Advanced Trauma Life Support ATLS Student Course Manual 2018

382
INDEX
Frostbite, 181–183, 182f
Full-thickness burns, 176, 177f
Fundal height, 228f
Gastric catheters, 11
in abdominal and pelvic trauma,
88–89
insertion, in burn patients, 178
pitfalls of, 12f
Gastric dilation, 52
Gastrointestinal system, in pregnancy,
231
GEB. See Gum elastic bougie
Genitourinary injuries, 95
Gentamicin, 158t
Geriatric patients, 216
aging and impact of preexisting
conditions on, 216–217
airway management, 217, 218f,
219, 219t
breathing and ventilation for,
219, 219t
circulation in, 219, 220t
disability in, 220, 220t
exposure and environmental
control for, 220, 221t
goals of care for, 222–223
hypothermia in, 265–266
injury to
burns, 217
falls, 217, 221–222
mechanism of, 217
motor vehicle crashes, 217
penetrating injuries, 217
maltreatment of, 222, 222b
medications for, 222
pelvic fractures in, 221–222
pitfalls of, 221
primary survey and resuscitation
for, 217–220
rib fractures in, 221
risk of mortality-associated complications
or death in, 216f
shock in, 219–220
teamwork with, 223
traumatic brain injury in, 221
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 7, 10,
32, 109, 110t
in mild brain injury, 115
in pediatric patients, 203, 203t
trauma teams and, 309
GSW. See Gunshot wounds
Gum elastic bougie (GEB), 33, 34, 34f
Gunshot wounds (GSW), 14t, 85, 93,
231t, 232t
Hand injuries, 163
Hand-over, 302–304, 304b
Hangman’s fracture, 138f
Hartford Consensus, 283–285
Hazardous environment, 15
Hazardous materials (HAZMATs),
290b
Hazard vulnerability analysis (HVA),
290b, 292
Head, physical examination of, 15–16
Head-to-toe evaluation. See Secondary
survey
Head trauma. See also Traumatic
brain injuries (TBI)
airway and breathing, 117–118
anatomy of, 104, 105f, 106,
106–107
brain, 106
cranial, 105f
intracranial compartments,
106–107
meninges, 104, 105f, 106
scalp, 104
skull, 104
ventricular system, 106
classification of
morphology, 109–111, 109t
severity of injury, 109, 109t
CT for, 120, 204f
evidence-based treatment guidelines,
111–117
intracranial lesions, 110–111
management of
mild brain injury, 112,
112t–113t, 114f, 115
moderate brain injury, 116–
117, 117f
severe, 118b, 118f
severe brain injury, 117
medical therapies for
anticonvulsants, 122
barbiturates, 122
correction of anticoagulation,
120–121
hypertonic saline, 122
hyperventilation, 121
intravenous fluids, 120
mannitol, 121–122
moderate, 112t–113t, 120
monitoring patients with, 18
mortality from, 104
in pediatric patients, 202–205
assessment of, 202–203
causes of, 202
management of, 203–205
physiological concepts
cerebral blood flow, 107–109
intracranial pressure, 107
Monro-Kellie doctrine, 107,
108f
pitfalls of, 117
primary survey for, 117–120
prognosis for, 124
resuscitation for, 117–120
secondary brain injury, 104
secondary survey for, 120
severe
anesthetics, analgesics, and
sedatives and, 120
circulation and, 118–119
diagnostic procedures, 120
neurological examination
for, 119–120
skull fractures, 109–110, 109t
surgical management
depressed skull fractures,
123
intracranial mass lesions, 123
penetrating brain injuries,
123–124
scalp wounds, 122, 123f
teamwork in, 124
treatment goals, 119t
triage for, 104
Heart rate, 44f
in pregnancy, 230
Heat exhaustion, 269, 269t
Heat injuries, 269
management of, 270–271
pathophysiology, 270
pharmacology for, 271, 271b
prognosis for, 271
types of, 269–270
Heat stroke, 269–270, 269t
Helmet removal, 16, 27f, 28
Hematocrit, 46
in pregnancy, 229, 230t
Hemodynamics, in pregnancy,
229–230
Hemorrhage
class I, 49, 49t
class II, 49, 49t, 50
class III, 49, 49t, 50
class IV, 49, 49t, 50
continued, 58
control, circulation with, 8–9,
51, 309
definition of, 48–49
internal, 9
major arterial, 150–151
retrobulbar, 260–261
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