Aviation and the Global Atmosphere

Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
3.2.3.1. Soot
3.2.3.2. Metal Particles
3.2.4. Contrail and Ice Particle Formation
3.2.4.1. Formation Conditions and Observations
3.2.4.2. Freezing of Contrail Particles
3.3. Regional and Global-Scale Impact of Aviation on Aerosols
3.3.1. Global Aircraft Emissions and Aerosol Sources
3.3.2. Sulfate Aerosol
3.3.2.1. Stratosphere
3.3.2.2. Troposphere
3.3.2.3. Differences between the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
3.3.3. Observations of Aviation-Produced Aerosol and Sulfate Aerosol Changes
3.3.4. Modeling Sulfate Aerosol Perturbations Caused by Aircraft
3.3.5. Soot
3.3.4.1. Subsonic Aircraft
3.3.4.2. Supersonic Aircraft
3.3.6. Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Aircraft Emissions
3.4. Contrail Occurrence and Persistence and Impact of Aircraft Exhaust on Cirrus
3.4.1. Cirrus and Contrails
3.4.2. Cirrus and Contrail Models
3.4.3. Contrail Occurrence
3.4.4. Contrail Properties
3.4.5. Impact of Aircraft Exhaust on Cirrus Clouds and Related Properties
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