INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

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Saving the
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INTRODUCTION
TO
PSYCHOLOGY
By: Hadirah, Farah & Izzati

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
PSYCHOLOGY IS THE
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF
THE HUMAN MIND AND
BEHAVIOR

THEORIES
IN
PSYCHOLOGY
LETS STUDY ON PSYCHOLOGY MORE...

STRUCTURALISM...
A German scientist
Scientific study of conscious
experience
Defined psychology as the
scientific study of conscious
experience.
WILHELM WUNDT
( 1832 -1920 )
Wundt wanted to study the
structure of the human mind

What Is Structuralism?
The study of the elements of consciousness
Structuralism was based on introspection
(observation of oneself, of the conscience and of
the own feelings)
The attempt to understand the structure or
characteristics of the mind also known as
structuralism
Structuralism sought to analyze the adult mind
experience from birth to the present) and then to
find the way in which these components fit
together in complex forms

SENSATIONS
( element of
perception )
* INTROSPECTION :
- A process of looking
inward and examining
one's self and one's own
actions in order to gains
insight
ELEMENTS OF
MIND
IMAGE
( element of idea )
AFFECTIONS
( element of emotions )

FUNCTIONALISM...
WILLIAM JAMES
( 1842 -1910 )
Born in New York City on January 11,
1842
William James was a leading
American psychologist and
philosopher
He later became known for the
literary piece The Will to Believe and
Other Essays in Popular Philosophy
James died on August 26, 1910, in
Chocorua

What Is Functionalism?
To study how humans use their minds to
think and act
Concerned with ongoing conscious
experience and behaviour.
Influenced by Darwin's theory and the
pragmatism philosophy
Also believed that introspection is a way
people can learn psychology (self-reflection)
Use more objectives measures ( recording
devices and mental activities)

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY...
SIGMUND FREUD
( 1856 -1939 )
Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 to
September 23, 1939)
an Austrian neurologist who
developed psychoanalysis
His theories on child sexuality,
libido and the ego, among other
topics, were some of the most
influential academic concepts

What Is Psychoanalitic Theory?
Psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed
emotions and experiences, make the unconscious
conscious
Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy
and a theory of personality
Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat
depression and anxiety disorders
People could be cured by making conscious their
unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus
gaining insight

THE UNCONSCIOUS
MIND
Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe
the three levels of the mind.
On the surface is consciousness:
EGO
Pre-conscious: SUPER-EGO
Most significance region is the
unconscious: ID

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
Credited because of introducing psychologist in
the United States.
Gestalt Psychology: school of thought that looks
at the human mind behaviour as a whole.
Gestalt psychology formed partially as a
response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt
MAX WERTHEIMER (1880 - 1943)
KURT KOFFKA (1886 - 1941)
WOLFGANG KOHLER (1887 - 1867)

LAWS
OF
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
Gestalt Psychology proposed a number of laws of perceptual organization.
The law of similarity suggests that similar items tend to be grouped
together.
The law of proximity suggests that objects near each other tend to be
viewed as a group.

BEHAVIORISM
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
B.F Skinner (1904-1990)
What Is
Behaviorism?
The study of the behavioral development
which can be measured, observed and
produced responses to the stimuli
Focus on human behaviours and disapproved
spiritual aspects.

IVAN PAVLOV (1849 - 1936)
People's behaviours will change as we want by using stimulator
Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate
across a variety of experimental and clinical settings, including educational
classrooms
Result:
1) Law of respondent of
conditioning
2) Law of respondent of
extinction

B.F. SKINNER (1904 - 1990)
Doesn't agree with S'R's views and conditional reflex explanations.
He concentrated on how behaviour was affected by its consequence
Reinforcement & Punishment
Skinner identified three
types of responses or
operant that can follow
behavior:
Neutral operants
Reinforcer
Punisher

VARIETIES
OF
PSYCHOLOGY

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Area of psychology that
studies and analyses the
mental process
DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY
A scientific approach which aims
to explain growth, changes and
consistency through our lifespan
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
A study of how people
influence and are influenced
by others

SPORTS AND EXECISES
PSYCHOLOGY
Study of psychological factors that are
associated with participant and
performance in sports, exercise and other
types of physical activity
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Applies psychological theories,
principles and research findings in
industrial and organizational settings
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
Focus on how health is affected by
interaction of biological, psychological and
sociocultural factors

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Deals questions in context of justice
The psychologist will assess a person's
competency to stand trial, state of mind of
defendant
Consult (child custody cases, eyewitness
testimony)
PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
Patterns of thought and behaviors that
make people different.
Identifying, measuring personality
Consistent patterns of thoughts and
behaviours.
Consist of Big Five / Five factors Model.

OCEAN?

SOURCES
Retrieved from :
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html#un
https://www.slideshare.net/kinaa1?psychoanalytic-theorysigmund-freud
http://www.apadivisions.org/division-
47/about/resources/what-is.aspx
https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-psychology.html
https://www.simplypsychology.org/developmentalpsychology.html