INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION
TO
PSYCHOLOGY
B Y H A D I R A H I Z Z A T I F A R A H

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
PSYCHOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC
STUDY OF THE MIND AND
BEHAVIOUR.

THEORIES
OF
PSYCHOLOGY

STRUCTURALISM
A German scientist
Scientific study of conscious experience
Defined psychology as the scientific
study of conscious experience.
Wundt wanted to study the structure of
the human mind.
WILHELM WUNDT
( 1832 -1920 )

SENSATIONS
( element of perception )
ELEMENTS OF
IMAGE
( element of idea )
MIND
AFFECTIONS
( element of emotions )
* INTROSPECTION :
- A process of looking inward
and examining one's self and
one's own actions in order to
gains insight

FUNCTIONALISM
WILLIAM JAMES
( 1842 -1910 )
He concerned with ongoing conscious
experience and behaviour.
To study how humans use their minds to
think and act.
Influenced by Darwin's theory and the
pragmatism philosophy
Also believed that introspection is a way
people can learn psychology (self-reflection)
Use more objectives measures ( recording
devices and mental activities)

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
SIGMUND FREUD
( 1856 -1939 )
In his view, the unconscious was a repository
of feelings and urges of which we have no
awareness.
His work formed the foundation of
psychoanalytic theory.
Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy
and a theory of personality.

THE UNCONSCIOUS
MIND
Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe
the three levels of the mind.
On the surface is consciousness: EGO
Preconscious: SUPER-EGO
Most significance region is the
unconscious: ID

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
MAX WERTHEIMER (1880 - 1943)
KURT KOFFKA (1886 - 1941)
WOLFGANG KOHLER (1887 - 1867)
Credited because of introducing psychologist
in the United States.
Gestalt Psychology: school of thought that
looks at the human mind behaviour as a
whole.
Gestalt psychology formed partially as a
response to the structuralism of Wilhelm
Wundt

LAWS
OF
PERCEPTUAL
ORGANIZATION
Gestalt Psychology proposed a
number of laws of perceptual
organization.
The law of similarity suggests that
similar items tend to be grouped
together.
The law of proximity suggests that
objects near each other tend to be
viewed as a group.

BEHAVIORISM
To study the behavioural development which can be
measured, observed and produced responses to the stimuli
Focus on human behaviours and disapproved spiritual
aspects.
IVAN PAVLOV (1849 - 1936)
People's behaviours will change as we want by using stimulator.

Result :
1) Law of respondent of
conditioning
2) Law of respondent of extinction

B.F. SKINNER (1904 - 1990)
Doesn't agree with S'R's views and conditional reflex explanations.
He concentrated on how behaviour was affected by its consequence
Reinforce

VARIETIES
OF
PSYCHOLOGY

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Area of psychology that
studies and analyses the
mental process
DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY
A scientific approach which aims
to explain growth, changes and
consistency through our lifespan.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
A study of how people
influence and are influenced
by others.

SPORTS AND EXECISES
PSYCHOLOGY
Study of psychological factors that are
associated with participant and
performance in sports, exercise and other
types of physical activity.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Applies psychological theories,
principles and research findings in
industrial and organizational settings
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
Fous on how health is affected by
interaction of biological, psychological
and sociocultural factors.

SPORTS AND EXECISES
PSYCHOLOGY
Deals questions in context of justice
The psychologist will assess a person's
competency to stand trial, state of mind of
defendant
Consult (child custody cases, eyewitness
testomony)
PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
Patterns of thought and behaviours that
make people different.
Identifying, measuring personality
Consistent patterns of thoughts and
behaviours.
Consist of Big Five / Five factors Model.

SOURCES
Retrieved from :
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html#un
https://www.slideshare.net/kinaa1?psychoanalytic-theory-sigmund-freud
http://www.apadivisions.org/division-47/about/resources/what-is.aspx
https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-psychology.html
https://www.simplypsychology.org/developmental-psychology.html