INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
o T H E G U I D E T O T H E E N D A N G E R E D Saving the Orcas& Dolphins INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY By: Hadirah, Farah & Izzati
- Page 2 and 3: WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? PSYCHOLOGY IS T
- Page 4 and 5: STRUCTURALISM... A German scientist
- Page 6 and 7: SENSATIONS ( element of perception
- Page 8 and 9: What Is Functionalism? To study how
- Page 10 and 11: What Is Psychoanalitic Theory? Psyc
- Page 12 and 13: GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Credited because
- Page 14 and 15: BEHAVIORISM Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
- Page 16 and 17: B.F. SKINNER (1904 - 1990) Doesn't
- Page 18 and 19: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Area of psycho
- Page 20 and 21: FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Deals questions
- Page 22: SOURCES Retrieved from : https://ww
o<br />
T H E G U I D E T O T H E E N D A N G E R E D<br />
Saving the<br />
Orcas&<br />
Dolphins<br />
<strong>INTRODUCTION</strong><br />
<strong>TO</strong><br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
By: Hadirah, Farah & Izzati
WHAT IS <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong>?<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong> IS THE<br />
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF<br />
THE HUMAN MIND AND<br />
BEHAVIOR
THEORIES<br />
IN<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
LETS STUDY ON <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong> MORE...
STRUCTURALISM...<br />
A German scientist<br />
Scientific study of conscious<br />
experience<br />
Defined psychology as the<br />
scientific study of conscious<br />
experience.<br />
WILHELM WUNDT<br />
( 1832 -1920 )<br />
Wundt wanted to study the<br />
structure of the human mind
What Is Structuralism?<br />
The study of the elements of consciousness<br />
Structuralism was based on introspection<br />
(observation of oneself, of the conscience and of<br />
the own feelings)<br />
The attempt to understand the structure or<br />
characteristics of the mind also known as<br />
structuralism<br />
Structuralism sought to analyze the adult mind<br />
experience from birth to the present) and then to<br />
find the way in which these components fit<br />
together in complex forms
SENSATIONS<br />
( element of<br />
perception )<br />
* INTROSPECTION :<br />
- A process of looking<br />
inward and examining<br />
one's self and one's own<br />
actions in order to gains<br />
insight<br />
ELEMENTS OF<br />
MIND<br />
IMAGE<br />
( element of idea )<br />
AFFECTIONS<br />
( element of emotions )
FUNCTIONALISM...<br />
WILLIAM JAMES<br />
( 1842 -1910 )<br />
Born in New York City on January 11,<br />
1842<br />
William James was a leading<br />
American psychologist and<br />
philosopher<br />
He later became known for the<br />
literary piece The Will to Believe and<br />
Other Essays in Popular Philosophy<br />
James died on August 26, 1910, in<br />
Chocorua
What Is Functionalism?<br />
To study how humans use their minds to<br />
think and act<br />
Concerned with ongoing conscious<br />
experience and behaviour.<br />
Influenced by Darwin's theory and the<br />
pragmatism philosophy<br />
Also believed that introspection is a way<br />
people can learn psychology (self-reflection)<br />
Use more objectives measures ( recording<br />
devices and mental activities)
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY...<br />
SIGMUND FREUD<br />
( 1856 -1939 )<br />
Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 to<br />
September 23, 1939)<br />
an Austrian neurologist who<br />
developed psychoanalysis<br />
His theories on child sexuality,<br />
libido and the ego, among other<br />
topics, were some of the most<br />
influential academic concepts
What Is Psychoanalitic Theory?<br />
Psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed<br />
emotions and experiences, make the unconscious<br />
conscious<br />
Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy<br />
and a theory of personality<br />
Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat<br />
depression and anxiety disorders<br />
People could be cured by making conscious their<br />
unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus<br />
gaining insight
THE UNCONSCIOUS<br />
MIND<br />
Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe<br />
the three levels of the mind.<br />
On the surface is consciousness:<br />
EGO<br />
Pre-conscious: SUPER-EGO<br />
Most significance region is the<br />
unconscious: ID
GESTALT <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Credited because of introducing psychologist in<br />
the United States.<br />
Gestalt Psychology: school of thought that looks<br />
at the human mind behaviour as a whole.<br />
Gestalt psychology formed partially as a<br />
response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt<br />
MAX WERTHEIMER (1880 - 1943)<br />
KURT KOFFKA (1886 - 1941)<br />
WOLFGANG KOHLER (1887 - 1867)
LAWS<br />
OF<br />
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION<br />
Gestalt Psychology proposed a number of laws of perceptual organization.<br />
The law of similarity suggests that similar items tend to be grouped<br />
together.<br />
The law of proximity suggests that objects near each other tend to be<br />
viewed as a group.
BEHAVIORISM<br />
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)<br />
B.F Skinner (1904-1990)<br />
What Is<br />
Behaviorism?<br />
The study of the behavioral development<br />
which can be measured, observed and<br />
produced responses to the stimuli<br />
Focus on human behaviours and disapproved<br />
spiritual aspects.
IVAN PAVLOV (1849 - 1936)<br />
People's behaviours will change as we want by using stimulator<br />
Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate<br />
across a variety of experimental and clinical settings, including educational<br />
classrooms<br />
Result:<br />
1) Law of respondent of<br />
conditioning<br />
2) Law of respondent of<br />
extinction
B.F. SKINNER (1904 - 1990)<br />
Doesn't agree with S'R's views and conditional reflex explanations.<br />
He concentrated on how behaviour was affected by its consequence<br />
Reinforcement & Punishment<br />
Skinner identified three<br />
types of responses or<br />
operant that can follow<br />
behavior:<br />
Neutral operants<br />
Reinforcer<br />
Punisher
VARIETIES<br />
OF<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong>
COGNITIVE <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Area of psychology that<br />
studies and analyses the<br />
mental process<br />
DEVELOPMENTAL<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
A scientific approach which aims<br />
to explain growth, changes and<br />
consistency through our lifespan<br />
SOCIAL <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
A study of how people<br />
influence and are influenced<br />
by others
SPORTS AND EXECISES<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Study of psychological factors that are<br />
associated with participant and<br />
performance in sports, exercise and other<br />
types of physical activity<br />
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Applies psychological theories,<br />
principles and research findings in<br />
industrial and organizational settings<br />
HEALTH <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Focus on how health is affected by<br />
interaction of biological, psychological and<br />
sociocultural factors
FORENSIC <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Deals questions in context of justice<br />
The psychologist will assess a person's<br />
competency to stand trial, state of mind of<br />
defendant<br />
Consult (child custody cases, eyewitness<br />
testimony)<br />
PERSONALITY <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Patterns of thought and behaviors that<br />
make people different.<br />
Identifying, measuring personality<br />
Consistent patterns of thoughts and<br />
behaviours.<br />
Consist of Big Five / Five factors Model.
OCEAN?
SOURCES<br />
Retrieved from :<br />
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html#un<br />
https://www.slideshare.net/kinaa1?psychoanalytic-theorysigmund-freud<br />
http://www.apadivisions.org/division-<br />
47/about/resources/what-is.aspx<br />
https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-psychology.html<br />
https://www.simplypsychology.org/developmentalpsychology.html