white_paper_on_data_protection_in_india_171127_final_v2

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The relationship need not be as straightforward in all cases. For instance, information that a child is born with foetal alcohol syndrome is personal information both about the child and its mother. 223 To signify this relationship, various connectors are used. The SPDI Rules use the phrase with “information that relates to a natural person‖. The EU GDPR uses a similar phrase ―any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.‖ The (Australian) Privacy Act uses the simpler phrase ―information about an individual.” (iii) Identified or Identifiable Individual All information about an individual is not personal data. As stated earlier, protection of identity is central to informational privacy. So the information must be such that the individual is either identified or identifiable from such information. In statutes or instruments which use both these terms ―identified or identifiable‖ such as the EU GDPR, it refers to states in which the data could be. Data could be in a form where individuals stand identified or in other cases, it is possible that they could be identified. 224 Whether an individual is identifiable or not is a question of context and circumstances. For instance, a car registration number, by itself, does not reveal the identity of a person. However, it is possible that with other information, an individual can be identified from this information. The question of identifiability being one of context, it is essential to prescribe standards by which data can be said to be identifiable or not. The EU GDPR does not prescribe the standard in the text of the provision. However, Recital 26 of the EU GDPR sets out the standard by stating that in determining whether a person is identifiable from data account must be had of all the means reasonably likely to be used. 225 For instance, in the EU, IP addresses are considered (atleast in some circumstances) to be data relating to an identifiable person as Internet Service Providers could identify Internet users using reasonable means. 226 In the (Australian) Privacy Act, the definition of personal information makes the standard of ―reasonably identifiable‖ explicit. ―Personal information‖, under the Privacy Act means information or an opinion about an identified individual or an individual who is reasonably identifiable. Canada, in the PIPEDA, goes a step further and drops the term ‗identified‘ from the scope of the definition entirely and refers only to information about an identifiable individual. 227 223 OAIC, ‗What is personal information‘ (May 2017), available at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/agencies-andorganisations/guides/what-is-personal-information, (last accessed 4 November 2017). 224 Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, ‗Opinion 4/2007 on the Concept of Personal Data‘, European Commission (20 June 2007), 12, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article- 29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2007/wp136_en.pdf, (last accessed 17 November 2017). 225 Recital 26, EU GDPR. 226 Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, ‗Opinion 4/2007 on the Concept of Personal Data‘, European Commission (20 June 2007), available at: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article- 29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2007/wp136_en.pdf, (last accessed 17 November 2017). 227 Section 2(1), PIPEDA. 36
(iv) Pseudonymisation and Anonymisation Related to the notion of identifiability are the techniques of pseudonymisation and anonymisation. Pseudonymisation refers to the technique of disguising identities which ordinarily does not exclude data from the scope of personal data. The EU GDPR recommends pseudonymisation as a method of reducing risk to the data of individuals and as a method of meeting data protection obligations. It also prescribes technical and organisational safeguards in this regard. 228 Anonymisation, by contrast, refers to data where all identifying elements have been eliminated from a set of personal data. No element may be left in the information which could, by exercising reasonable effort, serve to re-identify the person(s) concerned. Where data has been successfully anonymised, they are no longer considered to be personal data. 229 Anonymised data, thus falls outside scope of data protection legislation in such systems. Anonymisation is a standard practice in various processes particularly in data aggregation. However, as will be pointed out later, the extent of such anonymisation is now a contested issue with instances emerging where individuals having been identified from supposedly anonymised data sets. (v) Personal Data and New Technologies One important challenge to the definition of personal data arises from modern technologies which collect newer forms of data from newer sources. While reviewing the OECD Guidelines, this was one of the main issues identified by the expert body for further research. 230 It was observed that the current definition views personal data in terms of a binary, i.e. identifiable data and non-identifiable data. The workability of this definition has been called into question. On the one hand, there are doubts whether the definition is underinclusive when it excludes anonymised data entirely as the ―robustness‖ of some of these techniques have been questioned. A well known example is of a data set of search queries released by AOL after having removed all identifiers which nonetheless resulted in the identification of an individual within days of release of the data set. 231 At the same time, there are problems of over inclusion as well because often data exists in a form which permits identification at a high cost. In such circumstances, the definition of personal data could include such data as it relates to an identifiable individual. A further risk is that guaranteeing the full spectrum of rights to such data could in fact increase privacy 228 Recitals 26, 28 and 29, EU GDPR. 229 The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), the Council of Europe and the Registry of the European Court of Human Rights, ‗Handbook on European Data Protection Law‘ (2014), available at: http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Handbook_data_protection_ENG.pdf, (last accessed 4 November 2017). 230 OECD, OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 229, ‗Privacy Expert Group Report on the Review of the 1980 OECD Privacy Guidelines‘, 10, available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/privacyexpert-group-report-on-the-review-of-the-1980-oecd-privacy-guidelines_5k3xz5zmj2mx-en., (last accessed 1 November 2017). 231 Paul Ohm, ‗Broken Promises of Privacy: Responding to the surprising failure of Privacy‘, 57 UCLA Law Review 1701, 1717 (2010). 37
Page 1 and 2: WHITE PAPER OF THE COMMITTEE OF EXP
Page 3 and 4: inclination to peruse the contents
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword.........
Page 7 and 8: (x) Impact on development of teleco
Page 9 and 10: 9.1 Introduction ..................
Page 11 and 12: 1. A Digital India in a Digital Wor
Page 13 and 14: information can then be used to cre
Page 15 and 16: Privacy is a complex concept that h
Page 17 and 18: The FIPPS were soon followed by the
Page 19 and 20: In light of these developments, the
Page 21 and 22: OECD Guidelines, 68 and sought to a
Page 23 and 24: Constitution - the right against un
Page 25 and 26: visits at night and regular surveil
Page 27 and 28: or necessary for legal compliance.
Page 29 and 30: Aadhaar based authentication which
Page 31 and 32: tested as per the contemporary Indi
Page 33 and 34: man and woman must be kept in mind.
Page 35 and 36: of the law. Second, the ease of cro
Page 37 and 38: ambit of the term organisation. 191
Page 39 and 40: 1. What are your views on what the
Page 41 and 42: 2.2 Horizontality of Application (P
Page 43 and 44: a. The law could regulate personal
Page 45: This distinction between data and i
Page 49 and 50: that the information is not in the
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 4: SENSITIVE PERSONAL DATA
Page 53 and 54: protection. Subject to an evaluatio
Page 55 and 56: South Africa The POPI Act defines p
Page 57 and 58: a. All personal data processed must
Page 59 and 60: an employee of the controller who g
Page 61 and 62: . Clear bifurcation of roles and as
Page 63 and 64: 7.2 Specific Exemptions and Interna
Page 65 and 66: In India, collection of statistical
Page 67 and 68: of imposition of similar nature.‘
Page 69 and 70: mechanism to provide prior approval
Page 71 and 72: 1. What are your views on including
Page 73 and 74: To facilitate the cross-border tran
Page 75 and 76: (ii) Binding Corporate Rules BCR ar
Page 77 and 78: individual to take action to enforc
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER 9 : DATA LOCALISATION 9.1 I
Page 81 and 82: (iii) IT-BPO/BPM Industrial Growth
Page 83 and 84: amounts of computer hardware, they
Page 85 and 86: In Indonesia, the regulation regard
Page 87 and 88: Distribution of Insurance Products)
Page 89 and 90: Another advantage of relying on con
Page 91 and 92: individuals may find it impossible
Page 93 and 94: that the collection is reasonably n
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 2: CHILD’S CONSENT 2.1 In
Page 97 and 98:
the cloud service provider as to st
Page 99 and 100:
The PIPEDA does not specifically de
Page 101 and 102:
7. How can the requirement for pare
Page 103 and 104:
mechanism still continues to play a
Page 105 and 106:
3.3 International Practices Despite
Page 107 and 108:
(CALOPPA) 466 and the GLB Act requi
Page 109 and 110:
CHAPTER 4: OTHER GROUNDS OF PROCESS
Page 111 and 112:
This ground covers two types of sce
Page 113 and 114:
that there may be certain situation
Page 115 and 116:
CHAPTER 5: PURPOSE SPECIFICATION AN
Page 117 and 118:
collected for more than one purpose
Page 119 and 120:
enable data controllers to understa
Page 121 and 122:
CHAPTER 6: PROCESSING OF SENSITIVE
Page 123 and 124:
may instrumentally be caused if the
Page 125 and 126:
PIPEDA does not specifically deal w
Page 127 and 128:
CHAPTER 7: STORAGE LIMITATION AND D
Page 129 and 130:
solely for archiving purposes in th
Page 131 and 132:
2. Data Quality: The principle of d
Page 133 and 134:
data protection laws across jurisdi
Page 135 and 136:
The requirement to be provided the
Page 137 and 138:
Information Act, 1982 or other appr
Page 139 and 140:
CHAPTER 9: INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPATION
Page 141 and 142:
. the processing is unlawful and th
Page 143 and 144:
such a right may be unsuitable in t
Page 145 and 146:
from being taken solely on the basi
Page 147 and 148:
CHAPTER 10: INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPATIO
Page 149 and 150:
emove data for ―the processing of
Page 151 and 152:
South Africa Section 24 of the POPI
Page 153 and 154:
PART IV REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT
Page 155 and 156:
they form core, substantive element
Page 157 and 158:
CHAPTER 2: ACCOUNTABILITY AND ENFOR
Page 159 and 160:
have been taken or that the data su
Page 161 and 162:
The EU GDPR focuses on a ―risk ba
Page 163 and 164:
person who processes personal infor
Page 165 and 166:
with developing certain baseline ac
Page 167 and 168:
ENFORCEMENT TOOLS 2.6 Introduction
Page 169 and 170:
Australia The Privacy Act makes ext
Page 171 and 172:
B. PERSONAL DATA BREACH NOTIFICATIO
Page 173 and 174:
eputation, and loss of confidential
Page 175 and 176:
There is a need to put in place a n
Page 177 and 178:
C. CATEGORISATION OF DATA CONTROLLE
Page 179 and 180:
The Treasury Board of Canada Secret
Page 181 and 182:
Under the EU GDPR, only certain dat
Page 183 and 184:
5. What range of additional obligat
Page 185 and 186:
D. DATA PROTECTION AUTHORITY 2.18 I
Page 187 and 188:
and approval of the appointment by
Page 189 and 190:
The supervisory authority shall pro
Page 191 and 192:
. Advisory The functions of the OAI
Page 193 and 194:
standards be set by different entit
Page 195 and 196:
maintain reasonable security practi
Page 197 and 198:
notices‘ 827 and ‗information n
Page 199 and 200:
5. Given that the Appellate Tribuna
Page 201 and 202:
CHAPTER 4: REMEDIES A. PENALTIES In
Page 203 and 204:
sector, size, financial and other r
Page 205 and 206:
to an overly adverse impact on smal
Page 207 and 208:
B. COMPENSATION Awarding of compens
Page 209 and 210:
United Kingdom As per the guidance
Page 211 and 212:
C. OFFENCES There are certain types
Page 213 and 214:
4.11 Provisional Views 1. The law m
Page 215 and 216:
SCOPE AND EXEMPTIONS 1. Territorial
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6. Are there any other views relati
Page 219 and 220:
2. Should the definition of process
Page 221 and 222:
1. What are your views on including
Page 223 and 224:
9. Data Localisation Data localisat
Page 225 and 226:
2. Child’s Consent It is estimate
Page 227 and 228:
Alternatives: a. Assigning a ‗dat
Page 229 and 230:
If ‗sensitive personal data‘ is
Page 231 and 232:
2. Should there be a restriction on
Page 233 and 234:
3. Does a right to be forgotten add
Page 235 and 236:
1. What are your views on the use o
Page 237 and 238:
oth for principled and practical re
Page 239 and 240:
Questions 1. What are your views on
Page 241 and 242:
12. In cases where compensation cla
Page 243:
3. What are the mitigating circumst
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