Advanced Trauma Life Support ATLS Student Course Manual 2018

388
INDEX
for musculoskeletal trauma,
153–156
physical examination
abdomen, 17
cervical spine, 16
chest, 16–17, 17
head, 15–16
maxillofacial structures, 16
musculoskeletal system,
17–18
neck, 16
neurological system, 18
perineum, 17
rectum, 17
vagina, 17
in pregnant patients, 234–235
rapid triage and transport
guidelines, 243t–244t
for thoracic trauma, 72–78
Security, in constrained environments,
278–279
Sedatives
brain injury and, 120
for burn injuries, 178
for pain control, 164
Seidel test, 261
Seizures, posttraumatic, 122
Seldinger technique, 36f, 70, 198
Self-deployment, 277–278
Sensory level of injury, 135
Septic shock, 48
Severe brain injury. See Traumatic
brain injuries
Shearing injuries, 85, 110
Shock
advanced age and, 56–57
athletes and, 57
avoiding complications, 58
blood pressure considerations
for, 56
burn, 172–174
cardiac tamponade, 47–48
cardiogenic, 47
definition of, 44
diagnosis of, 50
in geriatric patients, 219–220
hemorrhagic, 45
blood replacement for, 54–
56, 55f
confounding factors, 50–51
continued, 58
definition of, 48–49
hypothermia and, 57
initial fluid therapy for,
52–54, 53t
initial management of, 51–54
overview of, 46–47
patient response, 53–54
physical examination for,
51–52
physiological classification
of, 49–50, 49t
hypothermia and, 57
hypovolemic, 9, 44
initial assessment of
clinical differentiation of
cause of, 46–48, 47f
recognition of, 45–46
initial management of, 52
management of
first step in, 44
second step in, 44
medications and, 57
monitoring and, 58
neurogenic, 44, 48, 134–135
nonhemorrhagic, 54
overview of, 47
pacemaker or implantable
cardioverter-defibrillator
and, 58
pathophysiology, 44–45
blood loss pathophysiology,
45
cardiac physiology, 44–45
in pediatric patients, 195–199
pregnancy and, 57
reassessment of patient
response, 58
recognition of other problems
and, 58
septic, 48
special considerations for, 56–58
spinal, 134–135
teamwork in, 58
tension pneumothorax, 48
vascular access in, 52
Shoulder, joint dislocation
deformities, 155t
Shoulder harness injury, 86t
Simple pneumothorax, 72–73, 72f
Skeletal injuries. See Musculoskeletal
trauma
Skin, effects of aging on, 218t
Skin perfusion, 9
Skull, anatomy of, 104
Skull fractures, 109–110, 109t
depressed, 123
Small bowel injuries, 85, 202
Smoke inhalation injury, 172
Soft-tissue injuries, fluid changes
secondary to, 51
Solid organ injuries, 95–96
Special populations, initial
assessment of, 13
Spinal column, 130–131, 131f
Spinal cord
anatomy of, 131
injury classifications for
level, 135
morphology, 136
neurological deficit severity,
135
syndromes, 135–136
tracts, clinical assessment of,
132t
Spinal cord injury without
radiographic abnormalities
(SCIWORA), 136, 205
Spinal nerve segments, 132, 132t
Spinal shock, 134–135
Spine injury
anatomy and physiology in, 131f
dermatomes, 131–132
myotomes, 132, 134, 134f
neurogenic shock vs. spinal
shock, 134–135
spinal column, 130–131
spinal cord, 131
blunt carotid and vertebral
artery injuries, 139
cervical spine fractures, 136–137
atlanto-occipital dislocation,
136
atlas (C1), 136, 137f
axis (C2), 137
C1 rotary subluxation,
136–137
C3–C7 fractures and
dislocations, 137
odontoid, 137, 137f
posterior element fractures,
137
classification of, 133f
complete, 131
effects on other organ systems
of, 135
evaluation of, 130
guidelines for screening patients
with suspected, 142b
immobilization for, 130, 136, 139
incomplete, 131
level of, 135
lumbar fractures, 138
management of
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