Advanced Trauma Life Support ATLS Student Course Manual 2018

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 if not promptly identified and treated during the primary survey. These patients can usually be treated or their conditions temporarily relieved by relatively simple measures, such as intubation, ventilation, tube thoracostomy, and fluid resuscitation. Clinicians with the ability to recognize these important injuries and the skill to perform the necessary procedures can save lives. The primary survey includes management of airway obstruction, laryngeal injury, upper chest injury, tracheobronchial tree injury, tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, cardiac tamponade, and traumatic circulatory arrest. 2. The secondary survey includes identification, using adjunctive studies such as x-rays, laboratory tests, and ECG, and initial treatment of the following potentially life-threatening injuries: simple pneumothorax, hemothorax, pulmonary contusion, flail chest, blunt cardiac injury, traumatic aortic disruption, traumatic diaphragmatic injury, and blunt esophageal rupture. 3. Several manifestations of thoracic trauma may indicate a greater risk of associated injuries, including subcutaneous emphysema, crush injuries of the chest, and injuries to the ribs, scapula, and sternum. Bibliography 1. Ball CG, Williams BH, Wyrzykowski AD, et al. A caveat to the performance of pericardial ultrasound in patients with penetrating cardiac wounds. J Trauma 2009;67(5):1123–1124. 2. Brasel KJ, Stafford RE, Weigelt JA, et al. Treatment of occult pneumothoraces from blunt trauma. J Trauma 1999;46(6):987–990; discussion 990–991. 3. Bulger EM, Edwards T, Klotz P, et al. Epidural analgesia improves outcome after multiple rib fractures. Surgery 2004;136(2):426–430. 4. Callaham M. Pericardiocentesis in traumatic and nontraumatic cardiac tamponade. Ann Emerg Med 1984;13(10):924–945. 5. Clancy K, Velopulos C,, Bilaniuk JW, et al. Screening for blunt cardiac injury: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma 2012;73(5 Suppl 4):S301–S306. 6. Cook J, Salerno C, Krishnadasan B, et al. The effect of changing presentation and management on the outcome of blunt rupture of the thoracic aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131(3): 594–600. 7. Demetriades D, Velmahos GC, Scalea TM, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of blunt aortic injuries: changing perspectives. J Trauma 2008;64:1415–1419. 8. Demetriades D, Velmahos GC, Scalea TM, et al. Operative repair or endovascular stent graft in blunt traumatic thoracic aortic injuries: results of an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter study. J Trauma 2008;64:561–571. 9. Dulchavsky SA, Schwarz KL, Kirkpatrick AW, et al. Prospective evaluation of thoracic ultrasound in the detection of pneumothorax. J Trauma 2001; (50):201–205. 10. Dunham CM, Barraco RD, Clark DE, et al. Guidelines for emergency tracheal intubation immediately following traumatic injury: an EAST Practice Management Guidelines Workgroup. J Trauma 2003;55:162–179. 11. Dyer DS, Moore EE, Ilke DN, et al. Thoracic aortic injury: how predictive is mechanism and is chest computed tomography a reliable screening tool? A prospective study of 1,561 patients. J Trauma 2000;48(4):673–82; discussion 682–683. 12. Ekeh AP, Peterson W, Woods RJ, et al. Is chest x-ray an adequate screening tool for the diagnosis of blunt thoracic aortic injury? J Trauma 2008;65:1088–1092. 13. Flagel B, Luchette FA, Reed RL, et al. Half a dozen ribs: the breakpoint for mortality. Surgery 2005;138:717–725. 14. Harcke HT, Pearse LA, Levy AD, et al. Chest wall thickness in military personnel: implications for needle thoracentesis in tension pneumothorax. Mil Med 2007;172(120):1260–1263. 15. Heniford BT, Carrillo EG, Spain DA, et al. The role of thoracoscopy in the management of retained thoracic collections after trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63(4):940–943. 16. Hershberger RC, Bernadette A, Murphy M, et al. Endovascular grafts for treatment of traumatic injury to the aortic arch and great vessels. J Trauma 2009;67(3):660–671. 17. Hopson LR, Hirsh E, Delgado J, et al. Guidelines for withholding or termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest: a joint position paper from the National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee and the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care 2003;7(1): 141–146. n BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

80 CHAPTER 4 n Thoracic Trauma 18. Hopson LR, Hirsh E, Delgado J, et al. Guidelines for withholding or termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. J Am Coll Surg 2003;196(3),475–481. 19. Hunt PA, Greaves I, Owens WA. Emergency thoracotomy in thoracic trauma—a review. Injury 2006;37(1):1–19. 20. Inaba K, Branco BC, Eckstein M, et al. Optimal positioning for emergent needle thoracostomy: a cadaver-based study. J Trauma 2011;71:1099–1103. 21. Inaba K, Lustenberger T, Recinos G, et al. Does size matter? A prospective analysis of 28-32 versus 36-40 French chest tube size in trauma. J Trauma 2012;72(2):422–427. 22. Karalis DG, Victor MF, Davis GA, et al. The role of echocardiography in blunt chest trauma: a transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography study. J Trauma 1994;36(1):53–58. 23. Karmy-Jones R, Jurkovich GJ, Nathens AB, et al. Timing of urgent thoracotomy for hemorrhage after trauma: a multicenter study. Archives of Surgery 2001;136(5):513–518. 24. Lang-Lazdunski L, Mourox J, Pons F, et al. Role of videothoracoscopy in chest trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63(2):327–333. 25. Lee TH1, Ouellet JF, Cook M, et al. Pericardiocentesis in trauma: a systematic review. J Trauma 2013;75(4):543–549. 26. Lockey D, Crewdson K, Davies G. Traumatic cardiac arrest: who are the survivors? Ann Emerg Med 2006;48(3):240–244. 27. Marnocha KE, Maglinte DDT, Woods J, et al. Blunt chest trauma and suspected aortic rupture: reliability of chest radiograph findings. Ann Emerg Med 1985;14(7):644–649. 28. Meyer DM, Jessen ME, Wait MA. Early evacuation of traumatic retained hemothoraces using thoracoscopy: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64(5):1396–1400. 29. Mirvis SE, Shanmugantham K, Buell J, et al. Use of spiral computed tomography for the assessment of blunt trauma patients with potential aortic injury. J Trauma 1999;45:922–930. 30. Moon MR, Luchette FA, Gibson SW, et al. Prospective, randomized comparison of epidural versus parenteral opioid analgesia in thoracic trauma. Ann Surg 1999;229:684–692. 31. Powell DW, Moore EE, Cothren CC, et al. Is emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy futile care for the critically injured patient requiring prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation? J Am Coll Surg 2004;199(2): 211–215. 32. Ramzy AI, Rodriguez A, Turney SZ. Management of major tracheobronchial ruptures in patients with multiple system trauma. J Trauma 1988;28:914–920. 33. Reed AB, Thompson JK, Crafton CJ, et al. Timing of endovascular repair of blunt traumatic thoracic aortic transections. J Vasc Surg 2006;43(4):684–688. 34. Rhee PM, Acosta J, Bridgeman A, et al. Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years. J Am Coll Surg 2000;190(3):288–298. 35. Richardson JD, Adams L, Flint LM. Selective management of flail chest and pulmonary contusion. Ann Surg 1982;196(4):481–487. 36. Roberts D, Leigh-Smith S, Faris P, et al. Clinical presentation of patients with tension pneumothorax: a systematic review. Ann Surg 2015;261(6):1068–1078. 37. Rosato RM, Shapiro MJ, Keegan MJ, et al. Cardiac injury complicating traumatic asphyxia. J Trauma 1991;31(10):1387–1389. 38. Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV, Oschner MG, et al. The role of ultrasound in patients with possible penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective multicenter study. J Trauma 1999;46(4):542–551. 39. Simon B, Cushman J, Barraco R, et al. Pain management in blunt thoracic trauma: an EAST Practice Management Guidelines Workgroup. J Trauma 2005;59:1256–1267. 40. Sisley AC, Rozyycki GS, Ballard RB, et al. Rapid detection of traumatic effusion using surgeon-performed ultrasonography. J Trauma 1998;44:291–297. 41. Smith MD, Cassidy JM, Souther S, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. N Engl J Med 1995;332:356–362. 42. Søreide K, Søiland H, Lossius HM, et al. Resuscitative emergency thoracotomy in a Scandinavian trauma hospital—is it justified? Injury 2007;38(1):34–42. 43. Stafford RE, Linn J, Washington L. Incidence and management of occult hemothoraces. Am J Surg 2006;192(6):722–726. 44. Swaaenburg JC, Klaase JM, DeJongste MJ, et al. Troponin I, troponin T, CKMB-activity and CKMGmass as markers for the detection of myocardial contusion in patients who experienced blunt trauma. Clin Chim Acta 1998;272(2):171–181. 45. Tehrani HY, Peterson BG, Katariya K, et al. Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic tears. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82(3):873–877. 46. Weiss RL, Brier JA, O’Connor W, et al. The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosing cardiac contusions. Chest 1996;109(1):73–77. n BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

80<br />

CHAPTER 4 n Thoracic <strong>Trauma</strong><br />

18. Hopson LR, Hirsh E, Delgado J, et al. Guidelines<br />

for withholding or termination of resuscitation<br />

in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest.<br />

J Am Coll Surg 2003;196(3),475–481.<br />

19. Hunt PA, Greaves I, Owens WA. Emergency<br />

thoracotomy in thoracic trauma—a review. Injury<br />

2006;37(1):1–19.<br />

20. Inaba K, Branco BC, Eckstein M, et al. Optimal<br />

positioning for emergent needle thoracostomy: a<br />

cadaver-based study. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 2011;71:1099–1103.<br />

21. Inaba K, Lustenberger T, Recinos G, et al. Does<br />

size matter? A prospective analysis of 28-32<br />

versus 36-40 French chest tube size in trauma. J<br />

<strong>Trauma</strong> 2012;72(2):422–427.<br />

22. Karalis DG, Victor MF, Davis GA, et al. The role<br />

of echocardiography in blunt chest trauma:<br />

a transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography<br />

study. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 1994;36(1):53–58.<br />

23. Karmy-Jones R, Jurkovich GJ, Nathens AB, et al.<br />

Timing of urgent thoracotomy for hemorrhage<br />

after trauma: a multicenter study. Archives of<br />

Surgery 2001;136(5):513–518.<br />

24. Lang-Lazdunski L, Mourox J, Pons F, et al. Role of<br />

videothoracoscopy in chest trauma. Ann Thorac<br />

Surg 1997;63(2):327–333.<br />

25. Lee TH1, Ouellet JF, Cook M, et al.<br />

Pericardiocentesis in trauma: a systematic<br />

review. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 2013;75(4):543–549.<br />

26. Lockey D, Crewdson K, Davies G. <strong>Trauma</strong>tic<br />

cardiac arrest: who are the survivors? Ann Emerg<br />

Med 2006;48(3):240–244.<br />

27. Marnocha KE, Maglinte DDT, Woods J, et al.<br />

Blunt chest trauma and suspected aortic rupture:<br />

reliability of chest radiograph findings. Ann<br />

Emerg Med 1985;14(7):644–649.<br />

28. Meyer DM, Jessen ME, Wait MA. Early evacuation<br />

of traumatic retained hemothoraces using<br />

thoracoscopy: a prospective randomized trial.<br />

Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64(5):1396–1400.<br />

29. Mirvis SE, Shanmugantham K, Buell J, et al. Use of<br />

spiral computed tomography for the assessment<br />

of blunt trauma patients with potential aortic<br />

injury. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 1999;45:922–930.<br />

30. Moon MR, Luchette FA, Gibson SW, et al.<br />

Prospective, randomized comparison of epidural<br />

versus parenteral opioid analgesia in thoracic<br />

trauma. Ann Surg 1999;229:684–692.<br />

31. Powell DW, Moore EE, Cothren CC, et al. Is<br />

emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy<br />

futile care for the critically injured<br />

patient requiring prehospital cardiopulmonary<br />

resuscitation? J Am Coll Surg 2004;199(2):<br />

211–215.<br />

32. Ramzy AI, Rodriguez A, Turney SZ. Management<br />

of major tracheobronchial ruptures in patients<br />

with multiple system trauma. J <strong>Trauma</strong><br />

1988;28:914–920.<br />

33. Reed AB, Thompson JK, Crafton CJ, et al. Timing<br />

of endovascular repair of blunt traumatic<br />

thoracic aortic transections. J Vasc Surg<br />

2006;43(4):684–688.<br />

34. Rhee PM, Acosta J, Bridgeman A, et al. Survival<br />

after emergency department thoracotomy:<br />

review of published data from the past 25 years.<br />

J Am Coll Surg 2000;190(3):288–298.<br />

35. Richardson JD, Adams L, Flint LM. Selective<br />

management of flail chest and pulmonary<br />

contusion. Ann Surg 1982;196(4):481–487.<br />

36. Roberts D, Leigh-Smith S, Faris P, et al.<br />

Clinical presentation of patients with tension<br />

pneumothorax: a systematic review. Ann Surg<br />

2015;261(6):1068–1078.<br />

37. Rosato RM, Shapiro MJ, Keegan MJ, et al. Cardiac<br />

injury complicating traumatic asphyxia. J <strong>Trauma</strong><br />

1991;31(10):1387–1389.<br />

38. Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV, Oschner MG, et al.<br />

The role of ultrasound in patients with possible<br />

penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective<br />

multicenter study. J <strong>Trauma</strong> 1999;46(4):542–551.<br />

39. Simon B, Cushman J, Barraco R, et al. Pain<br />

management in blunt thoracic trauma: an EAST<br />

Practice Management Guidelines Workgroup. J<br />

<strong>Trauma</strong> 2005;59:1256–1267.<br />

40. Sisley AC, Rozyycki GS, Ballard RB, et al.<br />

Rapid detection of traumatic effusion using<br />

surgeon-performed ultrasonography. J <strong>Trauma</strong><br />

1998;44:291–297.<br />

41. Smith MD, Cassidy JM, Souther S, et al.<br />

Transesophageal echocardiography in the<br />

diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. N<br />

Engl J Med 1995;332:356–362.<br />

42. Søreide K, Søiland H, Lossius HM, et al.<br />

Resuscitative emergency thoracotomy in a<br />

Scandinavian trauma hospital—is it justified?<br />

Injury 2007;38(1):34–42.<br />

43. Stafford RE, Linn J, Washington L. Incidence and<br />

management of occult hemothoraces. Am J Surg<br />

2006;192(6):722–726.<br />

44. Swaaenburg JC, Klaase JM, DeJongste MJ, et al.<br />

Troponin I, troponin T, CKMB-activity and CKMGmass<br />

as markers for the detection of myocardial<br />

contusion in patients who experienced blunt<br />

trauma. Clin Chim Acta 1998;272(2):171–181.<br />

45. Tehrani HY, Peterson BG, Katariya K, et al.<br />

Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic tears. Ann<br />

Thorac Surg 2006;82(3):873–877.<br />

46. Weiss RL, Brier JA, O’Connor W, et al. The<br />

usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography<br />

in diagnosing cardiac contusions. Chest<br />

1996;109(1):73–77.<br />

n BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

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