Advanced Trauma Life Support ATLS Student Course Manual 2018

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 2. Patients with head and brain injuries must be evaluated efficiently. In a comatose patient, secure and maintain the airway by endotracheal intubation. Perform a neurological examination before paralyzing the patient. Search for associated injuries, and remember that hypotension can affect the neurological examination. 3. Trauma team members should become familiar with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and practice its use, as well as performance of rapid, focused neurological examinations. Frequently reassess the patient’s neurological status. 4. Adequate resuscitation is important in limiting secondary brain injury. Prevent hypovolemia and hypoxemia. Treat shock aggressively and look for its cause. Resuscitate with Ringer’s lactate solution, normal saline, or similar isotonic solutions without dextrose. Do not use hypotonic solutions. The goal in resuscitating the patient with brain injuries is to prevent secondary brain injury. 5. Determine the need for transfer, admission, consultation, or discharge. Contact a neurosurgeon as early as possible. If a neurosurgeon is not available at the facility, transfer all patients with moderate or severe head injuries. Bibliography 1. Amirjamshidi A, Abbassioun K, Rahmat H. Minimal debridement or simple wound closure as the only surgical treatment in war victims with low-velocity penetrating head injuries. Indications and management protocol based upon more than 8 years’ follow-up of 99 cases from Iran–Iraq conflict. Surg Neurol 2003;60(2):105–110; discussion 110–111. 2. Andrews BT, Chiles BW, Olsen WL, et al. The effect of intra-cerebral hematoma location on the risk of brainstem compression and on clinical outcome. J Neurosurg 1988;69: 518–522. 3. Atkinson JLD. The neglected prehospital phase of head injury: apnea and catecholamine surge. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75(1):37–47. 4. Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the first International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Phys Sportsmed 2002;30:57–62 (copublished in Br J Sports Med 2002;36:3–7 and Clin J Sport Med 2002;12:6–12). 5. Boyle A, Santarius L, Maimaris C. Evaluation of the impact of the Canadian CT head rule on British practice. Emerg Med J 2004;21(4): 426–428. 6. Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, Ullman JS, et al.: Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurgery 2017; 80:1 6-13. 7. Carney N, Ghajar J, Jagoda A, et al. Concussion guidelines step 1: systematic review of prevalent indicators. Neurosurgery 2014Sep;75(Suppl 1):S3–S15. 8. Chestnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 1993;34:216–222. 9. Chibbaro S, Tacconi L. Orbito-cranial injuries caused by penetrating non-missile foreign bodies. Experience with eighteen patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2006;148(9), 937–941; discussion 941–942. 10. Clement CM, Stiell IG, Schull MJ, et al. Clinical features of head injury patients presenting with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 and who require neurosurgical intervention. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48(3):245–251. 11. Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CR, et al. High-dose barbiturates control elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1988;69:15–23. 12. Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, et al. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010. 13. Giri BK, Krishnappa IK, Bryan RMJ, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow after cortical impact injury complicated by a secondary insult in rats. Stroke 2000;31:961–967. 14. Gonul E, Erdogan E, Tasar M, et al. Penetrating orbitocranial gunshot injuries. Surg Neurol 2005;63(1):24–30; discussion 31. 15. Injury Prevention & Control: Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion. http://www.cdc. gov/traumaticbraininjury/. Accessed May 4, 2012. 16. Johnson U, Nilsson P, Ronne-Engstrom E, et al. Favorable outcome in traumatic brain injury patients with impaired cerebral pressure autoregulation when treated at low cerebral perfusion pressure levels. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:714–722. 17. Management of Penetrating Brain Injury J Trauma 2001; 51(2) supplement/August. n BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

126 CHAPTER 6 n Head Trauma 18. Marion DW, Spiegel TP. Changes in the management of severe traumatic brain injury: 1991–1997. Crit Care Med 2000;28:16–18. 19. McCror, P, Johnston K, Meeuwisse W, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:196–204. 20. Mower WR, Hoffman JR, Herbert M, et al. Developing a decision instrument to guide computed tomographic imaging of blunt head injury patients. J Trauma 2005;59(4):954–959. 21. Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, et al. Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg 1991;75:731–739. 22. Part 1: Guidelines for the management of penetrating brain injury. Introduction and methodology. J Trauma 2001;51(2 Suppl):S3–S6. 23. Part 2: Prognosis in penetrating brain injury. J Trauma 2001;51(2 Suppl):S44–S86. 24. Post AF, Boro T, Eckland JM: Injury to the Brain In: Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE, eds. Trauma. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013:356–376. 25. Robertson CS, Valadka AB, Hannay HJ, et al. Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2086–2095. 26. Rosengart AJ, Huo D, Tolentino J, et al. Outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with antiepileptic drugs. J Neurosurg 2007;107:253–260. 27. Rosner MJ, Rosner SD, Johnson AH. Cerebral perfusion pressure management protocols and clinical results. J Neurosurg 1995;83:949–962. 28. Sakellaridis N, Pavlou E, Karatzas S, et al. Comparison of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the treatment of severe brain injuries. J Neurosurg 2011;114:545–548. 29. Smits M, Dippel DW, de Haan GG, et al. External validation of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria for CT scanning in patients with minor head injury. JAMA 2005;294(12):1519–1525. 30. Stiell IG, Clement CM, Rowe BH, et al. Comparison of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria in patients with minor head injury. JAMA 2005;294(12):1511–1518. 31. Stiell IG, Lesiuk H, Wells GA, et al. Canadian CT head rule study for patients with minor head injury: methodology for phase II (validation and economic analysis). Ann Emerg Med 2001;38(3):317–322. 32. Stiell IG, Lesiuk H, Wells GA, et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule Study for patients with minor head injury: rationale, objectives, and methodology for phase I (derivation). Ann Emerg Med 2001;38(2):160–169. 33. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet 2001;357(9266):1391–1396. 34. Sultan HY, Boyle A, Pereira M, et al. Application of the Canadian CT head rules in managing minor head injuries in a UK emergency department: implications for the implementation of the NICE guidelines. Emerg Med J 2004;21(4):420–425. 35. Temkin NR, Dikman SS, Wilensky AJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures. N Engl J Med 1990;323:497–502. 36. Wijdicks EFM, Varelas PN, Gronseth GS, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: Determining brain death in adults. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2010;74:1911–1918. 37. Valadka AB, Narayan RK. Emergency room management of the head-injured patient. In: Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT, eds. Neurotrauma. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996:120. 38. Narayan RK: Head Injury. In: Grossman RG, Hamilton WJ eds., Principles of Neurosurgery. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1991 39. Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, Ullman JS et. al. Guidelines for the Management of severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery 0:1–10, 2016 DOI: 10.1227/ NEU.0000000000001432 40. Washington CW, Grubb RL, Jr. Are routine repeat imaging and intensive care unit admission necessary in mild traumatic brain injury? J Neurosurg. 2012;116(3):549-557. 41. Cohen DB, Rinker C, Wilberger JE. Traumatic brain injury in anticoagulated patients. J Trauma. 2006;60(3):553-557. 42. Prehospital Emergency care supplement to volume 12 (1) Jan/March 2004 Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury 2nd edition. 43. www.glasgowcomascale.org n BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

126<br />

CHAPTER 6 n Head <strong>Trauma</strong><br />

18. Marion DW, Spiegel TP. Changes in the<br />

management of severe traumatic brain injury:<br />

1991–1997. Crit Care Med 2000;28:16–18.<br />

19. McCror, P, Johnston K, Meeuwisse W, et al.<br />

Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd<br />

International Conference on Concussion in Sport,<br />

Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:196–204.<br />

20. Mower WR, Hoffman JR, Herbert M, et al.<br />

Developing a decision instrument to guide<br />

computed tomographic imaging of blunt head<br />

injury patients. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 2005;59(4):954–959.<br />

21. Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, et al.<br />

Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation<br />

in patients with severe head injury: a randomized<br />

clinical trial. J Neurosurg 1991;75:731–739.<br />

22. Part 1: Guidelines for the management of<br />

penetrating brain injury. Introduction and<br />

methodology. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 2001;51(2 Suppl):S3–S6.<br />

23. Part 2: Prognosis in penetrating brain injury. J<br />

<strong>Trauma</strong> 2001;51(2 Suppl):S44–S86.<br />

24. Post AF, Boro T, Eckland JM: Injury to the Brain<br />

In: Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE, eds.<br />

<strong>Trauma</strong>. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill;<br />

2013:356–376.<br />

25. Robertson CS, Valadka AB, Hannay HJ, et al.<br />

Prevention of secondary ischemic insults<br />

after severe head injury. Crit Care Med 1999;<br />

27:2086–2095.<br />

26. Rosengart AJ, Huo D, Tolentino J, et al. Outcome<br />

in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage<br />

treated with antiepileptic drugs. J Neurosurg<br />

2007;107:253–260.<br />

27. Rosner MJ, Rosner SD, Johnson AH. Cerebral<br />

perfusion pressure management protocols and<br />

clinical results. J Neurosurg 1995;83:949–962.<br />

28. Sakellaridis N, Pavlou E, Karatzas S, et al. Comparison<br />

of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the<br />

treatment of severe brain injuries. J Neurosurg<br />

2011;114:545–548.<br />

29. Smits M, Dippel DW, de Haan GG, et al. External<br />

validation of the Canadian CT Head Rule and<br />

the New Orleans Criteria for CT scanning<br />

in patients with minor head injury. JAMA<br />

2005;294(12):1519–1525.<br />

30. Stiell IG, Clement CM, Rowe BH, et al. Comparison<br />

of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New<br />

Orleans Criteria in patients with minor head<br />

injury. JAMA 2005;294(12):1511–1518.<br />

31. Stiell IG, Lesiuk H, Wells GA, et al. Canadian CT<br />

head rule study for patients with minor head<br />

injury: methodology for phase II (validation<br />

and economic analysis). Ann Emerg Med<br />

2001;38(3):317–322.<br />

32. Stiell IG, Lesiuk H, Wells GA, et al. The Canadian<br />

CT Head Rule Study for patients with minor<br />

head injury: rationale, objectives, and methodology<br />

for phase I (derivation). Ann Emerg Med<br />

2001;38(2):160–169.<br />

33. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, et al. The<br />

Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor<br />

head injury. Lancet 2001;357(9266):1391–1396.<br />

34. Sultan HY, Boyle A, Pereira M, et al. Application<br />

of the Canadian CT head rules in managing minor<br />

head injuries in a UK emergency department:<br />

implications for the implementation of the NICE<br />

guidelines. Emerg Med J 2004;21(4):420–425.<br />

35. Temkin NR, Dikman SS, Wilensky AJ, et al. A<br />

randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin<br />

for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures.<br />

N Engl J Med 1990;323:497–502.<br />

36. Wijdicks EFM, Varelas PN, Gronseth GS,<br />

et al. Evidence-based guideline update:<br />

Determining brain death in adults. Report of<br />

the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the<br />

American Academy of Neurology. Neurology<br />

2010;74:1911–1918.<br />

37. Valadka AB, Narayan RK. Emergency room<br />

management of the head-injured patient. In:<br />

Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT, eds.<br />

Neurotrauma. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,<br />

1996:120.<br />

38. Narayan RK: Head Injury. In: Grossman RG,<br />

Hamilton WJ eds., Principles of Neurosurgery.<br />

New York, NY: Raven Press, 1991<br />

39. Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C, Ullman JS et.<br />

al. Guidelines for the Management of severe<br />

<strong>Trauma</strong>tic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition.<br />

Neurosurgery 0:1–10, 2016 DOI: 10.1227/<br />

NEU.0000000000001432<br />

40. Washington CW, Grubb RL, Jr. Are routine repeat<br />

imaging and intensive care unit admission<br />

necessary in mild traumatic brain injury? J<br />

Neurosurg. 2012;116(3):549-557.<br />

41. Cohen DB, Rinker C, Wilberger JE. <strong>Trauma</strong>tic<br />

brain injury in anticoagulated patients. J <strong>Trauma</strong>.<br />

2006;60(3):553-557.<br />

42. Prehospital Emergency care supplement to<br />

volume 12 (1) Jan/March 2004 Guidelines for<br />

prehospital management of traumatic brain<br />

injury 2nd edition.<br />

43. www.glasgowcomascale.org<br />

n BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

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