Martin Luther

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MARTIN LUTHER: THE RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARY PROF. M. M. NINAN The rapid growth of the free Reformation Churches all over Europe demanded a convention of Diet was held in the summer of 1526. The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer I) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1526 in the Imperial City of Speyer in present-day Germany. The diet's ambiguous edict resulted in a temporary suspension of the Edict of Worms and aided the expansion of Protestantism. It unanimously concluded that every province held the right to live, rule and believe as it may, in hopes of being answerable only to God. This gave a boost to Protestanism. The exercise of territorial sovereignty dates from this point, which practically established separate state churches in the German states of the Holy Roman Empire. And as the Empire was divided into a large number of sovereign states, there were as many Protestant church organizations as Protestant states, according to the maxim that "the ruler of the territory is the ruler of religion within its bounds" (cuius regio, eius religio). The Protestant princes and theologians prohibited the mass and certain other Roman practices wherever they held power. This started a power struggle within each state among the Protestants and the Catholic. A virtual war between the two was in place. 58
MARTIN LUTHER: THE RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARY PROF. M. M. NINAN In Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli became the catalyst for change within the church in determining issues like fasting, clerical marriage, and the use of icons. Zwingli also developed a new liturgy for communion reflecting the change in theology. Henry VIII of England broke with the Roman Catholic Church on the question of his marriage and divorce, and the British Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534, declaring Henry VIII the supreme authority over the church in England. This started the new Anglican Church. In France, in 1536 John Calvin published the “Institutes of the Christian Religion”. This moved to set in place a theocratic John Knox became the leader of the Scottish Revolution against the Catholic regency in 1560. Scottish Parliament abolishing the jurisdiction of the pope in Scotland and banned the celebration of Mass there. This started the Presbyterianism. Parc des Bastions, Reformation Wall of Geneva Guillaume Farel - the first to preach the Reformation in Geneva John Calvin - leader of the Reformation movement and spiritual father of Geneva Theodore Beza - Calvin's successor, born in Vezelay (France) and known for emphasizing Calvin's doctrine of predestination John Knox - Scottish preacher, friend of Calvin, and founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland By the middle of the 16*‘ century the majority of Scandinavians became Protestants. The struggle would continue for another hundred years and culminate with the Thirty Years War. Beginning in 1618, Europe erupted in open warfare over the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church would sanction military action in its efforts to crush Protestantism. The German provinces would become an “open battlefield” for religious supremacy. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia would end the religious wars in Europe and validated religious freedom for Protestants. 59
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Martin Luther

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