Electromagnetic spectrum and the LASER
Electromagnetic spectrum and the LASER
Electromagnetic spectrum and the LASER
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The dual nature of <strong>the</strong> light<br />
Wave<br />
(propagation)<br />
• Diffraction<br />
• Interference<br />
• Polarization<br />
Particle<br />
(interaction)<br />
• photoeffect<br />
• Compton-effect<br />
Albert Einstein (1905) : photoelectric effect<br />
photon (light quantum), its energy: E = h·n (or E = h·f)<br />
Louis-Victor de Broglie (1924) : Matter-waves <strong>the</strong>ory<br />
(All materials have wave nature as well.)<br />
λ = h/p, where p is <strong>the</strong> impulse => λ = h/m·v<br />
Polarization<br />
Important physical quantities <strong>and</strong><br />
relations<br />
Frequency: n (1/s)<br />
Wavelength:<br />
� (m)<br />
Wavenumber: n (cm-1 )<br />
c<br />
v<br />
1<br />
�<br />
Energy: E (J) h . n<br />
Extinct. coeff.:� (M -1 cm -1 or (mg/ml) -1 cm -1 )<br />
a<br />
Interference<br />
�x � s � s � a�<br />
sin�<br />
1<br />
2<br />
Einstein: energy of a photon (light-quantum)<br />
To achieve max. gain: To achieve max. weakening:<br />
1<br />
a� sin� � n�<br />
� a�<br />
� � ( n � ) ��<br />
sin 2<br />
Linearly polarized light<br />
2