Advanced Trauma Life Support ATLS Student Course Manual 2018
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386<br />
INDEX<br />
PEA. See Pulseless electrical activity<br />
PECARN. See Pediatric Emergency<br />
Care Applied Research Network<br />
(PECARN) criteria<br />
PECs. See Preexisting conditions<br />
Pediatric Emergency Care Applied<br />
Research Network (PECARN)<br />
criteria, 204f<br />
Pediatric patients<br />
abdominal trauma in, 200–202<br />
assessment of, 200<br />
CT scanning in, 200–201<br />
DPL for, 201<br />
FAST for, 201<br />
nonoperative management<br />
of, 201–202<br />
visceral injuries, 202<br />
airway management, 190,<br />
192–194<br />
anatomy and positioning<br />
for, 192–193, 192f<br />
cricothyroidotomy, 194<br />
oral airway, 193<br />
orotracheal intubation,<br />
193–194, 193f<br />
blood loss in, 196, 196t<br />
breathing and ventilation for,<br />
195<br />
burn injuries in, 173, 174f<br />
cardiopulmonary resuscitation<br />
in, 199<br />
characteristics of, 188–190<br />
psychological status, 189–190<br />
size, shape, and surface area,<br />
189<br />
skeleton, 189<br />
chest trauma in, 199–200<br />
circulation and shock in, 195–199<br />
fluid resuscitation and blood<br />
replacement for, 198–<br />
199, 199f<br />
recognition of circulatory<br />
compromise in, 195–196,<br />
195f<br />
thermoregulation for, 199<br />
urine output, 199<br />
venous access, 197–198, 197f<br />
weight and blood volume<br />
determination, 197<br />
equipment used for, 190, 191t<br />
head trauma in, 202–205<br />
assessment of, 202–203<br />
causes of, 202<br />
management of, 203–205<br />
hemodynamic changes in, 195f<br />
hypothermia in, 266<br />
initial assessment of, 13<br />
injury to<br />
long-term effects of, 190<br />
prevalence of, 188<br />
prevention of, 208, 208b<br />
types and patterns of, 188<br />
maltreatment of, 207–208<br />
musculoskeletal trauma in<br />
blood loss in, 206<br />
fracture splinting, 206<br />
patient history for, 206<br />
special considerations for<br />
immature skeleton, 206<br />
needle and tube thoracostomy<br />
in, 195<br />
normal vital functions in, 197t<br />
pitfalls of, 190<br />
spine injuries in, 136<br />
anatomical differences, 205<br />
radiological considerations<br />
for, 205–206<br />
teamwork with, 208–209<br />
transfer to definitive care for,<br />
247–248<br />
Pediatric <strong>Trauma</strong> Score, 188, 189t<br />
Pelvic cavity, 84–85<br />
Pelvic fractures, 17, 17f, 96f<br />
in geriatric patients, 221–222<br />
hemorrhagic shock and, 98, 98f<br />
management of, 97–98, 97f<br />
mechanism of injury and<br />
classification, 96–97<br />
pitfalls of, 98<br />
in pregnancy, 228–229<br />
Pelvic trauma. See Abdominal and<br />
pelvic trauma<br />
Pelvis, physical examination of, 17<br />
Penetrating injuries<br />
to abdomen and pelvis, 85<br />
brain, 123–124<br />
in geriatric patients, 217<br />
mechanisms of injury, 14t, 15<br />
to neck, 16<br />
in pregnant patients, 232, 232t<br />
to spine, 139<br />
Pericardiocentesis, 70<br />
Perimortem cesarean section, 235<br />
Perineum, physical examination<br />
of, 17<br />
Peripheral circulation, in circumference<br />
extremity burns, 176–178<br />
Permissive hypotension, 53<br />
Personal disaster planning, 293<br />
Personal protective equipment<br />
(PPE), 290b<br />
Physical examination<br />
of abdomen, 17<br />
for abdominal and pelvic<br />
trauma, 87–88<br />
of cervical spine, 16<br />
of chest, 16–17, 17<br />
of eye, 258–260<br />
of head, 15–16<br />
for hemorrhagic shock, 51<br />
of maxillofacial structures, 16<br />
of musculoskeletal system,<br />
17–18<br />
of neck, 16<br />
of neurological system, 18<br />
of perineum, 17<br />
of rectum, 17<br />
in secondary survey, 15–18<br />
of vagina, 17<br />
Pia mater, 105, 106f, 107<br />
Piperacillin, 158t<br />
Placenta, 228–229<br />
Placental abruption, 233, 234f<br />
Pneumothorax<br />
open, 66–67<br />
simple, 72–73, 72f<br />
tension, 48, 65–66, 65f, 67, 68t<br />
treatment of, 73<br />
Poiseuille’s law, 52<br />
Pons, 106<br />
Posterior element fractures, 137<br />
Posterior exam, of eye, 260<br />
Posterior tibial nerve, 161t<br />
PPE. See Personal protective<br />
equipment<br />
Preexisting conditions (PECs), in<br />
geriatric patients, 216–217<br />
Pregnant patients<br />
anatomical and physiological<br />
changes in, 228–231<br />
blood volume and composition,<br />
229<br />
hemodynamics, 229–230<br />
assessment and treatment of,<br />
233–235<br />
blood pressure in, 230<br />
blunt injury in, 232, 232f<br />
cardiac output in, 229–230<br />
definitive care for, 235<br />
electrocardiographic changes<br />
in, 230<br />
gastrointestinal system changes<br />
in, 231<br />
heart rate in, 230<br />
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