emerges
above plate-sized aromatic leaves.
The flowers’ fragrance becomes more
pronounced at dusk to attract
pollinating moths, so position them
where they’ll be appreciated. Although
officially a short-lived perennial,
Nicotiana sylvestris is better treated
as an annual in colder climates.
H1.5m (5ft) S60cm (2ft)
24 Garden Answers

spring
wildlife
Butterflies...
plant for your
...but we can’t enjoy these winged wonders
without catering for their caterpillars too,
says Adrian Thomas. Here’s how to do it
Though vibrant adult peacock
butterflies will sip nectar
from golden solidago, their
young caterpillars prefer to
tuck into nettles
70 Garden Answers

Wildlife
The day is fast approaching when
the first butterfly of spring will
waft through your garden. It may
be a small event in the big scheme
of things, yet it’s one of those defining
moments in the course of a year. Along with
the first daffodil, it’s confirmation that
winter is losing its grip, the world is waking
up, and life has survived the big freeze.
It means that from now until October,
whenever the sun’s shining and the air’s
warm, a procession of butterflies will
emerge. Each species conforms to its own
specific flight season: orange-tips, for
example, are a butterfly of April and May,
ringlets are seen in July. The early spring
butterflies comprise those species that
spend winter as adults, which simply need
to be aroused from their hibernation. The
acid-yellow brimstone, raggedy-winged
comma, wide-eyed peacock, and orangeand-black
small tortoiseshell have all spent
Plants for caterpillars
Red admiral
caterpillars feast
on nettles
the cold weather tucked away somewhere
dark, dry and cool, maybe in ivy, or even in
a shed or garage, conserving their energy.
The sad news is that most of our
butterflies are struggling. Changes in the
wider countryside, in particular the loss
The holly blue
lays its eggs on ivy
and holly leaves
and deterioration of their habitats, have
knocked them hard. Even worse, a report
last year from the national charity
Butterfly Conservation found that
butterflies are declining even more rapidly
in urban areas than in the countryside.
➤
Lady’s smock
(Cardamine pratensis)
This plant prefers a cool,
damp, shady spot and flowers
April-May. H30cm (12in)
S20cm (8in) Best for: orangetip
and green-veined white
holly (Ilex aquifolium)
Prickles and thick glossy
leaves won’t put off some
caterpillars. To keep a plant
small, train it as a standard in
a container. H5m+ (16ft) S3m
(10ft) Best for: holly blue
Garlic mustard
(Alliaria petiolata)
Add this dainty perennial as
plug plants to grass or in a
sunny border. H and S60cm
(2ft) Best for: orange-tip and
green-veined white
ivy (Hedera helix)
Though it grows well in shade,
ivy will attract butterflies best
in a sunny spot. Also offers
nectar-rich flowers and
autumn berries. H3m+ (10ft)
S2m (6½ft) Best for: holly blue
Bird’s-foot trefoil
(Lotus corniculatus)
Plant this low-growing
perennial as plugs in grass
that, ideally, is left to grow
longer. H15cm (6in) S60cm
(2ft) Best for: common blue
Alder buckthorn
(Frangula alnus)
Grow in a sunny spot on damp
clay soil. On drier soils go for
purging buckthorn (Rhamnus
cathartica). H4m (13ft) S3m
(10ft) Best for: brimstone
Wild grasses
Meadow grasses Agrostis
capillaris and Festuca ovina are
perfect for caterpillars. H30cm
(12in). Best for: meadow brown,
gatekeeper, ringlet, speckled
wood, skippers
Nettles (Urtica dioica)
In larger gardens, set aside a
wild area to cultivate a big
sunny bed of nettles! H and
S1m (3ft 3in). Best for: small
tortoiseshell, comma, peacock
and red admiral
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