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Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
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<strong>Aviation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Atmosphere</strong><br />
http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/111.htm (5 von 5)08.05.2008 02:43:48
<strong>Aviation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Atmosphere</strong> http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/111.htm (5 von 5)08.05.2008 02:43:48
<strong>Aviation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Atmosphere</strong> <strong>Aviation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Atmosphere</strong> Table of contents | Previous page | Next page 7.9. Small Aircraft, Engines, <strong>and</strong> APUs O<strong>the</strong>r reports in this collection Small aircraft engines are defined here as all turbo engines-excluding piston engines because of <strong>the</strong> very small amount of fuel burned by <strong>the</strong>se engines (much less than 5% of <strong>the</strong> world's fleet fuel burn; see Section 7.2)-that are used for regional aircraft, all turbofans with less than 89 kN thrust, all turboprop <strong>and</strong> turboshaft engines, <strong>and</strong> all auxiliary power units (APUs) used in civil aircraft. The small commercial <strong>and</strong> general aviation segment has been growing rapidly in recent years <strong>and</strong> is likely to continue to do so. This segment's impact on <strong>the</strong> environment, however, is unlikely to be significant because of low NO x emissions levels associated with <strong>the</strong> generally lower pressure ratio engines <strong>the</strong>y employ <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> decreasing percentage of <strong>the</strong> fleet's fuel burn <strong>the</strong>y represent (see Chapter 9). Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, most of aircraft in this sector fly short missions with lower cruise altitudes <strong>and</strong> reduced potential for climatic impact. Significant improvements have been made in <strong>the</strong> idle emissions of small engines in recent years, so that CO, HC, <strong>and</strong> NO x emissions from small regional <strong>and</strong> general aviation aircraft are often comparable, in terms of emissions per kilogram of fuel burned, to those from large engines (Eatock <strong>and</strong> Sampath, 1993). This section highlights <strong>the</strong> key differences between large <strong>and</strong> small engines in terms of emissions characteristics <strong>and</strong> control technologies that might apply to small aircraft <strong>and</strong> engines. A brief overview is presented on small airframe technology, engine performance, engine emission databases, combustor technology, <strong>and</strong> unique issues related to small engine combustors. 7.9.1. Airframe Technology The airframe technology applicable to small aircraft parallels that of large aircraft discussed in Section 7.3. Designers <strong>and</strong> manufacturers continue to strive to reduce drag <strong>and</strong> increase range/ payload performance with a resultant steady improvement in overall fuel-efficiency of new small aircraft. Propeller design, of course, is of much greater importance to this sector of <strong>the</strong> world's fleets. Detailed aerodynamics research is showing some of <strong>the</strong> significant performance benefits- http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/112.htm (1 von 4)08.05.2008 02:43:50
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