Innovation

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Global markets T-shirts from China, roses from Ecuador, wine from South Africa: faster communications and transport, simpler financial systems and the political will to remove trade barriers are making international commercial relations more interdependent. Production takes place where costs are lowest or know-how is greatest. The worldwide market offers opportunities: wider prosperity, bigger sales and more resources. But international competition also creates insecurity and fear. In Western countries, jobs for low-skilled employees are scarce. Migration has brought additional labor on to the market, and different cultures clash. The search is on for improved working patterns and fair and even-handed terms of trade. Why now? The World Wide Web The Internet Logistics a means of In communication, the past, trade routes lay along difficult and dangerous tracks. and a This network meant all that in one. goods manufactured at a distance were a knowledge platform, a trading exchange Regardless of place and time, people rare meet and and precious. swap wishes Nowadays and a gigantic transport network spans ideas almost instantaneously. One the person globe. may Every be looking day, tonnes for a of goods are conveyed in modular solution to a specific problem. Someone containers else may by have air, an truck, idea, rail but and on container ships. Technical not know a suitable application for it. progress Perhaps their makes virtual it possible paths will to increase the speed and efficiency of cross. The result is a fresh product and, the flow in some of goods. cases, In an particular, innovation. Many websites serve as platforms nization for ideas of processes and then facilitate at docks and depots. This not only saves automation allows better synchro- the process of innovation. Realizing time, the but new also used expensive to be lonely, storage. On the other hand, climate taxes backroom work. Later, it became a more-or-less and increasingly linear scarce process fossil in fuel resources may well increase institutionalized research and development transport departments. costs again. Now, Renewable in energy sources are therefore the Internet age, it is often a chaotic vital interplay to the of logistics disciplines. sector. Photo: image100/Corbis NASA/Roger Ausloeser/zefa/Corbis Ressmeyer/Corbis The radio In 1896, Russian Alexander Popov transmitted the words “Heinrich Hertz” to a receiving station 250 meters away. But Guglielmo Marconi is generally credited with inventing radio at round the same time, while the ground-breaking work of Nikola Tesla also played a vital part in this innovation. The airplane On 17 December 1903, two American brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, made their first successful machinepowered flight over a distance of 260 meters at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The computer 1946 was the year ENIAC was created — the first Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. In 1947, IBM built the SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator), a hybrid computer featuring vacuum tubes and electromechanical relays. 1900 1790 1800 1910 Fluorescent tube Superconductor Tank Conveyor-belt production 1920 1810 Steamship Supermarket Zip fastener Television Traffic light 1930 1820 Helicopter Photocopier Teflon 1830 1940 Atomic bomb Transistor Electric motor Bar code Telegraph Scanner Fuel cell Rubber tyre 1840 1950
Language Know-how Distribution International standards Financial systems Sales markets Trade barriers Quality assurance Production Efficiency Automation Logistics Worldwide market Local/ global Communication Flow of goods Money flows Global markets ISO container Organization Infrastructure Outsourcing Speed International division of labor New contacts Storage <strong>Innovation</strong> Energy costs Alternative energy sources Market niches Networking Loading point Distance Mode of transport (Falling) communication costs Resources Individualization Information Knowledge Artificial intelligence Flexible work models Access Migration The virtual society www Process optimization Independent of time Qualification Flexibility Wage costs Digitalization Data exchange Security Independent of place Mobility The microchip Jack Kilby, American engineer and recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics, submitted a patent for the first integrated circuit on 6 February 1959 — and so the microchip was born. The Internet In 1989, British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who worked at the CERN nuclear research organization in Geneva, proposed a project to his employer based on hypertext (HTML), simplifying the global exchange of information among scientists. The World Wide Web emerged. Decoding the human genome In April 2003, the international Human Genome Project (HGP) announced that it had succeeded in decoding 99% of the complete DNA inheritance, or genome, of human beings. The project had kicked off in 1990 in the USA, Germany, the UK, France, Japan and China. 1960 Computer mouse First solar cell Nuclear power plant 1970 Floppy disc Chip card 1980 CD Wind farm Video game MP3 Solar energy 1990 2000 Cloning of animals Programmable materials Mobile telephone 2007 2010
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Eureka! Eureka is an exclamation or
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www.credit-suisse.com/research FSE
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Innovation

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