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REPORT the importance of preserving cultural and heritage diversity. The initial focus of the international preservation movement concentrated on major monuments and emerged after World War I. A key event in the development of this concept was the 1959 campaign to save the Abu Simbel temples in Egypt, located in a valley that would be flooded once the Aswan Dam was constructed. There was worldwide concern for the preservation of these monuments, which were considered universally important. The campaign led to their successful relocation and to UNESCO establishing the World Heritage Convention (concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage- 1972). Internationally the attention of conservators moved from major monuments to urban sites and vernacular architecture, on the basis that monuments derive a large part of their value from the context in which they are situated. In this way the traditional fabric of the Newar towns and private houses became incorporated into heritage preservation programmes for the Kathmandu Valley. The idea behind the World Heritage Convention is the protection of cultural and natural properties worldwide. The World Heritage List is only a small part of the convention, but has become the most widely recognised 68 MAR-APR 2006 SPACES
component. Together the Convention and the List form an effective tool for the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of the cultural and natural hertiage of outstanding universal value. The annually updated World Heritage List was first compiled in 1978 and now features 812 sites. In 1979, only seven years after the establishment of the World Heritage Convention, and during the second year of listing, the seven monument ensembles of the Kathmandu Valley were inscribed as a single site. Naturally the host country (called the State Party by UNESCO) is the fundamental component in this collaboration. A site THE TREND FOR OUT-OF-PROPORTION, INDECOROUS RE- INFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES CLAD WITH DACHI- APA PREVAILS IN THE MONUMENT ZONES, RANGING FROM PATAN TO SWYAMBHUNATH. Image: UNESCO needs to be inscribed by the State Party and they remain fully responsible for its conservation. When Nepal ratified the World Heritage Convention the State party pledged to protect the World Heritage values of the properties inscribed and was asked to report periodically on their condition. The only way to fulfill these aims is for the many different concerned parties to work together towards the common goal of conservation. However, these bodies receive assistance from UNESCO, and the two ‘advisory bodies’, ICOMOS and ICCROM. The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) is an international, nongovernmental organization founded in 1965, with an international secretariat in Paris. ICOMOS provides the World Heritage Committee with evaluations of proposed new nominations and of the state of conservation of the inscribed cultural and mixed properties. ICOMOS Facing page above: Bhaktapur Durbar Square on a misty morning. Facing page below: The famous Nyatapole Temple in Bhaktapur. Top: Patan Durbar Square - athrong with people as usual. Above: An elaborate gilded door of the Patan Museum. Right: The sun shines bright on Patan Durbar Square. Image: UNESCO SPACES MAR-APR 2006 69
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