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Table 5.10 Results of Applications of Fish Fertilizers Crop Application rate of fish fertilizer Control fertilizer Yield results Cherry -8 mL/L -5:2:1 to 0:10:10 -22.7 kg/plant tomatoes ‘ - dipped prior to planting - manures - several times the - sprayed every 2-3 weeks control Beefsteak - as above - chicken manure -9 kg/plant tomatoes -6.8 kg/pIant control Pole beans -4 mL/L -12 kg/30 m row - foliage spray after staking and -3 kg/30 m row wiring and again after 2 weeks (control) Lawns, - diluted 1:5 -13:8:4 at 46.4 - much more lush -3.7 mL/m 2 mL/m 2 lawn with fish fertilizer and longer fertilizer retention time Cabbage -2.8 mL/m2 at planting and 2.8 - larger, denser, 50 % mL/m 2 foliage spray after 4 weeks heavier heads than controls Corn -3.7 mL/m2 at planting and 3.7 - greater than 20 % mL/m2 as foliage spray after 5 more weight of weeks corn/plant Apples -1:20 dilution - increase in size and -93 mL/m 2 of above, foliage spray weight of fish fertilized apples Source: Canadian Fishery Consultants Ltd., 1991 5.4.6 Protein Hydrolysates Protein hydrolysates are formed by the rapid dissolution of fish flesh away from bones, scales, and fat. Proteolytic enzymes are added to the minced fish along with mineral or organic acids. The mixture is heated to 65 “C to solubilize the protein. Potential uses of hydrolysates include milk replacers in animal feeds and peptones for microbiological media worth more than $2,500/ton (Gates, 1991 ). This process involves considerable capital and technical investment which might not be attractive for small and/or seasonal fish processing operations (Green and Mattick, 1977). 77
5.4.7 Chitin and Chitosan Chitosan is a high molecular weight carbohydrate polymer manufactured from chitin in shrimp and crab wastes ( Bough, 1976). An estimated 120,000 tons of chitin can be produced annually on a worldwide basis (Knorr, 1991). Shells are first ground, protein is extracted, and the shells are demineralized. After washing and dewatering chitin is recovered. Chitin is converted to chitosan by deacetylization. Proposed applications of chitin - chitosan include (Gates, 1991, Johnson and Peniston, 1971, Knorr, 1991, Bough, 1976): ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● water treatment flocculent for: recovery of food processing byproducts (especially proteins), biosorption of heavy metals, removal of dyes and pesticides; surgical sutures; 1 contact lenses; burn dressings; immobilization agent in cell cultures; agricultural nematocide; digestive aid; coatings for paper and for glass fibres to permit dyeing; encapsulation agent for pharmaceuticals; viscosity control agents for drilling muds; biodegradable packaging films; dietary supplement in fish farming; clarification of beverages. A substantial investment in chemical processing equipment and technical personnel is required for chitin - chitosan production (Green and Mattick, 1977). Japanese production of chitin - chitosan currently exceeds 300 tons per year, with pilot scale production in the United States (Gates, 1991 ). 5.4.8 Food Flavours Concentrated clam and oyster cook water can be converted into, marketable food products such as clam juice, dehydrated clam flavour used for soups, dips and snacks and fermented oyster sauce (Hood and Zall, 1979 and Gates, 1991). 78 \
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Environment Canada Industrial Progr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEM’EN
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5.4 5.5 BEST 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.3.4.2 Ot
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Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Fi
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Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 5.10 Tabl
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Terms of Referen
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2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2.1 Genera
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1992a). In 1990, approximately 70 %
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Development of aquiculture (husband
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REDUCTION PLANT Q \ \ PRINCE RUPERT
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2.4 Review of Current Regulations 2
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2.4.3 Municipal and Regional Bylaws
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Table 3.1 Water Consumption Rates -
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3.2 Wastewater Characteristics 3.2.
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Table 3.4 Contaminant Concentration
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3.2.2 Fish Processing Facilities in
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Table 3.7 Production-based Contamin
Page 39 and 40: which are permitted to grind and di
Page 41 and 42: 4 PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY The five ma
Page 43 and 44: ---- ,,, ,,, > “\ - Y’ I r ----
Page 45 and 46: VESSEL-HOLD WATER PACKERS AND RECIR
Page 47 and 48: && a- * I ---- ————-— --
Page 49 and 50: 4.4 Herring Processing 4.4.1 Genera
Page 51 and 52: Raw shrimp are held on ice for abou
Page 53 and 54: ~ PRODUCT — WASTEWATER ----- WATE
Page 55 and 56: -+ \ /’WATER’l \~uPPLY/ ‘T-
Page 57 and 58: 5 WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.1 Cu
Page 59 and 60: Information Grind and Discha Coarse
Page 61: Table 5.1 Permit Summary ———-
Page 64 and 65: offal with wastewater, which is the
Page 66 and 67: equipment clean and to flush offal
Page 68 and 69: Table 5.4 Solid Waste Generation at
Page 70 and 71: process water. However, different r
Page 72 and 73: 5.2.4 Contaminant Reduction Several
Page 74 and 75: Fine screening is generally used as
Page 76 and 77: to coagulate proteins, cooling and
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Summary of FM Proceeding
Page 80 and 81: 5.3.4.3 Enhanced Gravity Settling T
Page 82 and 83: To the knowledge of the authors, on
Page 84 and 85: To the knowledge of the authors, no
Page 86 and 87: 5.3.6.2 Hydrocyclones Hydrocyclones
Page 88 and 89: Solid wastes generated by seafood p
Page 92 and 93: 5.4.9 Bone Meal Experiment conducte
Page 94 and 95: The comporting operation consists o
Page 96 and 97: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Page 98 and 99: ● / use of finer mesh screens (do
Page 100 and 101: 7 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 7.1 Review of t
Page 102 and 103: wholesale and landed values as a me
Page 104 and 105: 7.2 Processing Technology Treatment
Page 106 and 107: (~nuJ!WU Jo %) SONICINVl u) (9 I <
Page 108 and 109: conservation and the implementation
Page 110 and 111: In-house modifications can result i
Page 112 and 113: Table 7.3 Expected Efficiency of Wa
Page 114 and 115: Table 7.4 Assumptions used for Econ
Page 116 and 117: quo had been maintained. For each t
Page 118 and 119: All cost estimates involving DAF un
Page 120 and 121: meet toxicity limits. However, biol
Page 122 and 123: BIBLIOGRAPHY Aegis Management Servi
Page 124 and 125: Fukuda H. and H. Nakatani. Treatmen
Page 126 and 127: Johnson R.A. and S.M. Gallanger. Us
Page 128 and 129: NovaTec Consultants Inc.. Village o
Page 130: ( Takei M.. Treatment of Waste Wate
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