Dhammapada, Dhamma Verses (KN 2)

Introduction – 5
Types of Verse
The verses I think could well be described as primitive, in the sense that they lack the
refinements and elaboration of high classical Indian verse, and their directness is also part
of their charm.
I have identified certain basic types of verse that have been used in the Dhammapada, and
classified them according to whether they are descriptive, 1 prescriptive or rhetorical
verses (such as questions and so forth). Further the verses employ similes and metaphors
in making their teachings memorable.
Of course the verses do not adhere strictly to one type or another, and there are some
overlaps, but this does seem to summarise their contents fairly well. Below I give lists
showing where these occur in the text.
Descriptive verses simple state the facts as they were understood by the Buddha, or by the
early Buddhist community. An example might be the opening verse of the collection:
Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā, manoseṭṭhā manomayā,
Mind precedes thoughts, mind is their chief, (their quality is) made by mind,
manasā ce paduṭṭhena bhāsati vā karoti vā,
if with a base mind one speaks or acts,
tato naṁ dukkham-anveti cakkaṁ va vahato padaṁ.
through that, suffering follows him like a wheel (follows) the ox’s foot.
There are around 344 verses of this type (81%): 1-39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51-60, 63-
74, 76, 79-83, 86, 89-115, 117-122, 124-128, 131, 132, 134-145, 148-156, 160-165, 171-178,
181-196, 200-209, 211, 217-220, 222, 225-230, 235, 237, 240, 241, 244-247, 249-263, 265-
273, 275-280, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 291-301, 303-312, 314-326, 331-339, 341, 342, 346,
347, 349-352, 354-368, 372-375, 378, 381, 382, 384-388, 390-393, 395-323.
Prescriptive verses actually lay down rules for behaviour, or recommend a course of
action as being more beneficial. An example is the 40 th verse of the collection:
Kumbhūpamaṁ kāyam-imaṁ viditvā,
Knowing this body is (frail) like a jar,
nagarūpamaṁ cittam-idaṁ ṭhapetvā,
establishing the mind like a fortress,
yodhetha Māraṁ paññāvudhena,
fight Māra with the weapon of wisdom,
jitañ-ca rakkhe, anivesano siyā.
guard your success, and do not be attached.
1
These often have prescriptive force in that they describe correct behaviour, without, however,
saying that you should follow it.