Aviation and the Global Atmosphere

Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
mitigate the environmental effects of aviation show environmental need, technical feasibility, and economic reasonableness. The current method of regulating NO x
based on the landing/take-off (LTO) cycle does not fully address emissions at altitude. ICAO is developing a new parameter for emissions certification during climb and
at cruise altitude to complement the existing LTO cycle-based parameter.
. Timely implementation of CNS/ATM is important to success in leading to reduced fuel burn and emissions; CNS/ATM is critically dependent on the development of
necessary institutional and financial arrangements.
. Existing studies indicate that levies on fuel and en route charges are viewed as the most environmentally effective levies. If passed through to consumers,
environmental levies could reduce consumption of aviation fuel, hence aircraft emissions, by providing incentives to develop and use more energy-efficient aircraft, by
optimizing operations, and by reducing the growth in demand for air transport. However, a practical difficulty is that most bilateral air service agreements exempt fuel
used internationally from tax. Levies at a regional level may avoid this and other problems. There is concern, however, that this approach would not have sufficient
environmental impact, in some cases could increase other emissions, and could lead to economic distortions.
. Emissions trading is a market-based approach that enables participants from all industries to cooperatively minimize the costs of reducing emissions. The role of
governments would be to set a cap on emissions and rules for trading reductions under such a cap. Initial experience at the national and international levels in other
industries suggests that emissions trading can provide an effective incentive for firms to innovate and achieve low-cost emissions reduction.
. Other potential mitigation measures are voluntary agreements to meet environmental targets and funding of research to better understand the environmental impact
of aircraft emissions.
. There are uncertainties over future trends in traffic and emissions and the impact of mitigation measures.
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