Aviation and the Global Atmosphere

Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
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7.8.1. Databases on Fuel Properties
Other reports in this collection
Only two comprehensive, annual surveys conducted on jet fuel properties are publiCl y available. Both of these surveys have been carried out annually since the early
1970s-one by the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) for U.S. fuels and the other by the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA)
for UK fuels. The 1996 DERA survey covered 1467 batches of fuel representing 14.85 million m 3 (Rickard and Fulker,1997). The UK survey is thought to be fairly
representative of fuel used in the rest of Western Europe as well, because much of the UK fuel comes from refineries located there. These two surveys are useful in
defining trends in fuel properties, although they are both sample averaged, not volume averaged.
Table 7-11: Energy-specific emission indices (kg MJ-1) of CO 2 and H 2 O for alternative fuels.
Fuel
ESEICO 2 ) ESEI(H 2 O)
Jet A/Jet A-1 0.073 0.029
Methane 0.05 0.045
Hydrogen 0 0.075
Three snapshot surveys have been reported. Bowden et al. (1988) reported a survey by the U.S. Army Fuels and Lubricants Research Laboratory of 90 JP-8 fuels
from Western Europe, plus one from Singapore and two from Korea. In the late 1980s, Boeing conducted a survey of 39 civil aviation fuels from around the world
(Hadaller and Momenthy, 1990). For the two properties that will be discussed here-sulfur and hydrogen contents-the averages and distributions for these two
worldwide surveys were similar to the UK results. In 1996, a snapshot survey of U.S. jet fuel properties was conducted jointly by the American Petroleum Institute (API)
and the National Petroleum Refiners Association (NPRA); this survey included Jet A fuels from 105 refineries representing 2.47 million m 3 . Average sulfur levels in this
survey agreed very closely with the average NIPER sampling for that year, lending some credence to the NIPER results on sulfur (API/NRPA, 1997).
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