Advanced Trauma Life Support ATLS Student Course Manual 2018
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184<br />
CHAPTER 9 n Thermal Injuries<br />
4. Attention must be paid to special problems unique<br />
to thermal injuries. Carbon monoxide poisoning<br />
should be suspected and identified. Circumferential<br />
burns may require escharotomy.<br />
5. Nonthermal causes of burn injury should be<br />
recognized and appropriate treatment started.<br />
Chemical burns require immediate removal<br />
of clothing to prevent further injury, as well<br />
as copious irrigation. Electrical burns may<br />
be associated with extensive occult injuries.<br />
Patients sustaining thermal injury are at risk for<br />
hypothermia. Judicious analgesia should not<br />
be overlooked.<br />
6. The American Burn Association has identified<br />
types of burn injuries that typically require<br />
referral to a burn center. Transfer principles are<br />
similar to non-burned patients but include an<br />
accurate assessment of the patient’s burn size<br />
and depth.<br />
7. Early management of cold-injured patients includes<br />
adhering to the ABCDEs of resuscitation,<br />
identifying the type and extent of cold injury,<br />
measuring the patient’s core temperature, preparing<br />
a patient-care flow sheet, and initiating<br />
rapid rewarming techniques.<br />
Bibliography<br />
1. Baxter CR. Volume and electrolyte changes<br />
in the early postburn period. Clin Plast Surg<br />
1974;4:693–709.<br />
2. Bruen KJ, Ballard JR, Morris SE, et al. Reduction<br />
of the incidence of amputation in frostbite<br />
injury with thrombolytic therapy. Arch<br />
Surg 2007 Jun;142(6):546–551; discussion<br />
551–553.<br />
3. Cancio L. Airway management and smoke<br />
inhalation injury in the burn patient. Clin Plast<br />
Surg 2009 Oct;36(4):555–567.<br />
4. Cancio LC. Initial assessment and fluid resuscitation<br />
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Aug;92(4):959–986, ix.<br />
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7. Gentilello LM, Cobean RA, Offner PJ, et al.<br />
Continuous arteriovenous rewarming: rapid<br />
reversal of hypothermia in critically ill patients.<br />
J <strong>Trauma</strong> 1992;32(3):316–327.<br />
8. Gonzaga T, Jenebzadeh K, Anderson CP,<br />
Mohr WJ, Endorf FW, Ahrenholz DH. Use of<br />
intraarterial thrombolytic therapy for acute<br />
treatment of frostbite in 62 patients with review<br />
of thrombolytic therapy in frostbite. J Burn Care<br />
Res, 2015.<br />
9. Halebian P, Robinson N, Barie P, et al. Whole<br />
body oxygen utilization during carbon monoxide<br />
poisoning and isocapneic nitrogen hypoxia. J<br />
<strong>Trauma</strong> 1986;26:110–117.<br />
10. Jurkovich GJ. Hypothermia in the trauma patient.<br />
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1989:11–140.<br />
11. Jurkovich GJ, Greiser W, Luterman A, et al. Hypothermia<br />
in trauma victims: an ominous<br />
predictor of survival. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 1987;27:<br />
1019–1024.<br />
12. Latenser BA. Critical care of the burn patient:<br />
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13. Moss J. Accidental severe hypothermia. Surg<br />
Gynecol Obstet 1986;162:501–513.<br />
14. Mozingo DW, Smith AA, McManus WF,<br />
et al. Chemical burns. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 1988;28:<br />
642–647.<br />
15. Perry RJ, Moore CA, Morgan BD, et al. Determining<br />
the approximate area of burn: an inconsistency<br />
investigated and reevaluated. BMJ 1996;<br />
312:1338.<br />
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206, vii–viii. Review.<br />
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<strong>Trauma</strong> 1985;25:17–21.<br />
20. Schaller M, Fischer A, Perret C.<br />
Hyperkalemia: a prognostic factor during<br />
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