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Solid wastes generated by seafood processing plants, with the exception of that generated by fish meal plants, represent 30 % to 85 % of landed fish weight, depending upon the operation (Green and Mattick, 1977). Shrimp processing generates from 40 to 80 % waste, filleting plants generate 30 to 60 % waste, and crab processing generates from 75 to 85 % waste (Green and Mattick, 1977). The goal of byproduct recovery is to attain maximum utilization of seafood processing wastes for food or feed thus reducing the amount of waste and decreasing the need and cost of waste treatment. There is a variety of uses for seafood processing wastes. However, not all uses are optimal for a particular waste disposal situation. The feasibility of waste utilization and byproduct recovery are situation specific and are affected by a number of factors including: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●“ type and composition of waste; volume generated; waste availability (seasonality); location of waste sources; location of processing facilities; location of end users; costs; climatic conditions; existing end users of waste products; markets for waste products; local regulations. Some approaches to byproduct utilization are described in order of importance in the following sections. 5.4.2 Fish Meal Approximately 28.6 % of the world annual fish catch is used to produce fish meal (del Vane and Aguilera, 1990). Canada is a very minor player in the world production of fish meals, producing approximately 1 % of worldwide production (Can. Fishery Consultants Ltd, 1991 ).’ Fish meal is an internationally recognized commercial commodity utilized in feeding farm animals such as chickens, turkeys and pigs disadvantages of fish meal production are the high capital 75 / and farmed fish. Some costs of the equipment,
equirements for a minimum tonnage of raw materials on a continuing basis and, in many locations, environmental considerations (Canadian Fisheries Consultants Ltd., 1991). 5.4.3 Pet Food Fish offal, underutilized fish and minced meat recovered from shellfish plants can be processed into pet food. The marketing of fish waste to large pet food manufacturers seems to be limited to companies with cold storage facilities and access to the raw materials that meet company specifications. 5.4.4 Fertilizers Shellfish shells are high in calcium content and can be used as liming agents for agricultural lands, but additional magnesium would have to ,be included (Hood and Zall, 1979). Fish offal has also been utilized as a fertilizer. Results of some of the studies carried out to evaluate fish fertilizers with inorganic chemical fertilizers are presented in Table 5.10. Fish fertilizers, once widely used, are now replaced with petrochemical fertilizers. However, they have a market in home and garden use and also organic farming. Production of liquid fish fertilizers can be done with low capital investment and low energy input (Green and Mattick, 1977). 5.4.5 Fish Silage Fish silage is Iiquified fish produced by grinding and acidification of fish or fish scrap followed by autolytic digestion at room temperature. The product has little objectionable odour and serves as a nutritious animal feed (Gates, 1991). Fish silage probably offers the most promising aspect for seafood processing waste utilization (Green and Mattick, 1977). The capital cost investment is at a minimum. It can be carried out at small and large installations (as small as 200 L drum scale). However,, it is important for a plant of any size to have at least automated acid addition with a pH meter (Canadian Fishery Consultants Ltd., 1991 ). At present, most of the fish silage produced is fed in its liquid form to pigs, poultry, fur bearing animals, fish which demand high level of protein, sheep and cattle. However, it can be dried for long term storage and shipping (Green and Mattick, 1977). 76
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Environment Canada Industrial Progr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEM’EN
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5.4 5.5 BEST 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.3.4.2 Ot
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Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Fi
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Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 5.10 Tabl
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Terms of Referen
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2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2.1 Genera
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1992a). In 1990, approximately 70 %
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Development of aquiculture (husband
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REDUCTION PLANT Q \ \ PRINCE RUPERT
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2.4 Review of Current Regulations 2
Page 26 and 27:
2.4.3 Municipal and Regional Bylaws
Page 28 and 29:
Table 3.1 Water Consumption Rates -
Page 30:
3.2 Wastewater Characteristics 3.2.
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Table 3.4 Contaminant Concentration
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3.2.2 Fish Processing Facilities in
Page 37 and 38: Table 3.7 Production-based Contamin
Page 39 and 40: which are permitted to grind and di
Page 41 and 42: 4 PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY The five ma
Page 43 and 44: ---- ,,, ,,, > “\ - Y’ I r ----
Page 45 and 46: VESSEL-HOLD WATER PACKERS AND RECIR
Page 47 and 48: && a- * I ---- ————-— --
Page 49 and 50: 4.4 Herring Processing 4.4.1 Genera
Page 51 and 52: Raw shrimp are held on ice for abou
Page 53 and 54: ~ PRODUCT — WASTEWATER ----- WATE
Page 55 and 56: -+ \ /’WATER’l \~uPPLY/ ‘T-
Page 57 and 58: 5 WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.1 Cu
Page 59 and 60: Information Grind and Discha Coarse
Page 61: Table 5.1 Permit Summary ———-
Page 64 and 65: offal with wastewater, which is the
Page 66 and 67: equipment clean and to flush offal
Page 68 and 69: Table 5.4 Solid Waste Generation at
Page 70 and 71: process water. However, different r
Page 72 and 73: 5.2.4 Contaminant Reduction Several
Page 74 and 75: Fine screening is generally used as
Page 76 and 77: to coagulate proteins, cooling and
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Summary of FM Proceeding
Page 80 and 81: 5.3.4.3 Enhanced Gravity Settling T
Page 82 and 83: To the knowledge of the authors, on
Page 84 and 85: To the knowledge of the authors, no
Page 86 and 87: 5.3.6.2 Hydrocyclones Hydrocyclones
Page 90 and 91: Table 5.10 Results of Applications
Page 92 and 93: 5.4.9 Bone Meal Experiment conducte
Page 94 and 95: The comporting operation consists o
Page 96 and 97: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Page 98 and 99: ● / use of finer mesh screens (do
Page 100 and 101: 7 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 7.1 Review of t
Page 102 and 103: wholesale and landed values as a me
Page 104 and 105: 7.2 Processing Technology Treatment
Page 106 and 107: (~nuJ!WU Jo %) SONICINVl u) (9 I <
Page 108 and 109: conservation and the implementation
Page 110 and 111: In-house modifications can result i
Page 112 and 113: Table 7.3 Expected Efficiency of Wa
Page 114 and 115: Table 7.4 Assumptions used for Econ
Page 116 and 117: quo had been maintained. For each t
Page 118 and 119: All cost estimates involving DAF un
Page 120 and 121: meet toxicity limits. However, biol
Page 122 and 123: BIBLIOGRAPHY Aegis Management Servi
Page 124 and 125: Fukuda H. and H. Nakatani. Treatmen
Page 126 and 127: Johnson R.A. and S.M. Gallanger. Us
Page 128 and 129: NovaTec Consultants Inc.. Village o
Page 130: ( Takei M.. Treatment of Waste Wate
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