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5.4.9 Bone Meal Experiment conducted by Johnson and Peniston (1971) showed that extraction of protein from fishery waste such as herring will leave residue of bone which could be dried, ground and marketed as bone meal. 5.4.10 Bait One of the oldest methods of seafood waste recovery and disposal is as a bait for both sport and commercial fishermen. However, the use of this method is limited since only lobster, crab and Ionglining fishing use this type of bait (Green and Mattick, 1977 and Hood and Zall, 1979). 5.4.11 Ground Fish Scales Fish scales constitute about 1 % of the total weight of the fish. Dried and ground fish scales can function as effectively as chitosan as a flocculating agent in the food processing industry (Hood and Zall, 1979 and Welsh and Zall, 1979). 5.5 Solid Waste Disposal 5.5.1 Ocean dispersion/disposai Ocean dispersion/disposal of fish offal is common in the USA (pers. comm. with Mr. Brian Yin and Ms. Florence Carol of EPA Seattle Office and Mr. Tim McFetridge and Mr. Kent Ashbaker of Oregon Dept. of Env. Quality). Effluents are discharged through outfalls with or without screening prior to discharge. Solids collected from screening shellfish wastewaters are, in many cases, ground and then disposed off in the ocean. While these practices may not cause significant problems if discharge/dumping is done into the open ocean where currents are strong, discharge/dumping into bays, estuaries and areas that are not sufficiently flushed may pose environmental problems and fragile ecological systems may be damaged. 79
Ocean disposal in Canada is regulated by Environment Canada and refers to disposal of offal generated at a land-based facility in the ocean. To date, only one permit for ocean dumping of offal has been granted by Environment Canada (for emergency disposal), as officials of the department are of the opinion that sufficient alternatives for the beneficial use of offal exist in B.C. (pers. comm. with Ms. Dixie Sullivan of Environment Canada). The discharge of offal with effluent is not considered ocean dumping and is regulated under permit by MOELP. Three processors in B.C. are permitted to use this form of offal disposal (see Section 5.1. 1). Disposal of offal at sea after gutting at sea, as is the practice for troll-caught fish is not considered ocean dumping. 5.5.2 Landfilling Sanitary Iandfilling is usually a poor choice for the disposal of fisheries waste from both J an environmental and economic points of view (Green and Mattick, 1977). Large volumes of waste are required before costs, particularly hauling expenses, can be reduced. 5.5.3 Incineration and Pyrolysis Although energy can be recovered from burning the waste, the sophisticated equipment capital costs and high operating costs of incineration and pyrolysis are beyond the means of most seafood processors. To the knowledge of the authors this process is not applied at B.C. fish processing facilities, nor is fish offal sent to municipal garbage incinerators. 5.5.4 Comporting Direct use of fish wastes as manure by spreading on fields is uncommon due to the typical obnoxious odours of putrefying fish or shellfish. Comporting fish waste is an intermediary step to utilizing fish as a soil conditioner. The comporting process converts organic solid waste into a stable, humus like product whose chief use is as a soil conditioner and fertilizer (Canadian Fishery Consultants Ltd., 1991 ). Comporting is environmentally acceptable and an economically viable solution in specific instances. 80
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Environment Canada Industrial Progr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEM’EN
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5.4 5.5 BEST 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.3.4.2 Ot
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Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Fi
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Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 5.10 Tabl
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Terms of Referen
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2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2.1 Genera
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1992a). In 1990, approximately 70 %
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Development of aquiculture (husband
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REDUCTION PLANT Q \ \ PRINCE RUPERT
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2.4 Review of Current Regulations 2
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2.4.3 Municipal and Regional Bylaws
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Table 3.1 Water Consumption Rates -
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3.2 Wastewater Characteristics 3.2.
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Table 3.4 Contaminant Concentration
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3.2.2 Fish Processing Facilities in
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Table 3.7 Production-based Contamin
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which are permitted to grind and di
Page 41 and 42: 4 PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY The five ma
Page 43 and 44: ---- ,,, ,,, > “\ - Y’ I r ----
Page 45 and 46: VESSEL-HOLD WATER PACKERS AND RECIR
Page 47 and 48: && a- * I ---- ————-— --
Page 49 and 50: 4.4 Herring Processing 4.4.1 Genera
Page 51 and 52: Raw shrimp are held on ice for abou
Page 53 and 54: ~ PRODUCT — WASTEWATER ----- WATE
Page 55 and 56: -+ \ /’WATER’l \~uPPLY/ ‘T-
Page 57 and 58: 5 WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.1 Cu
Page 59 and 60: Information Grind and Discha Coarse
Page 61: Table 5.1 Permit Summary ———-
Page 64 and 65: offal with wastewater, which is the
Page 66 and 67: equipment clean and to flush offal
Page 68 and 69: Table 5.4 Solid Waste Generation at
Page 70 and 71: process water. However, different r
Page 72 and 73: 5.2.4 Contaminant Reduction Several
Page 74 and 75: Fine screening is generally used as
Page 76 and 77: to coagulate proteins, cooling and
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Summary of FM Proceeding
Page 80 and 81: 5.3.4.3 Enhanced Gravity Settling T
Page 82 and 83: To the knowledge of the authors, on
Page 84 and 85: To the knowledge of the authors, no
Page 86 and 87: 5.3.6.2 Hydrocyclones Hydrocyclones
Page 88 and 89: Solid wastes generated by seafood p
Page 90 and 91: Table 5.10 Results of Applications
Page 94 and 95: The comporting operation consists o
Page 96 and 97: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Page 98 and 99: ● / use of finer mesh screens (do
Page 100 and 101: 7 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 7.1 Review of t
Page 102 and 103: wholesale and landed values as a me
Page 104 and 105: 7.2 Processing Technology Treatment
Page 106 and 107: (~nuJ!WU Jo %) SONICINVl u) (9 I <
Page 108 and 109: conservation and the implementation
Page 110 and 111: In-house modifications can result i
Page 112 and 113: Table 7.3 Expected Efficiency of Wa
Page 114 and 115: Table 7.4 Assumptions used for Econ
Page 116 and 117: quo had been maintained. For each t
Page 118 and 119: All cost estimates involving DAF un
Page 120 and 121: meet toxicity limits. However, biol
Page 122 and 123: BIBLIOGRAPHY Aegis Management Servi
Page 124 and 125: Fukuda H. and H. Nakatani. Treatmen
Page 126 and 127: Johnson R.A. and S.M. Gallanger. Us
Page 128 and 129: NovaTec Consultants Inc.. Village o
Page 130: ( Takei M.. Treatment of Waste Wate
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