Aviation and the Global Atmosphere

Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
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Figure 3-2: Size distribution of various aerosol types present in young jet aircraft exhaust plumes (adapted from
Kärcher, 1998a). Shown are approximate size distributions (solid line) versus radius for volatile particles (neutral
and chemi-ion modes) and soot (primary and secondary modes), when no contrail is produced by the aircraft. If a
contrail is formed, these size distributions change (not shown), and ice particles are created (dashed line). Size
distributions of soot and ice particles have been measured in situ. Mean sizes and numbers of ion mode particles
have been deduced from particle counter measurements, and corresponding size distributions of volatile particles
have been inferred from simulation models. Bars indicate the approximate range of variability resulting from
variations of fuel sulfur content, engine emission parameters, and ambient conditions, as suggested by evaluation
of current observations and modeling studies. An approximate background aerosol size distribution is included for
comparison (dot-dashed line) (see Table 3-1).
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