Aviation and the Global Atmosphere

Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
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Figure 3-19: Observed monthly variation of contrail occurrence frequency (solid squares) and seasonal trends of
cirrus cover (open circles) for (a) the United States of America (%/yr) and (b) Europe (%/decade). Contrail data
from the United States of America are based on surface observations of contrail frequencies in 1993-1994
(Minnis et al., 1997). The mid-Europe contrail data are derived from satellite analysis of line-shaped contrail cover
for 1996 (Mannstein et al., 1999). Seasonal mean trends of observed fractional cirrus cover in the time period
1971 to 1991 are mean values derived from separate data sets for 1971 to 1982 (Warren et al., 1986) and 1982
to 1991 (Hahn et al., 1996). Error bars indicate the standard error of the computed trends (from Minnis et al.,
1998b).
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http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/avf3-19.htm08.05.2008 02:45:33
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