” Students’ Creativity Unleashed ”

STOFLISH – Issue No :1 “Students Creativity Unleashed”—June 2017 3 

RESEARCH PAPER 

COOPERATIVE LEARNING: 

THE CASE OF SECOND-YEAR EFL STUDENTS AT ABOU BEKR 

BELKAID UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN 

Mr: Mouggas Seyf Eddine 

Department of English, University of Tlemcen 

June 2017 

Abstract 

This paper makes a study of the feasibility of cooperative learning (henceforth CL) application at the foreign language classrooms in Algeria. It 

aimed to investigate whether EFL students can learn through cooperative learning effectively at the department of English in Tlemcen University. 

The participants were 24 second year students. The study adopted a quantitative method to collect data aiming at capturing different viewpoints 

from the participants’ attitudes towards working cooperatively using a focus group interview as a research instrument. The main results showed 

that during cooperative learning, the subjects feel linked to each other as they feel responsible for the learning of each other. The research findings 

indicate that the students encourage, support, and motivate their groups’ members when negotiating and doing a group task. Along with the 

results found, the researcher put forward some recommendations concerning cooperative learning. 

THEORY IN COOPERATIVE LEARNING 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Language learning is considered as one of the dynamic process that scholars are still researching. Foreign language learning is an 

interactive process where learners participate with each other in building knowledge and to improving their skills. In fact, cooperative 

learning is highlighted as a motivational technique that can reduce learners’ stress and create a positive effective classroom climate. As 

well as, it enables students to focus on particular lexical items, language structures, and communicative functions through the use of 

interactive tasks. Cooperative learning also fit the criteria for learner-centred approach where students have the opportunities to learn 

independently and work together to complete a task. 

In foreign language classrooms, it is remarkable that some students may face difficulties when working in groups. Therefore, the 

present study attempts to investigate how EFL students at Tlemcen University can study through CL effectively in their classrooms. 

Moreover, this work may help students in building relationships, developing their social skills, and improving their learning. 

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 

Nowadays, most of English teachers work to facilitate learning, and make it easy for learners to understand and comprehend better, 

i.e., any teacher aims to make his learners feel secure in the classroom, by using different instructional techniques, ways, and strategies to 

enhance the learning process. Besides, in learning English as a foreign language, learners must help each other to develop their abilities, 

raise their motivation, and improve their language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing). EFL teachers usually push learners to 

work together in groups, or what is called cooperative learning, in order to help each others to understand. 

2.1. COOPERATIVE LEARNING: DEFINITION 

Cooperative learning means interaction between learners in groups (from two to six) to solve a problem, or doing a task while 

teacher is coaching the learning process. Cooperative learning refers to having students sit together and giving them an organized task to 

do. Each one should take an active role to discuss and help the others. It also involves learners to use their social skills and their 

background knowledge which leads to task accomplishment. As pointed out in Olsen and Kagan, (1992, as cited in Zibelius, 2015: 45): 

Cooperative learning is a group learning activity organized so that learning is dependent on the socially structured 

exchange of information between learners in groups and in which each learner is held accountable for his or her own 

learning and is motivated to increase the learning of others.


In the same vein Johnson et al., (1991: 3) add: “cooperation is working together to accomplish shared goals. When engaged in 

cooperative activities, individuals seek outcomes that are beneficial to themselves and to all other members of the group.” That is to say, 

learners in mixed groups (different race, gender, learning style) promote them to share their ideas, abilities, knowledge, and work 

interdependently to make their understanding deeper and equivalent. 

2.2. ELEMENTS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING 

Cooperative learning is characterized by some principles that should be respected when applying it. Johnson and Johnson (two wellknown 

scholars in the field of cooperative learning) outline five basic elements by which the cooperative efforts may be expected to be more 

successful. Those elements are: 

2.2.1. Positive Interdependence 

The key of this element is committing to the personal success as well as the success of every member of the group, and learners have to 

realize that they are linked to their group. Johnson et al., (1991: 6) comment: “To implement positive interdependence [...] students must 

believe that they are linked with others in a way that one cannot succeed unless the other members of the group succeed (and vice 

versa): that is they sink or swim together.” This means that Positive. 

interdependence provides learners with the feeling that what hurts one member hurts all of them. So within this context each learner has 

two responsibilities: 1) learn the assigned material, and 2) ensure that all members of his or her group learn the assigned material. After that, 

learners need to agree on the strategy that will be used to solve the problem and even on the final answer for their task. 

2.2.2. Face-to-Face Interaction 

It is the result of the positive interdependence in which learners support, help, and encourage their efforts to complete the task. Johnson et 

al., (1991: 18-19): confirm this information as follow: 

While positive interdependence in and of itself could have some effect on outcomes, it is the face-to-face interaction among 

individuals fostered by positive interdependence that most powerfully influences efforts to achieve, carried and committed 

relationships, psychological adjustment and, social competence. 

Moreover, this element refers that students have to face each other, and have a mutual eye contact to promote interaction and verbal 

communications. Face-to-face interaction also provides group members with opportunities including: agreeing or disagreeing with each other, 

explaining and arguing personal ideas to convince each other, exchanging new information, and discussing cooperative learning tasks. 

2.2.3. Individual Accountability/Personal Responsibility 

The third element is called individual accountability which means that each learner is responsible for his contribution to accomplish the 

task. It can be said that due to positive interdependence and face to face interaction, all learners become accountable to participate and 

exchange their thoughts for achieving a common goal. Furthermore, Johnson et al., (1991: 7) reveal: “Individual accountability exists when 

each student’s performance is assessed and the results are given back to the group and the individual.” That is to say, all students should 

participate and give feedback. Individual accountability is the state in which each learner’s effort supports the team’s ability to succeed, and the 

final result is the sum of each member’s contribution. 

2.2.4. Interpersonal and Small-Group Skills 

Interpersonal and Small-Group Skills are essential for cooperative learning, by which learners are able to give and receive feedback. 

Being able to give clear instruction and effective feedback is vital to achieve the team goal. In addition, learners must be taught the social skills 

and be motivated to utilize them, because unskilled learners cannot cooperate effectively and then the group will not be productive. These skills 

help to communicate accurately, trust and support the ideas of others. According to Johnson et al., (1997) learners must be taught the 

leadership, decision-making, trust-building, communication, and conflict-management skills just as purposefully and precisely as academic 

skills. So, it is necessary to learn these skills to ensure an appropriate use of cooperative learning. 

2.2.5. Group Processing 

The last element of CL is group processing. Group members have to discuss how well they are achieving their goals and maintaining 

effective working relationships. Wendy points in (2007: 41): “Groups need to learn to analyze their own progress and their ability to 

function as a group together. This is a clear development process and can enable control over the quality of the work produced.” That is 

to say, learners need to analyze their actions and make decisions about what behaviors to continue or change. Such a process enables learners to 

reflect upon their experience as a CL group, and to note how their group members interacted during the task. 

3. METHODOLOGY 

3.1. TYPE OF RESEARCH 

This study is designed to investigate how EFL students can learn through CL effectively. In this respect, the researcher carries out a case 

study that aims to gather information from second year “licence” students. 

3.2. THE PARTICIPANTS 

The informants of this study are English students at the University of Tlemcen. They are second year students (mixture of 17 males and 

07 females). The participants are selected randomly from different groups (03 groups), their ages are between 19 and 21 years old. The 

researcher selects second year students because at this stage they have studied together which might give them a chance to experience 

cooperative learning before.


3.3. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS 

Morgan (2014) defines focus groups as qualitative narrative data collection method in which the researcher and a group (or more) of 

participants (from 06 to 10) discuss a given research topic in a formal setting. The investigator, also called the moderator, leads the 

discussion by posing open ended questions to get an in-depth response. Mack et al., (2005: 51) argue: 

A principal advantage of focus groups is that they yield a large amount of information over a relatively short period of 

time. They are also effective for accessing a broad range of views on a specific topic, as opposed to achieving group 

consensus. 

For the present study the investigator uses a student focus group interview aims at capturing different viewpoints from the participants’ 

attitudes towards working cooperatively. The data is gathered in a form of note-taking from three (03) different groups of six (08) 

participants. The interview is semi-structured and comprises six (06) questions; they are all concerned with discovering and knowing how 

the subjects are participating to achieve their goals when learning through cooperative learning. 

3.4. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES 

At the beginning of the second semester, the investigator holds the focus group interview with students to benefit more from their 

experience of working in groups. The interviews are administered in the library of the department in one day. The informants divided 

themselves in three (03) groups then the researcher starts the interviews with the groups separately one by one without recordings. 

4. DATA ANALYSIS 

Item 01: Why you choose each other to work in the same group? 

The majority of the respondents in all the groups declare that they choose each other for various purposes. For example; they feel 

confident and more comfortable with each other, they are friends, they know and trust each other. In one group, a student confirms that they 

create harmony in their group he illustrates: “we are best friends and close to each other... and approximately we get the same level.” A 

participant from another group also explains: “I always choose people with whom I share some affinity because I know that their ideas will 

be as mine and I also know that I can learn from them.” 

Item 02: When working in one group do you feel that you are linked to each other? 

All the interviewees in the three (03) groups report that they feel linked to each other since they have chosen to be together in the same 

group. An informant comments: “yes, generally we have the same preferences.” One member states: “yes of course, because we form one 

person… and if there is a good answer, it will lead our group to success. If no, the entire group will fail.” 

Item 03: How do you interact with each other to accomplish a group task? 

Students of the first group agree that they always divide roles between them to ensure that all members work on the task. An informant 

says: “we generally divide the task into sub-tasks then we start working... as we can help each other if it is necessary.” Meanwhile the rest 

are totally disagreed with the first group. First, they confirm that they do not divide roles. Then they explain how they usually work, for 

example, each one introduces his/her opinion after that the whole group discuss and decide the right answer to work on it.” Besides, a 

student comments: “to accomplish a task, we always negotiate ideas, discuss the best resolution and sometimes each one prepares things 

alone and the best will be chosen.” 

Item 04: Does each one feel that he is responsible for the learning of others? If yes, explain. 

Nearly all the informants have positively answered with “yes”. The interviewees’ answers also indicate that since they are working 

together, they have to share the same knowledge between them. They also have to show better understanding to all members. For example, 

one of the students justifies her answer by saying: “yes, because if someone doesn’t understand something we can not do the task and ignore 

this person. Therefore, it is necessary to all of us to be responsible on this point to accomplish the task and achieve our goals.” Another 

subject declares that he feels afraid of being a burden on the group. So that he has to give the best he can to help his group mates. 

Item 05: How do you encourage each other to make a contribution for the group task? 

The results of this item indicate that all the students spur their friends to speak and to interact together with different ways such as: 

• Encouraging the others to express themselves; 

• negotiating and explaining the task more clearly; 

• supporting their mates by giving positive feedback; 

• motivating the group members in an enjoyable atmosphere; 

• keeping the group meetings funny; 

• giving extra chances for those who have wrong ideas. 

Item 06: After you finish the task, do you discuss how you were working to achieve your goals? If yes, say how. 

One of the investigated groups says not all of the time. They discuss only if one member did not get the task. However, the two other 

groups affirm that they generally do make discussions for the following reasons: 

• Talking about the difficulties they have faced; 

• debating how well they have worked; 

• thinking about their performance and how they can improve it for next time; 

• making a recall to the process of doing the task and how much they benefit from each other; 

• asking for advice from the teacher if it is possible.


5. DISCUSSION 

The results indicate that the majority of the participants choose to work in the same groups, because they are closed to each other. Also, 

they approximately have the same level. From another part, the findings demonstrate that learners feel responsible for their mates and show a 

great care about the learning process of each other. Furthermore, remarkable results prove that all the informants confirm that they feel linked to 

each other. That is to say, the more they work cooperatively, the more they develop their relationships. Additionally, the subjects highlight that 

they usually help, encourage, and support each other in order to achieve their goals effectively. 

5.1. RECOMMENDATIONS 

After analyzing the students’ points of view in the case study, it is worth suggesting some recommendations to help them in achieving 

better in the group learning process and to overcome some problems they may encounter in cooperative learning. The first thing that they should 

do is to make their groups more cohesive where they have to feel comfortable with their teams’ members. Richards and Rodgers (2014: 252) 

declare that the primary role of learners is that they must work collaboratively on the task. They have to learn the following teamwork skills: 

being responsible on their own task, respecting the other’s ideas, and caring about the others’ learning. Learners also have to plan, monitor, and 

evaluate their own learning (ibid). 

In addition, learners must follow the instructions of their teacher and try to divide roles on teams’ members (such as reader; writer; and 

time keeper etc. see table 1 for more clarification). They also have to plan, monitor, and evaluate their own learning. Students can also reduce 

noise by reminding their friends to work quietly, avoid the use of mother tongue, and communicate with the target language only. Finally, 

students have to reflect on the way they were achieving their goals and make future changes to do better. 

Table 1. Students’ Roles in Group Works (Grant et al., 2013: 117) 

Possible Student Roles Within the Group 

Reader 

Reads all the instructions or related selections 

Writer 

Writes the groups’ ideas, responses, etc. 

Reporter 

Speaks for the group when it is time for all the groups to share 

their ideas 

Materials Manager 

Gets items needed for the activity 

Time Keeper 

Ensures the group starts the activity, keeps track of how much 

time is left, and ensures that the group finishes at the allotted 

time. 

6. CONCLUSION 

Cooperative learning makes students more active and responsible on their own learning. But it still not widely used in many educational 

settings. This paper has investigated how EFL students at Tlemcen University can apply cooperative learning effectively in their classes. To 

sum up, students should be aware of the benefit of cooperative learning as a technique of studying English as a foreign language. They also have 

to create a good relationship among each other to apply it successfully. 

Finally, the present research has some limitations for example: when conducting the focus group interview, the subjects refused using 

video recordings and it was a bit difficult for the researcher to take notes. Besides, it should be mentioned that the current study is not sufficient 

for presenting all aspects related to cooperative learning in EFL classrooms. Therefore, this work opens the doors to further research in which 

teachers may recognize how CL can be applied effectively taking into considiration the psychological side of Algerian students.


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Grant, L.W., Hindman, J. & Stronge, J.H. (2013). Planning, Instruction and Assessment: Effective teaching practices. New 

York: Routledge. 

Johnson, D. W. & Johnson, R. T. (1997). Joining together: group theory and group skills (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and 

Bacon. 

Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T. & Smith, K. A. (1991). Cooperative learning increasing college faculty instructional productivity. 

Washington, DC: the George Washington University, school of education and human development. 

Morgan, D, L. (2014). Focus groups. ResearchGate. 

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Morgan19/publication/261773532_Focus_Groups/links/0deec5314d8bd0836c 

000000/Focus-Groups.pdf (25 January 2017). 

Richards, J.C. & Theodore, S.R. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge: University Press. 

wendy, J. (2007). cooperative learning in the classroom: Putting it into practice. London: Paul Chapman Publishing. 

Zibelius, M. (2015). Cooperative learning in virtual space. A critical look at new ways of foreign language teacher education. 

Germany: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag.


NEWS 

Institute Life Success Conference in Tlemcen 

University: Improving Skills Toward Success 

11 February, 2017, by Cherifi Mohammed Amine With the association of Institute Life Success, Zurich 

also explored the psychological side, from how to deal with stress 

to setting goals. They suggested active thinking by stating the 

"SAFE" techniques for use in class which means, “S” stands for 

(search), “A” stands for (ask), “F” stands for (focus),”E” stands 

for (explore). 

February 08, 2017, was the 

success training day, presented by two coaches from Switzerland, 

Dr Urs Wolf , and Dr Andreas Meyer. Dr. Urs Wolf from Swiss 

Federal Institute of Technology (ETH. Zurich ) has a degree in 

Chemistry, author of the course and teaching materials meant for 

success at studies, and success at school, which have been used in 

more than twenty (20) countries. Dr. Andreas Meyer , PHD in 

Astrophysics, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH. Zurich ), 

both belong to the Institute Life Success of Zurich. 

This training was all about explaining the meaning of 

success and how it is achieved, also the way to improve personal 

performance is to follow methods and strategies that are able to 

form a safe bridge between students and their goals. The coaches 

focused on the learning methods, from note-taking to 

memorization techniques. They insisted on note-taking by 

mentioning its effective format, and 

spoke of the "Pareto principle (80/20) rule" which means 

that 80% of success can be achieved by doing the most important 

20 % of the work. 

The two men also talked about time management and exam 

preparation. 

They 

Therefore, they illustrated the different types of students' 

performance, and proposed ways to improve any imperfection on 

their own personality concerning the learning process. They 

insisted that students should study hard but with smartness, 

suggesting the concept SMART,that means each letter has a 

meaning , “S” stands for (specific),”M” stands for 

(measurable),”A” stands for (actions oriented),”R” stands for 

(realistic),”T” stands for (timely) 

Students seemed to like the meeting as the conference room 

was full to the brim, which reflects that the training was 

interesting since the coaches know exactly how to spark students' 

interest. At the end of the conference, both of the two coaches 

interacted with students and they were ready to answer all the 

questions directed to them. They said: "Algeria is really a good 

country, which has a lot of historical places, in addition to kind 

citizens who have a great hospitality, and curious students who 

speak quite well English, and it was so nice to see such students 

with a good way of thinking and smart interactions".


Have You Heard Before About the 

#MyFreedomDay ? 

11 November, 2016, by Sarah Nesrine Hamidi 

In the USA students already started preparing for what they call the #MyFreedomDay. 

March 14 th 

2017 is the day when students in different schools and different states will express themselves in 

different ways in order to highlight modern slavery and celebrate freedom. 

By different events at their schools such as film screening, art shows, standing for 45 minutes, Panel 

Discussion or Day of Service, students are going to represent the 45 millions of slaves in the world today, 

and which at least 5.5 million of them are children. With their creative ideas, each one of these students 

will feel free to tell the others what freedom means to them 

in order to encourage them to think about the freedom 

they may take for granted. Also, cable news television CNN, 

CNN.com and CNN Facebook will feature the schools that 

show much spirit in fighting slavery to encourage both 

students and teachers in standing against these inhumane 

practices. what the students will do won't be as important 

as their participations! Indeed, taking part in the 

manifestations and showing that their solidarity with the 

persecuted is the most important thing. 

Other people in all over the world can also participate if they have a message or an idea as well, by 

using the same Hashtag to tell what freedom is for them and how they can feel free in their lives even if 

that means to be only themselves !


“Students’ Renaissance” 

The Inspiration Club Event 

Organized in the Department of 

English on Tuesday, 

February 28, 2017 

By: Louiza Nigro. 

Title : Students’Renaissance 

Date : Tuesday 28th -02-2017 

Duration : 2 hours 45 minutes 

Place : The main Auditorium -Faculty of Foreign Languages- 

Opening : 13:05 PM 

Ending : 15:50 PM 

Organizer : Inspiration Club . 

With a creative spirit full of energy and a complete desire to provide 

the best, Inspiration Club came this time with a well selected set of 

beneficial projects presented to all the students of Abu Bakr Belkaid 

University in the aim of sensitization and guidance. Pressure, 

awareness and determination were the major aspects that seemed on 

the whole members and participants few minutes before the official 

opening. 

The countdown began 

and the chants of the audience 

started too. By the presence of 

Louiza’s greetings the funs got 

motivated and the first 

participant was mostly ready to 

ascend the stage .Such a deep 

reverence kept overall when Soumia Mansouri excelled on the recited 

Qu’ranic verses, followed by the touching speech held by Louiza 

Nigro which tackled three of the most respectable teachers who 

carved their names on students ‘memories, May Allah bless them all. 

By 13:30 people’s attention went over the skillful presontator Abd El 

Ghani Bouyelfan who talked about a crucial theme that students 

usually neglect, and which is TIME. A bunch of it was precised to 

convince the attendees by its paramount importance among daily 

schedules. The next part 

was specialized for the humble graduate student or let’s say the 

novice teacher Fatima Azzouzi who made a great interaction with the 

public concerning her given topic “Cooperative Learning”. 

Entertainment also took a place during the conference by fascinating 

games which changed the mood and got the encouraging public 

involved again. Orientation, advising and helping were the bold image 

that Feriel Bouhadouf brought within her exceptional section entitled 

Pourquoi Pas?. As it is already known the taste of different languages 

is the main principal of Inspiration and this time French language was 

strongly present by another outstanding part which has done by the 

wonderful team that drew the mixture of cultures in one stance called 

Penser Pour Inspirer, Al Mahadi Agh Ibrahim , Kidari Ichrak and 

Cherif Karima achieved the crest of that pose. One our left and the 

voice of 

the 

glitterin 

g 

audienc 

e still 

highly 

audible, 

much 

time for more enjoyment, much unforgettable moments with the 

talented student Mohamed Dekiouk who professionally mastered the 

role of English Accents imitator by creating a huge humor sense. The 

last presentation addressed for the seek of taking advantage given by 

the gorgeous members Rania Bakara and Ismahan Merine Sassi 

covering the name of Anger clarifying its causes and consequences 

and concluding the purpose built on students’usefruct. Patience till the 

last twenty minutes, more than 250 people were waiting for the 

sparkative realization of the film that simply introduced the ambition 

of students toward working and their capacities in all the fields 

especially acting, and here I have to mention the brave group guided 

by Abd el rahim boumediene, Sid Ahmed El Abed and so many 

others. As it said the end is the majestic and it was the best ever with


the performance of Abdassamad Ben Achour whom I consider the 

backbone of the event. Academic concerns, emotions, artistic views 

and 

comedy were the harvests of a long affordable preparation 

mixed with the continuant will that pushes students to oppose their 

existence at university by such kind of honorable activities. 

LMD System… Between Failure and Success, 

Reflections of a Sophomore! 

11 February, 2017, by Mohammed Dekiouk 

Algeria, being a big country, had the 

chance of building a large number of 

universities with, of course, a large 

number of students for its wide 

population. Algerian universities include 

students not only from Algeria but also 

from different countries like Mali, 

Burkina Faso, China, Turkey etc. 

Algerian students have access to a 

number of commodities and services, like 

free tuition and free lodgings. Yet, 

students seem to be struggling with the 

LMD system, which was adopted 

recently by government for Algerian 

universities, followed by a bigger turmoil 

facing students after graduation, which is 

the lack of job positions. 

The Algerian government promised 

that both the teaching and learning 

processes would improve by the adoption 

of this system. The main arguments are 

that it contributes to the development of 

the country by creating more reflective 

students and more efficient professionals. 

The first thing LMD system did was to 

minimize the studying years; three years 

for the Licence and two years for Masters 

but the good news now is that all students 

have access for the Masters, unlike the 

Classic system when only few students 

could have such a chance. Moreover, it is 

more fit to conform to the international 

regulations of higher education. 

Unlike the previous system, the 

LMD system obliges students to take the 

responsibility of their own learning, and 

thus build their reflective skills. Through 

this system students are required to make 

research to complete the information they 

are provided with in class, and become 

Independent Learners, one of the main 

characteristics of the contemporary 

student worldwide. Not only this, but it 

makes the 

undergraduate majors clear. Seen 

from this light, the step taken by 

government in adopting this system is a 

positive move because it is useful. 

From a student’s perspective, the 

LMD system has more negative sides 

than positive ones. This western 

(particularly, anglo-Saxon) system was 

adopted by the western world first, then 

Algeria borrowed it few years later. it is 

a condensed system which confines 

students under the pressure of home 

works, projects, and the multiplicity of 

seminars per day, which drives the 

students to the shameful copy and paste 

practices to get their home works done, 

or what is called: Plagiarism. It’s a 

completely new system for Algeria which 

seems to be failing from a student 

perspective. 

Algeria failed to provide work 

opportunities to graduating students; 

consequently, the majority of Algerian 

educated students are trying to find jobs 

abroad, as in France, Spain, Italy etc, and 

sometimes they are even obliged to use 

illegal ways for immigration. Although, 

the government claims that things will be 

improved in that sector soon. 

To sum up, there has been a heated 

debate around the success and failure of 

the LMD system around the world. Some 

countries argue that the LMD system is 

successful, but Algeria seems to be 

having some difficulties in applying it. 

Also, it has a young and a powerful 

society, especially students, so the 

government must not neglect them, and 

their education as well as their future in 

particular.


The Sudden Lust for Turkish Language in 

Our Department! 

June, 2017, By Hamidi Sarah Nesrine 

Günaydın, canım, hayır, çok güzel ... These are some of words 

that became highly repeated between our department's students, girls in 

particular! I am sure that you have noticed that too! I mean, the use of 

the Turkish language started to spread in the department since last year, 

and became even more apparent this year. After questioning some of 

the students who are interested in learning this language we got different 

answers, different reasons of learning the language in question, and 

different goals as well. 

Our questions generally sought to investigate the reasons behind 

sudden lust for the Turkish language. Most of the answers began as 

"Turkish is a very beautiful and easy language to be learned". 

Thus, the unique and stunning style of the language, together with the 

large number of Arabic words included in it, is what influenced many 

students to pick it up, according to their answers. 

Another reason given by other students 

was somehow more business like! Apparently, 

some students are actually taking lessons of 

Turkish language in order to collect more 

diplomas which may help them in their future 

professional careers. Yet, some of the distinct 

characteristics and qualities of Turkish culture, in 

addition to some students' fascination with the 

Ottoman Empire were presented as answers as 

well. 

Some, however, seem to have this passion 

for the Turkish language because of the Turkish series to which 

“Algerian girls became addicted” as they said, and they considered the 

latter as the main reason too. In fact, there were a lot of common as 

well as different answers, each depending on a particular point of view 

of the student providing the answer. 

Yet, the ways this language is being apprehended among our students 

are different, there are several ways of learning a language, but there 

actually were two main ways that were given to us when we asked 

students how they learn the Turkish language. A large number of 

female students stated that they learned many Turkish words from the 

series they were watching, merely from internet more than television 

because on television they are translated to Arabic. For others, these 

words were never enough; the reason why they chose to head to the 

CEIL 1 in order to enroll in lessons of the Turkish language, so that they 

would go deeply in the language and learn its rules in a more detailed 

way. Despite the different methods, the major goal is one; which is 

learning the Turkish language, but what is their purpose, really, from 

such an experience? 

Goals of students beyond learning the Turkish language are 

different indeed. While some are learning this language because they 

want to continue their studies in a Turkish university or because they 

want to work there, others are learning it just for pleasure. However, 

many students who are planning or even desiring for visiting Turkey in 

a vacation are actually learning its language so they can communicate 

with Turkish people there which would make things easier for them. 

Well, goals can never be the same for everyone! 

Mr. Kaan Şimşek as a Turkish teacher in the CEIL gave us his point 

of view concerning the same topic. He acknowledged first the Algerians 

students’ 

predisposition of learning foreign languages 

including the Turkish language. Then, he specified 

Tlemcenian people; saying that many families in 

Tlemcen have Turkish origins, the reason why they 

wanted to learn the language and culture of Turkey. 

Mr. 

Kaan added that there are many Turkish companies 

in Algeria which pay well, and learning Turkish is 

yet an advantage to find a good position. Last, he 

indicated that Turkish people are themselves now 

interested in the Arabic language too since it is the 

language of Qurâan, but they still prefer to speak their mother language 

instead of other languages. 

"Whoever learns a people's language shall be safe " , prophetic 

Hâdith. Proof enough that learning a foreign language, whatever it is, is 

something good. But, we need not to forget that we have a language 

too! We have a culture, a religion, and we have principles. These things 

are in fact the things that we have to maintain, and be proud of as 

Algerians


ARTWORKS: 

Asma Ouadjdaoui is a talented young girl who masters the art of Calligraphy 

and design:


Courses : 

Research Paper: The Representation of the American 

Dream in Early American literature (Settlers’ 

Reports, Puritan Literature, and the Literature of 

Revolution) 

Mid-term paper assignment written by student Benlakhdar Nour el Houda submitted for the module of Literary Studies in March 

2016 (Level: L2) 

The 

American 

Dream is a 

concept 

expressed 

well before 

this phrase 

was coined. 

Although 

the phrase nowadays alludes to a meaning 

different than before (merely political and 

economic), the pursuit of happiness, freedom, 

and the search for equality no matter of origin, 

religion, ethnicity or gender, were the very first 

doctrines towards the attainment of what the 

first settlers had chased. From the early 1600s 

till 1900s, those beliefs and thoughts were 

frequently a continuous contentious issue 

between both; writers and their audience, and 

the writer and himself. 

Within the Colonial, Puritan and 

Revolutionary periods, the American Dream 

was clearly highlighted and set forth in writers’ 

literary works. It was the common and shared 

aspiration which was represented and expressed 

differently according to each era’s 

characteristics. 

Back in the mother country, Classicism 

represented a huge gap between the aristocracy 

and the low class. People lived in European 

inequality, poverty, religious persecution and 

political oppression, and the New World was 

“the land in which life should be better and 

richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity 

according to ability or achievement.” (James 

Truslow Adams). 

The period around 1620 until 1776 

represented the Colonial era. In his famous 

book The General History of Virginia, 

Captain John Smith wrote to “all indifferent 

readers”, i.e. all people who were still in 

Europe and were ignorant of what was 

happening in America, to describe it as the 

land of abundance where one can find 

anything he needs with great quantity; as well 

as things he doesn’t. Although Smith refers in 

his report of exploration to the natives as 

“savages”, he would still rebound that saying 

that “the natives are only too happy to share” 

alluding to the fact that “in Florida, Virginia, 

New-England and Canada is more land than all 

the people in Christendome can manure” to 

focus on the enormousness and immensity of 

the American land in which there is room for 

everyone seeking for freedom. 

As a reference to equality, J. Smith in 

chapter II of his report referred back to the idea 

that the ruler’s oppression does not exist in the 

colonies as it is the case in England. In doing 

so, he attributed the thoughtful and mindful 

behaviour of the new president and Martin 

when they forwent their position for him. This 

was a kind of assurance of security and stability 

among the colonists. 

From the same period, the historian Robert 

Beverly, Jr. who was a member of the House of 

Burgesses (1699 – 1706) clearly and plainly 

displays how to 

become a free and 

independent 

Englishmen in his 

book “The History and 

Present State of 

Virginia”. Beverly 

emphasises on the idea 

that America is “the 

best poor man’s 

country in the world.” 

In chapter XI “Of the Other Public 

Charitable Works, And Particularly, Their 

Provisions for the Poor”, R. Beverly mentioned 

that if very aged or sick people ask to become 

free of taxes, they do get their demands. This 

way, the historian asserts that America is indeed 

a land of abundance where no one lives in 

poverty and everyone can become rich thanks to 

“the large tracts of Lands and Houses” existing 

there. 

Moreover Beverly stresses out the idea that 

since their early age, children are granted free 

education unlike in Europe where it is restricted 

only to the wealthy class “...granted for Freeschools...” 

The freedom of religious practice 

was raised in chapter XIII “Of the Liberties and 

Naturalization of Aliens in Virginia” where 

Beverly makes known that all people who 

already came from across Europe escaping 

religious persecution “have equal freedom 

there” and are “entitled to all the liberties and 

privileges of the country.”


Captain John Smith and Robert Beverly 

both wrote for the sake of attracting people to 

join New England. The colonists devoted great 

parts of their reports of exploration to invite as 

many people to immigrate to America, and 

Puritan Literature was no exception. The 

puritans’ beliefs shaped the American dream in 

the way that political and mainly religious 

freedom in society has to be founded. For the 

puritans, every event is symbolic and must have 

a religious interpretation. As a result, they 

strongly believed that they were the chosen 

people and their duty was to bring Christianity 

to America. 

Because of the religious persecution back in 

the mother country, the puritans felt the 

necessity to leave for America. For the puritans, 

the individual can have a direct contact without 

the interference of any form of authority, priest 

or pope. America was seen as the best place to 

start a new life. 

William Bradford, leader of 

Plymouth colony, described in his book “Of 

Plymouth Plantation” the immense happiness of 

the pilgrims when they arrived in a good 

harbour referring to America as a safe land and 

a good chance to be self-educated and made as 

education was given only to the aristocracy 

class and to, but limited, the middle class. 

Likewise, it would allow them to understand 

and execute God’s will. 

The leader of Massachusetts Bay 

Colony, John Winthrop emphasises in “A 

Model of Christianity Charity” (1630) on the 

idea that America needs to be awakened and to 

stay aware of any danger which may threaten its 

existence. He referred to New England as a 

“City upon a Hill” i.e. everyone is watching 

them and seeks to do and be the same as them. 

This confirms that puritans do see themselves as 

the elects who live in a blessed society endowed 

from God to be exceptional and different. Yet, 

to achieve the aim of maintaining liberty, 

avoiding God’s anger and succeeding in doing 

His will, they must work hard and “follow the 

council of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to 

walk humbly with their God” because 

according to their beliefs, the American dream 

does not always work out in everybody’s 

favour. 

Because puritans’ happiness and 

equality was seen in the freedom of religious 

practice, they were determined to make 

America their home. Consequently, they 

influenced the American dream by reason of 

their determination to have a list of written laws 

and set them forth in a compact or agreement. 

Thus, the puritans were the first to form a 

democratic government in America free of 

corruption, envy and vanity. Their success may 

be the reason in believing that America is a 

melting pot where people would live in a 

harmonious and heterogeneous society sharing a 

common culture. The pilgrims recorded their 

history not only for the next generations but 

also to give a lesson for future experiences and 

to be a model for all mankind to follow. Indeed, 

the Mayflower Compact was a source of 

inspiration as it pushed the Americans to 

revolute. 

After the great pressure the British 

king George III put on Americans to pay taxes– 

along with many other causes, the American 

Revolution began. What characterised this 

movement was the emphasis on reason, the 

right to individuals’ liberty, tolerance and 

progress which were seen as natural rights of 

men. 

While asking for independence from the 

mother country, people of the colonies wrote 

about their freedom and acted to get it. To 

mention, their call for liberty wasn’t restricted 

to an economic, political and religious 

separation from England but also to a free-fromclassical-European-writing 

style literature. This 

led to the emergence of a new genre in 

literature. The leading revolutionaries wrote 

pamphlets (early American literature) to speak 

to their people in order to show and instruct 

them how to behave and instil in them 

patriotism by using a plain language to address 

the common people of America. For instance, 

Thomas Paine, in chapter III from his pamphlet 

‘Common Sense’ called for unity against the 

enemy England pointing out that the cause he 

speaks about had already been written about but 

actions must take place at the present time. He 

concentrates on the evidence that Americans 

had always been under the rule of Britain––even 

overseas. Also, Paine does not hesitate to 

highlight the reasons after which Europeans fled 

their countries. Paine keeps expressing his 

thoughts bringing into account that he was the 

man most wishing for accord, peace and 

understanding with England, but the current 

circumstances and the Pharaoh’s inhumanity 

impose fighting back, especially after the battles 

of Lexington and Concord in April 19, 1775. 

Patrick Henry, one the Founding 

Fathers, is considered a true American and 

patriot. He, same as T. Paine, gave pep talks in 

which he incited his people to revolute and gain 

their freedom. In his famous and well-sculpted 

speech which he gave in March 23, 1775 in 

Richmond, he clearly rejected to be a slave of 

the British system, underlining the fact that time 

for reaction and revolution had come, and that 

striving for freedom and begging for it would 

never be the solution. “The war is actually 

begun,” he said. Henry calls the American 

people to join together against the oppressive 

policy of Europe, and declares in his famous 

saying his readiness and eagerness to fight and 

live with no chains. “I know not what course 

others may take; but as for me, give me liberty 

or give me death!” 

As a conclusion, one can say that each 

period came to complete and reinforce the 

previous. Colonial literature described America 

as a paradise in order to captivate Europeans’ 

attention to join the colonies. Puritans literature 

was greatly 

influenced with 

biblical ideas. It 

was free of 

ornaments. It 

was about the 

pursuit of high 

and noble 

principles. It 

called for 

religious freedom and praised the Americans. 

As for Revolutionary Literature, it was 

characterised by the repeated emphasis on 

liberty through the persuasive and elaborate 

writing. The American dream was well 

represented and engraved into Americans by 

their Fathers who passed the flame of fight and 

courage to generations which followed.


A Study of the 

Character 

Robinson Crusoe 

Paper submitted as a mid-term Assignment for the class of 

Literary Studies, L2 

12 february, 2017, by Mennad Yasmina & Maatallah Hadjer 

The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, is a realist 

novel written by Daniel Defoe in 1719, which tells the story and 

the adventures of a young man named Robinson Crusoe, a young 

man from York. This man belonged to the middle class and was 

very excited towards the idea of going to sea and gaining more 

wealth without taking his father’s advice into account. This led 

him to live a life full of unexpected adventures in which Defoe 

engages deeply in drawing his personality. 

Robinson Crusoe is considered as Daniel Defoe’s first 

published full narrative and his most popular since it represents 

an ideal example of the character of the eighteenth century 

middle class individual. Defoe implies the qualification of the 

man of the eighteenth century which surge toward gathering 

wealth and making decisions. Likewise, Defoe shows Crusoe’s 

strong inclinations towards going to sea and his desire to be 

autonomous and self-dependent, as well as his will to take 

decisions by himself. He depicts Robinson as a hasty and selfish 

person because he didn’t consider his father’s pieces of advice 

and he didn’t think over what would happen in the future. 

In his first journey, Defoe shows the fear and worry of the 

protagonist during a horrible storm since it was his first one. He 

was not very brave in such situation at that time, he felt regret 

and sadness about his father’s counsels which he deliberately 

ignored. Then the captain of the ship considered the storm as a 

curse because of Robinson’s desire to explore and not to work 

seriously, that reflects the spread of the geographical expansions. 

Robinson later went on board with another captain, whom 

he considered as a friend, for a trade voyage to Guinea where he 

was attacked by pirates who seized him as a slave to the Moors. 

Here the character didn’t accept the idea of being treated as a 

slave in another empire since he belongs to England, a people 

who consider themselves as superior (White man’s supremacy). 

Then he managed to escape using as intelligent plan taking with 

him Xury, a young boy, as a servant after they were being lost at 

sea till they reached a desert area where some black men gave 

them food and whom he considered as savage uncivilized 

creatures. 

After being saved by a Portuguese trade ship which was led 

by a captain whom Robinson made trusted for his wealth to take 

it to England. They took Robinson to Brazil, in here the author 

shows the change and the development of the personality of 

Robinson Crusoe since he started to behave as a master after 

growing crops which is something important for the man of the 

eighteenth century because it is a source of wealth. Crusoe later 

became eager for slave trade especially after having money and 

owning lands he thought that he had the authority and priority to 

be a master. For this reason he began to prepare for an expedition 

to West Africa for trade, the journey changed his life completely 

and affected his life positively through making him acquire some 

qualifications he had never had before. 

Robinson Crusoe had been shipwrecked in a barren island 

on the coast of America while all his companions perished but 

himself. He lived nearly 28 years alone trying to provide 

provisions and shelter for himself on hard labor and self-help. 

Then, Defoe shows that the life of Crusoe and his provisions 

depend on the divine working. Crusoe also is presented as a 

courageous and brave man in his fight against nature for his 

survival while everything was available at his parent’s house, 

besides his will to achieve his purposes even if they seemed 

impossible. He has shown his intelligence and creativity in his 

experiments of agriculture, growing team of goats, building a 

bower as a kind of shelter from the beasts and wild animals. He 

managed to make his state of life easier. Defoe also shows the 

religious side of Crusoe since he started to think over all the 

goodness he was in although he was in a desert island he also 

started to pray God and read the bible. He also missed his house 

and his family so much and had a kind of nostalgia for them. This 

shows the importance of the religious side in the life of the 

eighteenth century middle class individual. He felt as the master 

of that land and made it his own. He then discovered some 

cannibals who used to come to the island to kill people and eat 

them. He considered them as animals and savages, as he rescued 

their victim he decided to make him into a slave and called him 

Friday. 

Although he treated him well and taught him to be a normal 

human being (according to the norms of the white man and his 

perceptions of the man of color), he taught him to call him master 

and to do whatever Crusoe ordered him to do. 

They later are rescued by pirates whom he treated as 

servants. Defoe unconsciously expresses the idea that the English 

thought themselves masters while the rest are slaves. Finally, he 

managed to return to England with all his wealth besides making 

himself the master of the island which became populated, this 

idea shows the want of the eighteenth century man to colonize 

and conquer lands. 

Robinson Crusoe is a novel in which Daniel Defoe 

describes the characteristics of the eighteenth century middle 

class individual, engaging deeply in the personality of Crusoe and 

its motivations. Crusoe is depicted as a complex round character 

in which the author shows his psychological creative and 

religious sides.


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CLASS ASSIGNMENTS 

A Person you Know Very Well 

Descriptive Essay Realized by LMD 2/ Group 6 under the supervision of Dr Belkhir, February, 2017 

In everyone’s life there is an ideal person who is special and 

very close to him. My mother is the dearest person to my heart. 

She is a beautiful house wife. She has a tender and very kind 

character. She is professional in cooking and taking care of pets 

.The things that I admire the most in my mother are her natural 

beauty and strong personality. 

I really admire my mother for her physical beauty. Though, 

she is smaller than me, her size is average. She has a lovely 

smile. Although, she is old, she has a soft skin and shining teeth 

.My mother has a long black, fair hair. Her eyes are big and bleu 

like a clear sky. My mother is the most beautiful woman for me. 

I admire my mother’s personality a lot. She is my role 

model. She has a smiling face. She spreads joy and optimism in 

people’s hearts without even trying. She represents kindness and 

charity. She is always there to save the day. My mother is 

recognized with her goodness. She has a special heart; she turns 

up to be too tolerant and she even gives up her rights to please 

others. My mother is the most beautiful creature from the inside 

and the outside. 

Now, it is clear that this sacred, tender and irreplaceable 

person who gives love, security and care without limits, makes 

every single child of her feel blessed, inspired and lucky. And 

since my mother’s sacrifices are uncountable, obeying her is like 

drawing a straight path toward heaven. As to this, our Prophet 

Mohammed (peace be upon him) says: “heaven is under the 

mother’s feet”. 

I think it is safe to say that in some points in every person’s 

life , there exists an inexitable ‘’fake friend’’. Sometimes, the 

friend who claims to be your best friend ever, may not be faithful 

How Appearances can be 

Deceiving 

Narrative Essay Realized by: LMD 2/ Group 5, February, 2017 

In most cases people are judged by their appearances. 

When I get acquainted with people whom I do not know or I have 

after all. The biggest deception I had two years ago when ‘Nihel’ 

, the girl i thought to be trusfull, stabbed me in the back. 

Nihel was my childhood’s best friend , and the sister that I 

never had. She had an angel face and an innocent smile. She was 

always there when I needed her. She had her own way to make 

me feel better . She was the guard of my darkest secrets. I was 

lucky to have Nihel as a friend, but that was not the case ever. 

Despite of Nihel’s convincing appearance and good 

behaviour, she proved not to be that kind and lovely person. She 

hurts me a lot and put me in a big trouble. The most thing that I 

did not expect is her latest betrayal. Though she used be an 

honest girl, she revealed all my secrets. Once, I remembered that 

I was alone crying because of my parents’ divorce, when Nihel 

came across me and asked me ‘’ what’s the matter ? ‘’ , and I told 

her everything. After few days, a friend came to me and told me 

that Nihel had told all our classmates about my family problems. 

That shocking news make me realized that Nihel was just 

pretending honesty. 

At that moment, I felt that this safe haven, which I had 

always stayed on its shores, attacked me and made me lost and 

hopeless. It was so difficult to understand what happened and so 

harsh to find an answer to the question : why ? . It took me hours 

and hours of inner struggle to decide what to do. Finally, I made 

up my mind and decided to end up my relationship with her. 

In short, one should never put all his trust in someone and 

share with him all secrets. I may forgive Nihel for her betrayal 

because she may have her own reasons to do so. I learned rom 

this experience that appearances can be sometimes deceiving. 

never met before, it is their first appearance that attracts me and 

gives me the impression of how good or bad their characters are. 

Yet this is not the case in all times for what I have experienced 

lately with my closest friend Iman. 

Iman was my intimate friend. We knew each other since 

kindergarten. Together, we had had unforgettable moments at


school and at the club of sport we belong to. There, we used to 

enjoy a lot of things together like studying, having fun, shopping, 

and watching movies without forgetting all the sleepovers. We 

even went to rehab together when once she stole some make up 

products from the mall. Iman was always standing by my side in 

all moments, especially when in hard times. 

Though Iman was such a closest friend of mine, she proved 

to be disloyal. Actually, I opened my heart to her and told he all 

about my personal life. But unfortunately she betrayed me by 

telling my secrets to other girls whom I do not like. 

How 

Appearances 

can be Deceiving 

Narrative Essay Realized by: LMD 2/ Group 6, February, 2017 

I think it is safe to say that in some points in every person’s 

life, there exists an inevitable ‘’fake friend’’. Sometimes, the friend 

who claims to be your best friend ever, may not be faithful after all. 

The biggest deception I had two years ago when Nihel, the girl I 

thought to be trustful, stabbed me in the back. 

Nihel was my childhood’s best friend, and the sister that I 

never had. She had an angel face and an innocent smile. She was 

always there when I needed help. She had her own way to make me 

feel better. She was the guard of my darkest secrets. I was lucky to 

have Nihel as a friend, but that was not the case ever. 

Despite of Nihel’s convincing appearance and good character, 

she proved not to be that kind and lovely person. She hurt me a lot 

and put me in a big trouble. The thing that I did not expect from her 

is her betrayal to me. Though she used be an honest girl, she 

revealed all my secrets. Once, I remembered that I was alone crying 

because of my parents’ divorce and Nihel came across me and asked 

me “what’s the matter?” At that moment, I started telling her all 

about my poor familial situation. What astonished me is that few 

days later; a friend came to me and told me that Nihel had told all 

our classmates about my family problems. That shocking news 

made me realized that Nihel was just pretending loyalty. 

At that moment, I felt that this safe haven, which I had always 

stayed on its shores, attacked me and made me lost and hopeless. It 

was so difficult to understand what happened and so harsh to find an 

answer to the question, why...? It took me hours and hours of inner 

struggle to decide what to do. Finally, I made up my mind and 

decided to end up my relationship with her. 

In short, one should never put all his trust in someone and share 

with him all secrets. I may forgive Nihel for her betrayal because 

she may have her own reasons to do so; but I may 

not forgive myself because I was the only responsible of the 

trouble I was in for. Yet, since this experience I learned that 

appearances can be sometimes deceiving. 

When I discovered that, I got a bit disappointed, seeing that 

we were very intimate friends. Once I met her in the club, I 

opened a debate with her on the problem in question and 

unfortunately, she affirmed her fault. It was such a shock to me to 

realize that I have chosen the wrong person to trust. 

After all, I decided to end up my relationship with her. 

Since Iman’s betrayal, I started doubting as to who my best friend 

is and whom I should trust. 

Golf and Tennis 

Comparison/contrast Essay, realized by: LMD 2/ Group 5,March, 

2017 

1_ (Point-by-point Organization) 

There exist various types of sports. Yet, each one has its 

own characteristics. Nowadays, some sports become more 

popular than before as Football, Tennis and Golf. The last two 

ones may seem somehow elegant end fancy for not being played 

by anyone. While both sports have their own features that 

differentiate one from the other Golf and Tennis have some 

similar points that cannot be neglected. 

There are several points that distinguished Tennis from 

Golf. The latter is known to be played outside in huge, open 

areas, however, the former can be played both indoor and 

outdoor or court with a net in the middle. Additionally, Golf 

players use clubs to hit a white ball, while rackets are used by 

Tennis players to hit a yellow ball. Regarding prices, Tennis is 

fairly cheap to play while Golf is expensive in some countries. 

When speed is an important skill in playing Tennis, accuracy is 

a necessary skill for playing Golf. This is in brief the main 

differences between Tennis and Golf. 

While significantly different, Tennis and Golf share a lot 

of similarities. To start with, both of them are played outdoors 

and with at least two people. In addition, Tennis is played by 

both men and women just like Golf. Similar to Golf, Tennis 

players use a tool to hit a small ball. To finish with, both of them 

necessitate accuracy. Following this, Tennis and Golf are not so 

district sports. 

Golf and Tennis, both are enjoyable and popular for the 

reason that they attract many people to play or watch them. 

Though different, the players of these sports gravitate to one 

another due to the enjoyment gained from playing them. 

2_(Block Organization) 

There exist various types of sports. Yet, each one has its own 

characteristics. Nowadays, some sports become more popular than 

before as Football, Tennis and Golf. The last two ones may seem 

somehow elegant end fancy for not being played by anyone. While 

both sports have their own features that differentiate one from the 

other Golf and Tennis have some similar points that cannot be 

neglected. 

Tennis is a very popular sport in the world. It requires some 

tools and skills to be played. It can be played by two partners or two 

pairs of people. Tennis is played either indoor or outdoor in a large


space. In order to play it, players need rackets, a small yellow ball in 

addition to a net of one meter, placed in the middle of the 

playground. This sport is fairly cheap compared with others. In 

playing Tennis speed is an important skill. These are what one needs 

to play Tennis. 

Golf is a famous sport. It demands a set of conditions to be 

played. It is an individual which means it needs only one person to 

play it in a large area, a foothill, with clubs to hit a small white ball. 

Not anyone can watch Golf because it is expensive in some 

countries. It needs a series of skills to play and accuracy is the 

leading one. Golf is a well-known game around the world that 

people appreciate the most. 

While significantly different, Tennis and Golf share a lot of 

similarities. To start with, both of them are played outdoors and with 

at least two people. In addition, Tennis is played by both men and 

women just like Golf. Similar to Golf, Tennis players use a tool to 

hit a small ball. To finish with, both of them necessitate accuracy. 

Following this, Tennis and Golf are not so district sports. 

Golf and Tennis, both are enjoyable and popular for the 

reason that they attract many people to play or watch them. Though 

different, the players of these sports gravitate to one another due to 

the enjoyment gained from playing them. 

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Overview of the African-American 

Literature 

Almahady Ag Ibrahim, LMD3, Group 3 

Since always, literature has been a gun in favour of the 

oppressed against the oppressor. It has been, and still is, a torch 

that lighted and lights the dark sides of human life. It is a star 

that guides those who are in distress, and who lost their 

orientation. The aims of literature are many such as a pacific 

rebellion, or an interaction of divergent ideas. The definition of 

literature remains difficult. It is an Art that must take many 

things into consideration to be well defined. The young 

African-American literature can be seen as the writings of 

African descents living in the United States. 

Ⅰ- History 

Before starting to deal with the 

subject “The African- 

American Literature”, let’s go 

back to History. For four 

centuries, black people were 

deported from Africa (their 

mother land) to America and 

other sides of the world. The 

famous “Triangular Trade” 

had been a profit for the so-called “Civilized people”. 

Millions of men, women and children had been torn out from 

theirs in order to serve in plantations and in houses as 

servants. They were uprooted and faced a new environment 

with new climatic conditions, and most importantly new 

languages; what obviously restrained communication with 

their owners. Notwithstanding, they used songs through which 

they came to communicate with each other. In addition to this, 

these people remained in darkness and ignorance for many 

years, having the same rights or less of these of animals, being 

a part of a testament and so on. History tells us that slavery 

had been one of the most abominable acts never witnessed by 

humankind. All kinds of dehumanized things had been done. 

However, the reaction of black people against this misery and 

encumbrance was not expressed forthwith but years later. 

What were the means employed to denounce this persecution, 

discrimination, racism and many others evils which hit 

directly the coloured man in his flesh and his bones? 

In the United States of America, slaves from the South 

were differently treated from those who were in the North. 

Since its independence, America claimed to be the nation of 

right and equality. It has the constitution of dream which says 

that “All men are created equal”. However, the reality that 

black people lived in their daily social life went to the 

opposite of these proclamations. 

Black people and other 

minorities were subjected to 

discrimination, marginalization 

or the bathwater of segregation. 

After the independence of 

America, and the establishment 

of governors and policies, the 

north developed its industry 

whereas the south depended 

mainly on agriculture. Therefore, 

the south had been built by the bloody hands of slaves. The 

ill-treatments pushed the black youth to see light in 

knowledge and education. In his famous autobiographical 

book The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An 

American Slave (1845), Frederick Douglass said “Education 

is the pathway from slavery to freedom”. The real way to win 

one’s own freedom is not inked in bones but in the spirit. 

Knowing how to write and how to read, running into the 

concert of others remain the way we get freedom. 

During the 1840’s and quite before, a wave of black 

writers who had learnt how to read and write, such as 

Frederick Douglass, Solomon Northrop, Phillis Wheatley 

and so on denounced the persecution and the horror that 

slaves lived in the south 

of America. These 

writers aimed at mainly 

those who were proslavery 

(slaveholders in 

the south) and people 

who were against the 

issue of slavery; otherwise those who were in the north. The 

first books were autobiographies which instead of dealing 

with the life of one single person, generalized to the cause of 

all those who suffered from these abominable adventures. 

This literature genre “Slave narratives” was created in 1840’s 

in order to call for the rights of black slaves and ended after 

the civil war in 1865, when slavery was abolished. This does 

not mean that the African-American Literature ended, far 

from such an idea, but when slavery was abolished other evils 

pushed black writers to write, as well as other movements had 

taken place in order to change the condition of life of this 

community in the United States of America. The Harlem 

Renaissance witnessed the flowering of Negro Literature


(James Weldon Johnson appellation of African-American 

literature). With the advent of the 13 th Amendments (1865): 

Emancipation Proclamation, niggers got more rights alongside 

the segregation in the south. In the end, despite these changes 

white supremacy was maintained by the “black codes”, which 

will be highlighted with more details. 

Slave Narratives 

(1840-1861) 

Emancipation 

proclamation and 

“Jim Cow Law” 

Slavery 

Civil war 

Protesters 

Harlem Renaissance 

(20 th century) 

Slavery was one of the first elements denounced by the 

African-American writers. The following diagram shows the 

starting point and the different sub-divisions that took place in 

the African-American literature since its birth till the second 

half of the 20 th century. 

Ⅱ-What Were the Hidden Reasons or Pretexts That 

Drove Black Slaves to Revolt by Means of Words: 

Among the various strategies used by the slaveholders, 

we have that of killing the slave’s feelings (by separating 

them from their parents when they were young) in order to 

keep them under the chains of iron. Slaveholders used to put 

in application the method of “better to divide in order to reign 

well”. In the throes of slavery, many pretexts were used by the 

slaveholders to keep slaves under this encumbrance. 

Religious argument (Ham’s Curse): the Pharisees 

Slaveholders used mainly the religious argument by following 

the sayings in the Holly Bible, otherwise, the famous Ham’s 

Curse. The story was about the 

second child of 

Noah, who was banished by his father because he had seen 

him in in a bad posture. When his father was unclothed and 

got drank, Ham laughed at him, for this reason he was cursed 

by his father and by God. Black people are seen the 

descendants of Ham and must stay forever in obedience to the 

white people. However, white people are considered as the 

descendants of the other son of Noah; the good son. Some 

half white and half black writers called into question this 

argument. 

Ethnic argument: The ethnic argument concerned the colour 

of the skin. Moreover, white slaveholders considered 

themselves as superior and civilized than slaves who were 

savage and inferior. 

Historical argument: since the bygone eras of Greek 

empires, slavery existed. If it existed at that time, it remained 

a good argument for those who were pro-slavery to persist in 

it. 

Integrationists 

To denunce racism, marginalization… 

of African-Americans. 

Economic argument: As the question of economy has 

been already raised, here it comes again. The southern part 

of the United States at that time depended mainly on 

agriculture, so they needed hands to plough the land for 

them. The most profitable thing was that there lands were 

ploughed and they had all the profit without paying or 

losing anything. 

These reasons were justified but digressed from the human 

deontology. It was the pro-slavery philosophy. It remains 

important to underline the fact that the slaveholders took 

these reasons as a protection; as if they protected the slaves 

(Humanitarian acts) for their best, while their conditions of 

life were comparable to those of dogs or less. The physical 

and psychological effects of slavery in the previously listed 

reasons had been the departure points of the African- 

American Literature. 

Ⅲ- Characteristics and common themes of Negro 

Literature: Born during the eighteenth century with the 

advent of Phillis Wheatley Poems on Various Subjects, 

Religious and Moral (1773). At the end of the first half of 

the nineteenth century under the motto of defending and 

protecting the black heritage as well as the abolition of 

slavery, Slave Narratives has seen the day. Among the 

themes that these writers dealt with we have: the place of 

African-Americans in the immense American society, their 

culture, racism, social equality and so on. 

Slave narratives 

1.1. Characteristics 

Truth was among the first things that former slaves told in 

their handwritings. They used their life to depict what 

happened to their other fellows as well. They provided 

authentic proofs of the ill-treatment and savagery that 

slaveholders used to use. In addition to this, there is this 

particular relinquishment of giving details. In other words, 

they explained directly what happened. Moreover, they 

used digression in order to denounce the wrong image of 

pro-slavery, which reigned in the south. They used also the 

episodic structure, i.e., writing about their autobiographies 

was just a pretext but they wanted to denounce slavery in 

general. These as well as other non-mentioned features 

shaped the Slave Narratives. 

1.2. Themes 

Themes of Slave Narratives were mainly related to harsh living 

conditions. Here it is of a high importance to remind that the 

latter was a literary genre which disappeared after the civil war 

in the United States. The issue of segregation was one of the 

mostly tackled points. Because of the racial segregation, the 

black minority have tried to find its adequate place or at least to 

be considered as other humans. In addition to that, there have 

been the lynching acts perpetrated by the former slave owners 

on the black community. They fought the crescendo injustice 

they lived in the routine. The African-American literature dealt 

with the question of migration. When the abolition of slavery 

had been done, many black people left the south to seek better 

life condition in the north, likewise to flee the persecution they


were subjected to. To sum up, this literature dealt with many 

themes mainly those concerning home situation. 

1- Harlem Renaissance: Civil Rights Movement 

(protesters and integrationists) 

2.1 Characteristics 

The Harlem Renaissance hit the American country 

during the 1920s. It was the decade of prosperity, jazz and 

blues music in the United States. The new youth seemed 

motivate and ready to put in evidence their ideas and their 

demands. These demands did not aimed at more than what 

have been raised above, but the epochs change and 

mentalities do as well. Each era has its own realities. 

Among black 

writers of the 20 th 

century in 

America some 

were protesters 

whereas others 

were more open 

minded and tried to integrate the society of whites and 

interact with their cultures. Certain frameworks that have 

been done in this literature focused on folklores. To put it 

another way, the oral storytelling done by oldest were came 

to be written after a long time. Some writers used the old 

spiritual songs of the first waves of slaves in America in 

their writings such as Langston Hughes. Once again the 

question of the great migration comes 

back during the 20 th century in Harlem renaissance 

literature. The reasons of this migration were almost like 

the previously mentioned. People left the South to the 

North East, Middle West and West of America to look for 

jobs and to be far from racism. Moreover, it goes without 

saying that this period was characterized by Blues and Jazz. 

African-Americans gathered around music to express their 

proud to have such a culture. 

2.2 Themes 

Themes like racism, segregation, integration, and so on 

were the main used in the African-American Literature 

since its beginning. The ussies of racism come all the time. 

What was different from the old writers was that during 

the 1920-1960, black people in the United States gained 

more power and became more emancipated. Many other 

themes were tackled by writers in the African-American 

Literature. 

Ⅳ- Civil War, Abolition of Slavery and the Jim 

Crow Law: 

Civil war is considered as one of the cruellest and most 

devastating war that America has never witnessed in its 

history. It lasted for four (4) years 1861-1865 between the 

north which was against slavery and the south which was 

pro-slavery. This civil war led to the abolition of slavery. 

It inspired many black writers. For the first time they can 

express themselves some freedom even though their rights 

remained restrained. The African-American Literature 

made a great move during the years after the civil war. 

Although slavery was abolished, another method to 

persecute blacks was used by the former slave owners, 

which was the Jim Crow Law. Also called the “black 

codes”, Jim Crow Law was not written and consisted to 

private blacks from their rights without following any 

written law. It consisted also to subordinate or subject 

blacks in an illegal way. In addition to this, the white 

supremacy cannot allow them to see black having the right 

to vote or any other right that an ordinary citizen benefited 

from. 

Ⅴ- Conclusion: 

The first move is always the most difficult. The 

African-American literature was born in harsh conditions. 

Through spiritual songs, poems (the various African 

traditional folklores), black people in the United States of 

America perpetuated one part of their remained culture to 

their children. The first years of the young literature 

witnessed the violence and rejection but flourished later 

on. The racial segregation against which those writers 

raised their pens have not seen day yesterday in America 

and seemed to do not come to an end sooner. The former 

American president Barack Obama said “racism is in the 

American DNA”, that might be probably true. In the end, 

one may say that through literature, the African-American 

voices were heard and they gained more rights. A 

particular interest follows this literature nowadays. Even if 

themes differ from one era to another, the question of race 

remains in the centre of most of writings. Some figures of 

that literature have gotten the Nobel Prize of Literature 

such as Toni Morrison. Finally, we should remember that 

the independence of the young America coincided with the 

birth of this literature.


STUDENT MATTERS 

From High School 

to College 

11 February,2016, by Cherifi Mohamed El Amine 

Two systems with one constitution 

Two directions with one destination 

Two levels with one purpose.... Achieving goals. 

Most students think that high school's world, and 

the University's world aren't different. They have 

many similarities and they couldn't be further apart, 

but this has no sight of truth, the high school world 

makes the student feel adult, just like a bridge 

between childhood and adulthood. University world 

on the other hand makes students more responsible, 

they can organize their own time, they can take 

their own decisions, and most important, it gives 

them a better sense of purpose and goal. 

From the experience's side, many students realize 

the differences between the two worlds, which is 

able to change their way of life, their attitude, and 

their way of thinking. Moreover , the first and the 

most important difference is: time! When we talk 

about time, maybe for some students it's quite the 

same in the two institutions , yet, it is not! In college 

your time in class is way diminished. Unlike high 

school, you do not have eight hours of class , you do 

not have to be at school at 07:00 am , and leave at 

05:00 pm, you spend little time in class , so basically 

you have more free time. However, it also means 

that the time not spent in class every single day 

should be spent studying, so you keep up with the 

rigor, and here is the biggest mistake that can be 

done by students. When students have a lot of 

we all need to 

have fun but 

there are rules 

to be followed, 

and it should 

deal with the 

reasons before 

facing the 

consequences 

. 

The main thing 

in college life is 

balance, it is 

the key! Work 

hard and have a little bit of fun, unlike high school, 

it's not necessary to work hard as much as college. 

Therefore, , in high school, your schedule is dictated 

by your supervisors and administrators, and you 

have to follow it strictly, unlike college, you take 

back your ownership of your own time 

management, which means you have the right to 

choose your perfect schedule. Additionally , you 

also have the right to choose the best field for you, 

and the major that suits you the best. 

One more thing is more flexible when you’re in 

college… courses! There is a huge difference 

between high school and college in terms of 

courses. In high school there are some obligations, 

rather about the subjects that you deal with or the 

seminars, and most of time it is all about listening to 

the teachers, doing exercises, memorizing lessons till 

you pass your exams. In college on the other hand, 

class becomes more learner-centred rather than 

teacher-centred. That means that most of the work 

is done by the student rather than by the teacher. It 

requires students to be active participants in the 

learning process, that includes making research 

about the different lectures dealt with in class, in 

short, teachers are only guides. This method is 

referred to as Reflective Learning, it drives you to 

apply your knowledge and raise your grades in 

order to be the best in your chosen field. 

free time they tend to become lazy. They spend 

their time all fooling around and having fun, I mean


The next important thing a freshman should know 

about is… the teachers! High school teachers and 

college professors are completely different, even 

though they have the same mission which is to 

teach wisdom to students. Teachers in high school 

have duties based on teaching students everything 

that they need to know concerning the level of the 

students, college professors are considered as 

supervisors , which means they show students their 

how to find knowledge , and the students have to 

reach it by walking through that path, so students 

are obliged to search by themselves , analyze, and 

debrief by themselves, which makes them more 

responsible, and wiser , and able to face problems 

by finding perfect solutions. 

These were the most important differences between 

High school's world, and College world, everyone 

wants to be the best, everyone has a dream they 

want to make it real, of a lot of students , maybe 

these differences caused the success of other 

students, there is a proverb that says " the stupid is 

the one who doesn't learn from his mistakes, the 

smart is the one who does learn from his mistakes, 

but the brilliant is the one who does learn from 

other's mistakes" , so be smart, be brilliant, live your 

dreams, they are going to be true! 

Concerning clubs and organizations, maybe at high 

school joining an organization or a club seems so 

boring and useless, but in college any club you join 

yields into real action. It's really weird because like 

they're just simple things you thought a bit tiresome, 

a bit strenuous, it actually is really great because it 

makes you a more committed to that club because 

once you actually right in, and reflect upon why you 

want to be in organization makes you a lot more 

committed and makes the whole system very much 

more serious and people become just more mindful 

of why they're in . So with clubs and organizations 

you are going to have to put a little more work into 

the front end of things, the entire experience makes 

you wiser and more mindful, and it may pave your 

way through victory.


Stop Regretting and 

Start Working 

11 February,2017, by Hamidi Sarah Nesrine 

Now ! and after you saw how good the marks of other students were , 

you wish to go back in time rewind and do your best to get better results ! you 

wouldn't want to get bombed , right ? but unfortunately that's what's 

happening ... I mean due to the weak marks that you got . You're saying 

that the first semester's final results are a disaster ! and it is the thing that is 

making you upset , disappointed , hopeless ...and feel like you'll never be able 

to succeed or to compete with other students . 

To sum up , let me remind you that " successful people are not gifted ; they 

just work hard then succeed on purpose " . So ! stop regretting and start 

working now . 

Get 

Motivated!! 

11 February,2017, by Foukia Meriem 

But ! here's a thing ... regretting something that already happened won't 

make a difference nor change the facts ; it is true they say " What's done is 

done and what's gone is gone" , but have you heard before those who said " 

You can't go back and make a brand new start , but you can start now and 

make a brand new ending " , I'm sure that you got what I mean ! and do you 

know what else I'm sure about ? well , I'm sure that inside everyone of us 

there is a strong , brave , creative and unstoppable being ! and you know what 

? it is totally fine to let yours out . 

The second semester just started , that is the dawn of a new day ! so , 

here's a biggest , second chance in your hand to start over , improve your 

capacities and prove yourself as well by working hard and backeling down . 

Maybe you weren't ready for the first one , but you definitely should be wise 

enough not to waste the second . 

You don't know how ? trust me ! it is not as hard or complicated as you 

think it is , and it won't seem easier unless you take the initiative , well ! " 

The best way to learn is to jump into the water " ; so start taking action 

instead of pumping yourself up to do it . Get started by making a list of your 

weaknesses in addition to the mistakes you made in the first exams in order to 

work on fixing them . Also , make sure to manage your time so that you're 

able to practice more and search more . Another important point is that you 

have to focus and pay your entire attention during the lecture , ask questions , 

just do not be afraid of asking questions ! however when you feel like you need 

help , don't hesitate to ask for it , and never be ashamed of making mistakes , 

do make mistakes and learn from them before the next exams take place ! 

Do you have a 

dream? Are you 

struggling to achieve it? 

All you need is to think 

about it, what are you 

doing to make it come 

true. Is it the right way or not? To find the answers, you 

should finish reading. Maybe you know all what I’m going 

to say, but you need to read it again, to understand it. Calm 

down and try to hear your soul, your inner whispers. A voice 

inside you is trying to push you forward to go through 

something. You used to ignore it and accept your life as it 

was, but now it is about time to wake up and change, to not 

regret after. 

It is clear that 

life is not easy at all 

and the good things 

are hard to be done, 

but nothing is impossible. Everything is up to you. You have to trust 

yourself and be positive. Always say “I am able”, “I can”. You are 

not different from that person who succeeded; you are a human being 

just like them. You have a brain, you are intelligent. You are strong. 

But, what makes you fail while they succeed is the lack of 

determination and hard work! Your classmate who got the best 

marks, worked more than the others. It was hard for him or her too, 

but they chose a temporary pain to avoid a permanent one. Hard 

work can change your life; as it can change a weak to become strong, 

a poor to become rich. So, you should work hard too, and never give 

up. Even if you fail, try again and again until you achieve your goal.


Forget your failure, and consider it as an experiment you learn from. 

Forget the past, and concentrate on your present, your future. Avoid 

people who defeat you. Challenge them and go the extra mile. 

Always choose good friends who encourage you and motivate you. 

Remember that when you believe that you can do something, you will 

surely do it. Another important point is organizing your time. 

Sometimes, you do not do things, and try to convince yourself that 

you don’t have time. You are deed wrong. You have to create that 

time! Think about your dreams and your goals directly. Make a 

plan and a timetable for each day. Don’t waste your time and avoid 

regret later. You have to like your work. Try to enjoy what you do. 

When you have homework, don’t think about it as an obligation, but a 

good method to test your level and 7mprove it. So, make a strong 

decision, and start working on your dreams. 

Now, you are about to finish reading. How do you feel? Take a 

deep breath. Are you stronger? Yes, you are. You have a great power. 

You have positive energy inside you. It is time to let it go out. It is 

time to make the impossible possible! Good luck. 

Idioms : 

To be bombed : to fail 

The dawn of new day : A new or fresh beginning, or a turning point that achieves as much. 

Backeling down : start a work seriously 

Take the initiative : take the first step


SCARLET 

A SHORT STORY 

A collaborative work of fiction by Ghomari Fadia and Kebli Fatima Zohraa Master2 Literature 

and Civilization 2015-2016, Story written for the module of Creativity and performance 

It was never going to be an ordinary day. Scarlet 

woke up as the sunlight crossed her window glass and 

a fresh air filled the room made the floral curtains 

swaying from side to side, going in and out. Scarlet 

,and like any other ordinary day ,done her daily 

routine, she had an obsession of cleanliness and 

organization, her mother was proud of her, she 

always had the greatest marks ,she was popular in 

her college and lovable among her teachers friends 

,humorous , cute ,optimistic ,smart and overly nice 

,she was close to perfection. Unlike the other 

routinely days that included organizing her room 

,showering and getting ready, Scarlet that day just 

woke up and stood in front of a blue-painted wall in 

her room and kept staring for a long while until a 

voice coming from downstairs called: 

"Breakfast is ready, Scar are you awake?" 

"Coming Dad, just a minute "answered scarlet. She 

Grabbed her pink printed bag which was her favourite 

and went to the kitchen; "good morning dad!" 

"Good morning sunshine, here your breakfast" replied 

the father 

"Where is mom and Lily?" asked scarlet 

"They paiged your mom, it was an emergency and she 

had to go to the hospital, lily is still looking for 

her lucky bunny" answered the father …

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kitchen window, until her father interrupted her 

nor Naomi who kept asking her if she 

staring moment saying:" I need you come home early 

is ok or not and kept staring 

Scarlet, to baby-sit lily!! Scarlet did you hear what 

through the window glass like there 

I said? I will rephrase it then; you will be home by 6 is something or someone having her 

pm to stay with your sister. Your mother and I are 

full attention in that black ,very 

going to your Aunt Sarah's new house for dinner to 

Londonian, foggy day … 

welcome her." 

"scar, scarlet it's time to leave" 

"are you serious dad, aunt Sarah moved to her new 

house like five million centuries ago and until now 

Naomi awaked Scarlet. 

you decided to go and welcome her ,knowing that I have "I have to go home now, catch you 

already plans for a girl night out with Naomi and a 

later" said Scarlet running out of 

sleepover at hers. This is unbelievable dad "said 

the door. 

scarlet with a loud disappointed voice. 

"Watch your tone girl! It's already planned, and you 

will baby-sit your sister or you are grounded for the 

rest of your life! It's your call "her father said 

.scarlet father was very loving and caring, he was the 

idol father who always watches out for his daughters 

but he was very strict, nervous and firm but fair. 

"My life has just ruined" said scarlet with a high 

angry tone and a frowning face. She walked out and 

slammed the door behind her (showing anger and 

frustration). 

Though it was June, there was a severe fog that day. 

Scarlet headed to the college .on her way a soft voice 

whispered "kill them, kill them all" ,scarlet removed 

her removed her ear phones looking behind her and on 

her sides .she knew that something abnormal is going 

on that day . 

"You look pale, have you been drinking?" asked Naomi 

"I don't know Nae(Naomi nickname) ,I don't know if 

it's that my dad just ruined my life for calling off 

our night or it's just me being paranoid, I keep 

hearing strange creepy voices whispering some horrible 

words…" said Scarlet trying to catch her breath. 

"You sure you ok Scar!! You can go home if you want to 

"said Naomi. 

"its ok. I will manage myself" answered Scarlet. 

"Scarlet, Naomi, I think it's time to enter class" 

called the professor. 

"let's go scarlet ,its time ,coming professor" 

answered Naomi 

Scarlet set on a table by the window putting her books 

down, her smart phone lighten up ,it was a text 

message ,opened it and the text was "kill them ,kill 

them all !".She slams the phone on the table, the 

entire class turned around looking at her, anxiety 

showing on her face, being sure that it was not a sort 

of daydreaming or better say " day-nightmare". 

"is everything alright ?" asked the professor . 

. 

Scarlet run and run for miles like 

she was on a marathon, she couldn't 

handle the noise in her head nor the 

hollow faces kept crossing her 

imagination ,she sat on the side way 

crying, her mother drove by " 

Scarlet Cavanagh ,what in the name 

of god are you doing here ?" 

Scarlet's mother in an astonished 

face and tone said. "let's go home" 

she added. 

The mother kept talking about the 

emergencies she faced in the 

hospital and talking about what she 

is going to wear to her sister Sarah 

dinner invitation. Scarlet did not 

join her mother talk until they 

arrived home. 

"You go I will be home in a minute" 

said the mother. 

Scarlet entered the house exhausted, 

light were on, but there was an 

unusual silence. Scarlet opened the 

door quietly trying to make no 

noise. A shadow loomed in the 

crossing wall of the living room. 

"Lily, dad, I am home!" Scarlet 

yelled. She put her bag on the 

kitchen counter and went upstairs, 

she stopped and steadily looked 

behind her, she was terrified of 

what she saw, her father was lying 

down on the ground covered in his 

blood, scarlet could not scream 

because of the feeling of a knife in 

her back. 

"Don't even dare" said the murderer.


"Turned around, I've been waiting for this so long" said the 

killer. 

Scarlet turned to face the murderer, and there she was 

astonished to see her best friend Naomi holding a knife 

covered in her father's blood .scarlet fainted and fell 

down. 

"Scarlet, scarlet honey wake up" a soft voice called. 

Scarlet woke up, her eyes half opened, half closed, her 

mother sitting next to her 

" Mom ,oh thank God it was just a nightmare ,i had the most 

terrifying nightmare ever ,you will not believe this ,Naomi 

, my best friend stepped my father with a knife and she 

wanted to kill me too …OH God that was exhausting " Said 

Scarlet. 

"What are you saying my dear? Are you ok? Honey you don't 

have a "best friend" named Naomi and did you forget that 

your middle name is Naomi …Come on time is ticking, get 

prepared for college your father will drive you "Said the 

mother. 

Scarlet sat in her bed puzzled with mouth wide open, having 

her whole life in a flashback .She woke up as the sunlight 

crossed the window glass, she walked to crossing wall to 

the window, it was painted in light blue, she stand there 

staring her head tilted to the left, eyes wide started 

twitching and from her lips escaped clicking noises. There 

was writing on that blue wall that can only be seen in the 

very morning sunshine" KILL THEM, KILL THEM ALL! "Was 

written on that wall. Scarlet repeated over and over the 

line "one, two, three kill them, kill them all!" her life 

was just about to start. 

To be continued…

Destiny 


A Short Story by Almahady Ag Ibrahim, April 2017 

Once upon a time, long, long ago, in a town in 

the ancient Mesopotamia, lived an ignorant tribe. It 

was the time wherein humans sought hope in all 

signs. It was the time wherein people of the earth 

had no science. These people were under the yoke of 

a bloody tyrant. All sins were done, including 

immorality in all its forms, witchcraft, many other 

cruel things happened. Rich people lived in 

prosperity, poor ones lived under the vices of 

misery. The soil did not give all what it has. Wine 

watered the life of many during almost all nights. All 

unhumanised things and crimes that the human mind could 

imagine were the daily customs. 

The sun never shined on that county. Travellers and 

merchants, who rumbled about around and in that city called it 

“the Evil’s Cave”. It was nicknamed as such because its real name 

remains in limbo. It was also reported in myths and tales of the 

old that their ancestors had known the smell of prosperity, the joy 

of life and tranquillity, in this very city of wasteland. Each and 

every one, going through the social hierarchy from the king to the 

simplest and most ordinary citizen, thought that they will live 

forever. They believed in life and eternity because death was a 

myth. They believed in what their gods predicted to them. They 

had faith in what their eyes saw because it was what the minds 

trusted. Years of dryness succeeded each other. The rains were 

rare and the famine devastated the sin city, the misfortunes of the 

world reflected that area. 

As usual, one day an old man ploughed his field for the 

forthcoming rains. Despite the infertility of the soil, each year he 

comes to produce some provisions to survive with his small 

family, till the New Year. Two giant men attacked him. The 

resistance of the old man was like the battle between an ant and 

two elephants. Out of this unfair combat, he passed away and his 

property fell in the hands of the new owners. His old wife and his 

little daughter were certainly devoured by misery and the summer 

warmth in the mountains. They were 

forgotten as many others as they 

never existed. 

A thousand of such events 

happened in the routine. The King, 

who was supposed to be the judge, 

could not handle some situations 

because many of them escaped his 

authority. Even those situations that 

fell down in his hands, every so 

often, were not judged according to 

the norms of justice and rule of law. In short, he was not fair. 

Justice between his subjects has never been his main priority. His 

dominant talent, if it was not the only one he had, was to cut heads 

of those who permitted themselves to tell him the truth. His public 

life, as a King of the anarchic city was summarized to blood. He 

lived a luxurious life, forged by the blood of his miserable 

subordinates. 

The man in question changed wives each month. The 

number of his children was unknown and no lip was enabled to 

mumble, even by a freaky misfortune, the subject in front of him. 

In the intimacy, some whispered in the dark that they varied 

between one hundred and one hundred and fifty. But as the saying 

goes, every rumour has an atom of truth in it. Murmurs have been 

the best friends of lies since always. However, he recognized three 

among the indefinite number as his rightful sons. They are sons of 

his first wife, the product of an immoral relationship. The oldest 

was supposed to succeed his father in the head of power (throne), 

one coming day. 

Those children were raised in order to learn how to govern. 

Their upbringing was characterized by the erection of a barrier 

between their feelings, their humilities and the reality of life in 

“Evil’s cave”. At a very young age, they acquired what had to be. 

This odd dynasty was bound to extinction few years later. 

Their history was written upon the sand and wiped out by the


whirlwind. The wild people, who were closer to the Troglodytes 

of Caves, killed the king and all his known descendants. The 

human deontology and ethical principles had fallen down in the 

gloomy era. The jungle law was the odious wont in this realm. 

The most powerful trampled upon the weakest. Total anarchy 

became the daily life. 

In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed is King” as the 

popular adage says. There lived a wise, poor and young gentleman 

whose name was Anajakh. He followed his way and faced the 

impediments of life with bravery. He was a tailor of old suits and 

old shoes. He was poor to such an extent that he sometimes slept 

in the streets. He lived a hell of a life. He had many talents such as 

reading people’s mind as an open book. He was shrewd and could 

put up with any hard situation. 

One day in the early morning, he woke up and started 

preparing his work tools when a young lady passed in front of his 

workshop wearing torn clothes. She asked for help and as a 

faithful and kind man, he gave her a part of his parsimony. She 

thanked him and carried on her way. Day in and day out, he 

received similar visits and carried out of what he considered as a 

duty. Notwithstanding, that day was special. He was very tired; he 

worked all the day but he had nothing to spend the night with. A 

group of men, who prowled around beat him, and took all what he 

had in his shop. He spent many hours out of his mind, in intense 

pains. He lied in the middle of the street in the hope to open his 

eyes the day after. He closed his eyes very slowly and found 

himself in the sound sleep. He survived and escaped from the 

death throe. 

This lady’s name was Tatrit. The star of the dawn is the 

meaning of her name. Her husband left her and never came back. 

She did not know whether he was alive or not, but after a long 

time, she lost hope to see him again, that is why she considered 

him deceased. He was a merchant, a difficult profession during 

such epoch. Now, she is living in the street, with neither a roof 

above her head, nor the heat of human’s affection. She was 

bearing the burden of the world’s misfortunes on her shoulders. 

The story of her life could be told in a small line, because no light 

seemed to glow at the end of the tunnel. She was preparing herself 

for the worst each moment. The Clockmaker, could at any 

moment, put an end to her adventures on this earth 

. 

In a hidden place out of the city, Anajakh recovered his 

health but not his wealth. He slowly opened his eyes; the picture 

of “Tatrit” became slowly clear in his sight. He remembered her, 

but he could not rememebr where he had seen her. The young lady 

carried out her responsibility by helping him in a moment wherein 

no one thinks to do so. They started to know and to understand 

each other, but unfortunately destiny decided differently. They 

survived with small means, out of sight from the other fellow 

creatures. They pleased themselves as never before in isolation 

and in the wilderness. Being alone is always better than to be in a 

bad company, it was said. He confessed to her his w 

http://www.ldssmile.com/2013/12/12/story-fourth-wise-man/ish to 

leave that city forever, so she gave him some old clothes of her 

deceased husband and a small amount of money. His main aim 

was to reach another country where he may find peace, glory, and 

happiness. He proposed to Tatrit to move with him, but she 

desisted and claimed that she will perish breathing the dirty air of 

“Evil’s cave”. 

After one month of hard working, he came to build a small 

empire. He had the intimate conviction that his firm may be in 

bankruptcy. He spent nights worshiping his creator. Unlike the 

other counterparts, he believed in a single God. With his religious 

and ideological views, Anajakh was persecuted in his everyday 

life. The small fortune which is still wet by his sweat was taken by 

someone more powerful. In addition to this, the malefactors hit 

him over and over again. For another time, that probably will not 

be the last, he fell under the malefactors’ claws. They left him 

because they thought he was no more alive. In the street, he was 

found by the beggar whom he saved one month earlier. This 

woman helped him till he recovered his health. 

The day came for him to leave. He said farewell to his 

companion. She cried because once again she will confess her 

dreams and her secrets to loneliness. A small bag on his back, a 

rusted sword was perched on his right shoulder, a bottle of water, 

were what he had to bear on his long way. He started walking 

towards the north with a nonchalant move just before the sunset. 

He was singing in a high voice. 

“When evil reaches you, don’t lose hope, 

“Turn towards the owner of the universe, 

“Live your life as if each second represents an eternity, 

“Purify your soul with the light of wisdom.


“Eternal light which glows in my heart 

“Guide me towards salvation on my stony path. 

“When night covers the day 

“And the day covers the night, 

“When man becomes a wild prey, 

“Hunted by his fellow creature, 

“I kneel down to find a safe place 

“Out of sight of all eyes. 

“Eternal light which glows in my heart 

“Guide me towards salvation on my stony path. 

The sun got down slowly. The sky started to be black and 

clouds were gathering. The rain threatened the traveller, who did 

not know how to deal with such situation in the middle of 

nowhere. In that place, generally, before the rain, comes 

whirlwinds with great power and small stones. He ran at the 

pursuit of a place where he could spend the night. The swirl 

divided the sky, the blowing wind zigzagged. He ran in the dark 

without shoes. Each second, the wind accompanied by the rain 

became more intense. In such places, when you are not hunted by 

other creatures, you will be hunted by the climatic conditions. He 

lost his orientation and ran out of options. All of a sudden, he 

noticed with a rapid glance a small cave. He put his head very 

quickly inside. He was trembling not just because of being wet, 

but also the horror that may haunt that dark place. He was scared 

to death. 

During all this time he heard some horrifying things. The 

sounds came from everywhere and nowhere. He noticed voices of 

a man and children crying. Despite all these things, he kept faith. 

He was dying of hunger but he had to support it. He lied down in 

the centre of the cave, while he was still shaking and afraid of 

being the prey of the fiend. He forgot his pain of hunger because 

from one moment to another he may be in the belly of someone 

else. He was really fatigued and he slowly closed his eyes. He 

slept with fear. That dreadful night was filled with mysteries. 

He suddenly opened his eyes as if he had a horrible 

nightmare. The daylight lighted the cave in which he was. 

Without moving the rest of his body, he furrowed the whole place 

with his eyes. With his hands he sought the sword, but it became 

rustier. He wondered why the sword changed in such a way. He 

gazed the walls of the cave and noticed that he was not the first 

one to step there. There were pictures of men, animals, gods and 

other unknown creatures. He looked for his bag and his bottle of 

water but with no success. From now, he thought that someone or 

something was here last night and took his affairs. The bones of 

dead people were on the ground. 

He went out of the cave, and he deeply breathed the pure 

natural air. With the clarity of the sun, it took time for him to open 

his eyes fully. Suddenly, he realized with the day light that he has 

got long hair and his beard became longer, quite longer than 

yesterday. His clothes were torn. In the meantime, he did not 

realize all the changes that happened. He was hungry and thirsty, 

and then he decided to go back in order to see Tatrit and to take 

other provisions. After this, he will continue his way. 

He walked and asked himself, if he was not in another 

place. He did not recognize even the colour of the soil. In a far 

distance, he spotted a human silhouette who zigzagged because of 

the mirage, and the other seemed to spot him as well. He hid 

himself behind a big rock. The other one, on his donkey back 

came more and more closer. He said “you, behind the stone, why 

are you hidden? I will do nothing; on the contrary I will help you 

if you need it”. Anajakh raised his head first and followed it by 

the rest of the body. He looked at the strange man who has nice 

clothes and a good-look. The stranger has a white turban on his 

head. Anajakh gazed at him with bitterness, because he knew 

humans. He took time to analyse each line in the face of this man, 

and said “I need water.” 

The stranger removed the pitcher which was perched on the 

donkey back, passed it to the odd man. The stranger started asking 

him questions as if he was more curious than Anajakh. 

- The stranger said “you are not from around, isn’t it? 

You are like Egyptians” 

- Anajakh answered this question without hesitation by 

telling the truth to his hearer. “I am from that region”. They spent 

hours discussing. A special question haunted Anajakh since he 

met this stranger. He asked in this term: do you know where we 

are? His interlocutor said we are in “Orient pearl”. 

- No! we are in “Evil’s cave” said Anajakh. 

- The “Evil’s cave” was a myth. You have probably 

some psychological problem. I know a good and kind doctor who 

will do what is needed. 

The two men discussed in the way of the town about all what 

happened to Anajakh. He told his story but his companion 

preferred to understand that he suffered of a psychological 

disorder. Anajakh noticed that his host did not take him seriously. 

“Now I will show you the palace of the king and you will greet


him before any another citizen….” Anajakh interrupted him by 

saying “our king died, it is impossible to have a new king as well 

as to change our traditions in one single night.” 

The tradition of this people obliges to any new comer, who 

wants to stay for a long time, to pass through the king’s palace 

first. He told his story with the same words to the king. The king 

seemed to be attentive to his narration. By hearing that story, the 

king was impressed and decided to take the guest in charge. He 

freed the other man, who brought Anajakh to the king’s palace. 

The king invited him to take a shower, to eat at his ease and to 

sleep as if it was not enough, and tomorrow they will discuss 

about what happened to him. He slept having the intimate 

conviction that he will provide many answers to others’ questions 

than them to him. As astonishing as that might be, this night 

seemed to be longer than the previous one. He slept thinking that, 

being with the king himself is a dream. The next morning, he 

woke up and went down in the garden. There, he saw green trees, 

grasses on the ground, and the pure beauty of nature. At that 

moment, he realized that he woke up from a horrible nightmare. 

He felt the odour of the summer flowers, the odour of peace and 

life. For the first time of his life, he walked without being afraid of 

being threatened or beaten. He met a servant and asked him if he 

knew some people (Tatrit, and others who he named without any 

pleasure). The servant told him that he did not know them. He was 

sorry for what happened to Tatrit and what happened to others 

took a great weight off his mind. He was relieved for his own fate. 

He got what he was praying for. 

Even him, he was still afraid to be in another dream coming from 

his desires. It sounds too good to be true, but fortunately it was not 

a dream but the pure reality. 

It was said that, that story was true. Anajakh slept for many 

years in a hidden place. According to the historians’ estimations, 

he slept for almost two hundred years. His God saved him and 

destroyed the other wretches. Some reported that “Evil’s cave” 

was pounded with fire by angels, and the traces of its people were 

wiped out from the earth’s surface. They stirred up the anger of 

God and they received the adequate sentence for their sins. Only 

one man survived because he deserved another opportunity to 

continue his life. He was protected against the fiend under the 

wing of angels by the permission of the most powerful. His 

testimonies about the exactness of what happened there coincided 

with old books and other folklores. These were the only witnesses 

of his story, and apart from these, it was only a legend…. 

On the other hand, the authenticity of this story was called 

into question. Another version of facts presentation claims that it 

was a dream. In this dream, Anajakh had been a witness of what 

happened. He rambled between what is real and what is not. This 

one was rejected by the majority, because if it was a dream he 

must know some people who are still alive when he woke up. But 

the unbelievable thing was that of living for over two hundred 

years and waking up at approximately the same age he had before. 

It was classified among the miraculous stories rarely witnessed by 

the human race. 

Another servant came to him and told him that the king 

needed him. When he opened the door, many people stared at 

him. He was surprized by such a crowd. In fact, the king gathered 

all men of knowledge (erudite), in order to verify the story of their 

new guest. The sincere man told them all what he knew in details 

without omitting the least information. He said in his speech “of 

two evils one must choose the lesser”. He had to choose between: 

being killed by the wild people or crossing the desert with its 

impediments, where there was a probability to survive. 

The authenticity of the story divided scholars. The proofs 

which were provided by each side are reasonable. Concerning 

Anajakh, his questions were considered as of less importance. 

He became a farmer, and took advantage of this new 

opportunity. He got married with a beautiful woman with whom 

he had three children (two boys and a daughter). He forgot about 

the past, his miraculous story was henceforth behind. He became 

rich and known by all citizens of “Orient Pearl”. He lived for 

many years in happiness with the family he founded. He lived in 

prosperity till his life’s end. 

After his death, people came from the furthest places of the 

earth to ask his wife and his children about his miraculous story. 

Many centuries after, Anajakh’s history was considered as a 

legend, and sank forever in limbo


POEMS 

The Legend of Rip Van Winkle 

Poem by, Mr.Almahady Ag Ibrahim 2016 

Once, in the province of Catskill, 

Under which ran Hudson River, 

Known to be filled with mystery and high hill; 

An old dynasty lived there forever. 

There was a sincere, lazy and poor gentleman, 

Who had a wife with the adder’s tongue. 

She terrorized him that nowhere but in isolation, he found himself 

fine. 

To shout on him became for her an obsession as drug. 

Socially, he loved and was loved by everyone. 

Even dogs had found on him another more understandable dog. 

Children played with him and did all what can be done. 

Wives saw him as the perfect husband when theirs were at drag. 

these were offsprings of the first Dutch settlers. 

Since ages, they lived peacefully under the British power. 

Governed by Nicholas Vedder who told tremendous parables. 

He played in the meantime the role of judge and barrister. 

The idle Rip was a woodcutter. 

Who miserably provided for his family and helped his neighbors. 

Out of benevolence to each and every one, he became a prey in 

real danger. 

He drank liquor one day and fell asleep for over twenty years. 

His first hours of sound sleep were witnessed by a dog and a gun, 

Under a hidden place, out of sight of the Barbarian dynasty. 

They seemed to belong to a Paleolithic era and shouted as a 

hurricane. 

He was out of his mind during the long lazy night, which was very 

gloomy. 

He woke up as the sun was awake in its delightful morning, 

As it pushed the night’s shadow and hunted the odor of the 

summer’s flowers. 

He was hungry, but his heart turned over in his chest by hearing 

In mind Dame Rip Van Winkle’s voice. 

He got down the haunted mountain, 

When he was just looking for proofs of his absence. 

He was surprised to meet unknown people right where he was 

born. 

For hours, his mind wondered when he found his empty house. 

He wandered in streets and saw everything had altered. 

On the other side, the big head of George Washington, 

And some words printed on papers, sparked his interest so he 

entered 

In the room, where people voted to elect one of the heroes of 

Revolution. 

Apart from an old woman, no one had recognized him. 

At a moment, his poor heart stopped beating, by hearing the death 

of his friends. 

He saw his son, and his daughter who became a great woman, but 

he felt shame 

When asking this question: “where is your mother?” in a low 

voice. 

He was sad to learn about the death of his friend 

Though, his wife’s death appeared as a thorn had been taken out 

of his pillow 

He vowed to enjoy henceforth his life. 

He felt fatigued and his beard needed a review. 

The honest man lived with his daughter; 

And for many years he told his miraculous story. 

which turned into a legend everybody in Catskill knew told to 

every foreigner 

He became idler, and lived in happiness till his life’s end. 

There were some doubts about its authenticity. 

But, the old Dutch inhabitants claimed that it was true


Betrayal !! 

11 August,2016, Poem by Def Fatima Zahra 

Some words have no description 

Neither explanation nor condition 

It just happens to be an unpredictible action 

With people whom you shared with all your passion 

At this point I'll write without rhyme and rythme 

Cause this crime doesn't worth all this glam 

It should vanish from every heart and mind 

And be eliminated from every competition 

Also fired out from every inch of land 

You know I’m talking about betrayal 

Yes I admit I have officially been prank'd 

Always by a friend and never a hater 

Hardly an enemy and all thé time from a lover 

Those monsters behind hero masks 

You freaks broke My little heart 

All your behaviors are work of art 

Cause having hypocrisy,lying and hatred 

Is made only for your heads 

.My lover,cousin and thé worst is a friend 

After you forgot all our magical times 

Don't forget that every start has an end 

You'll definitely meet a dirty mind 

Who'll stap you right in thé back 

With a dagger that is totally black 

But under thé cover of light 

Then you will diffrenciate between wrong and right 

You'll understand once how I felt 

But when you'll look at me u'll realise that I left 

Artworks 

Dekiouk Mohammed


Ouadjdaoui Asma 

TIPS: 

The Hemingway Editor, this tool is for evaluating writing, that is, 

students can upload their texts or papers, then press the “edit” button to 

have their mistakes highlighted with hints on possible modifications. 

The link: http://www.hemingwayapp.com/ 

Thesaurus, is a website and dictionary that provides synonyms and 

antonyms for a word, from the closest to the farthest in meaning. 

The link: http://www.thesaurus.com/


NOURELHOUDA BENLAKHDAR 

Damage and Repair 

“Damage and Repair” is an elegy. 

The idea behind writing this poem is to 

mourn over the Algerian martyrs and to 

show the cruelty of French colonialism. 

In bewilderment I stand 

Question, self respond! 

Thief, give me my dreams back 

Harshly, you deboned my rights. 

Yes, you are wicked 

Like a wolf, sneaked and bit 

Helpless we looked 

Besought you to send free 

Indifferent you acted 

Endless promises you printed 

Fearless we stood 

Iron, steel, rocks inclined 

In front of bodies that declined 

You were defeated, yes you were 

How could you doubt, 

We earned it, bang! 

You enslaved, you thought you could? 

Well here we are, standing where we 

should. 

Another Time, Maybe 

You Governor, Ruler, 

How come you made me look fooler! 

Me, who trusted my abilities 

So did you! 

You left me questioning my capacities. 

But what’s up with the shift? 

To chromatophores you could not resist? 

And I question: “ Am I a good citizen of your empire?” 

I hope so because that lessened my desire. 

Astonished, that is how I am 

Are the others the same way again? 

Oh, grief! Oh, sorrow! 

You’ve haunted my soul, instilled your claws. 

I am starting to doubt, to see black 

Gray is there, mostly black 

I see that it’s more than living in a jungle 

I see that it’s supernatural. 

Many people believe it: 

Bingo for me, because 

“I am not the moth, I am the flame” 

Giacomo Casanova, thank you; 

This, I will retain. 

To wrap up, 

Will a caterpillar find its way home? 

Where nature murmurs, 

Sun shines through trees; and 

Leaves rustle? 

Yes, it will 

With God’s will, it will. 

Head Honcho, danke 

You are the why, 

And the deceiving fellows 

That I put pen to paper. 

Witness, April, room and table


Chlabi Marouane

STOFLISH – Issue No :1 “Students Creativity Unleashed”—June 2017 40




Sia’N’Drake: In a recent tweet Sia proposed a collaboration to Drake which inspired 

the artist this creative portrait


ON SPORTSMANSHIP 

by Fatima Zohra, Def 

''Sports do not build character. They reveal it'' John Wooden. 

Sport is physical action used to build one's body, but 

also to improve character. Sports can spread love widely as 

well as hatred, it is all a matter of spirit. Are you one of 

those who glorify sportsmanship? Or only one of the 

common haters? 

On November 18, 2009, a war almost broke because 

of the lack of consciousness between Algerian and Egyptian 

youth over a football match. What if Egyptians well 

treated the Algerian national team? What if Algerians 

neglected those few people (among 90 million citizens) 

who hurt some players? There would be no such allergic 

relationship between the two countries. Rynosuke Satoro, 

said: ''Individually we are one drop, together we are an 

ocean'', so sports should gather nations rather than 

separate them. It is lovely to see professional athletes 

shaking hands just after losing an important game, it is 

certain that sports taught them patience and selfconfidence. 

Then, another type of athletes happens to be rude and violent, those are who have neither 

sportsmanship nor ethics. Violence is a very dangerous phenomenon that must never be involved in the 

world of sports, yet many terrible accidents happened through time. Sportsmanship on the other hand is a 

noble term that means fair play, respect and politeness. 

During the 1993 Tennis tour in Germany, the famous tennis player Monica Seles was stabbed by a fan 

and fell directly on the ground, she could not resume her career until 1995, exactly two years after that day. 

On the other hand, good sportsmanship left great heartwarming examples in history. John Landy, the 

Australian runner is the second person to run a mile in four minutes, he stopped once during the third lap of 

the final in order to help his opponent who trapped and fell down, yet he pushed himself to finish and win 

the race and scored both a record and a sportsmanship lesson. Finally, sports reveal characters indeed, the 

good personality becomes better by gaining more morals. 

Sport is a game to improve both body and soul, we all have to accept the final result because it is a 

general fact that every game has a winner and... not a loser, but another time winner.


HEY!! DON’T GO!! WATCH OUR CLASSMATES’ PODCASTS 

AND CREATIVE PROJECTS ON THE FOLLOWING LINKS: 

( Hollywood vs Bollywood, by Benaini Abdelmajid, and Bouchefra 

Abdelkarim ).. 

https://youtu.be/_ApnDHRSXQ0 

Life In Campus 

https://youtu.be/XxSeVkWhicg 

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