INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
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o<br />
T H E G U I D E T O T H E E N D A N G E R E D<br />
Saving the<br />
Orcas&<br />
Dolphins<br />
<strong>INTRODUCTION</strong><br />
<strong>TO</strong><br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
B Y H A D I R A H I Z Z A T I F A R A H
WHAT IS <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong>?<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong> IS THE SCIENTIFIC<br />
STUDY OF THE MIND AND<br />
BEHAVIOUR.
THEORIES<br />
OF<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong>
STRUCTURALISM<br />
A German scientist<br />
Scientific study of conscious experience<br />
Defined psychology as the scientific<br />
study of conscious experience.<br />
Wundt wanted to study the structure of<br />
the human mind.<br />
WILHELM WUNDT<br />
( 1832 -1920 )
SENSATIONS<br />
( element of perception )<br />
ELEMENTS OF<br />
IMAGE<br />
( element of idea )<br />
MIND<br />
AFFECTIONS<br />
( element of emotions )<br />
* INTROSPECTION :<br />
- A process of looking inward<br />
and examining one's self and<br />
one's own actions in order to<br />
gains insight
FUNCTIONALISM<br />
WILLIAM JAMES<br />
( 1842 -1910 )<br />
He concerned with ongoing conscious<br />
experience and behaviour.<br />
To study how humans use their minds to<br />
think and act.<br />
Influenced by Darwin's theory and the<br />
pragmatism philosophy<br />
Also believed that introspection is a way<br />
people can learn psychology (self-reflection)<br />
Use more objectives measures ( recording<br />
devices and mental activities)
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY<br />
SIGMUND FREUD<br />
( 1856 -1939 )<br />
In his view, the unconscious was a repository<br />
of feelings and urges of which we have no<br />
awareness.<br />
His work formed the foundation of<br />
psychoanalytic theory.<br />
Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy<br />
and a theory of personality.
THE UNCONSCIOUS<br />
MIND<br />
Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe<br />
the three levels of the mind.<br />
On the surface is consciousness: EGO<br />
Preconscious: SUPER-EGO<br />
Most significance region is the<br />
unconscious: ID
GESTALT <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
MAX WERTHEIMER (1880 - 1943)<br />
KURT KOFFKA (1886 - 1941)<br />
WOLFGANG KOHLER (1887 - 1867)<br />
Credited because of introducing psychologist<br />
in the United States.<br />
Gestalt Psychology: school of thought that<br />
looks at the human mind behaviour as a<br />
whole.<br />
Gestalt psychology formed partially as a<br />
response to the structuralism of Wilhelm<br />
Wundt
LAWS<br />
OF<br />
PERCEPTUAL<br />
ORGANIZATION<br />
Gestalt Psychology proposed a<br />
number of laws of perceptual<br />
organization.<br />
The law of similarity suggests that<br />
similar items tend to be grouped<br />
together.<br />
The law of proximity suggests that<br />
objects near each other tend to be<br />
viewed as a group.
BEHAVIORISM<br />
To study the behavioural development which can be<br />
measured, observed and produced responses to the stimuli<br />
Focus on human behaviours and disapproved spiritual<br />
aspects.<br />
IVAN PAVLOV (1849 - 1936)<br />
People's behaviours will change as we want by using stimulator.
Result :<br />
1) Law of respondent of<br />
conditioning<br />
2) Law of respondent of extinction
B.F. SKINNER (1904 - 1990)<br />
Doesn't agree with S'R's views and conditional reflex explanations.<br />
He concentrated on how behaviour was affected by its consequence<br />
Reinforce
VARIETIES<br />
OF<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong>
COGNITIVE <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Area of psychology that<br />
studies and analyses the<br />
mental process<br />
DEVELOPMENTAL<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
A scientific approach which aims<br />
to explain growth, changes and<br />
consistency through our lifespan.<br />
SOCIAL <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
A study of how people<br />
influence and are influenced<br />
by others.
SPORTS AND EXECISES<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Study of psychological factors that are<br />
associated with participant and<br />
performance in sports, exercise and other<br />
types of physical activity.<br />
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Applies psychological theories,<br />
principles and research findings in<br />
industrial and organizational settings<br />
HEALTH <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Fous on how health is affected by<br />
interaction of biological, psychological<br />
and sociocultural factors.
SPORTS AND EXECISES<br />
<strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Deals questions in context of justice<br />
The psychologist will assess a person's<br />
competency to stand trial, state of mind of<br />
defendant<br />
Consult (child custody cases, eyewitness<br />
testomony)<br />
PERSONALITY <strong>PSYCHOLOGY</strong><br />
Patterns of thought and behaviours that<br />
make people different.<br />
Identifying, measuring personality<br />
Consistent patterns of thoughts and<br />
behaviours.<br />
Consist of Big Five / Five factors Model.
SOURCES<br />
Retrieved from :<br />
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html#un<br />
https://www.slideshare.net/kinaa1?psychoanalytic-theory-sigmund-freud<br />
http://www.apadivisions.org/division-47/about/resources/what-is.aspx<br />
https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-psychology.html<br />
https://www.simplypsychology.org/developmental-psychology.html