Aviation and the Global Atmosphere

Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
Figure 3-3: (a) Emission indices of detectable volatile particles in number per kg fuel measured in situ in
plumes of various subsonic aircraft and the supersonic Concorde. The aircraft were examined as part of
several missions in Europe and the United States of America; aircraft types are indicated in the legends.
Ultrafine volatile particles with radii greater than 2 to 3 nm were measured at plume ages less than 20 s
(ATTAS, B737, DC-8, B757, T-38, F-16), with radii greater than 4 to 5 nm at ages of 0.25 to 1 h (Concorde),
and with radii greater than 6 nm at ages of 1 to 2 min (B747, DC-10, A340). Observations involving the
same aircraft are connected by lines. Fuel sulfur content values were determined by chemical analysis of
fuel or inferred from in situ SO 2 measurements (for B747 and DC-10). During the observations, a contrail
either did (filled symbols) or did not (open symbols) form. (b) Same as (a), but for the emission indices of
soot particles. Values from Howard et al. (1996) for a modern jet engine (about 1013/kg) are below the
range of values shown.
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