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:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
wdf]{bo ;ef
xflb{s z'esfdgf
:joDe" dxfr}To a'4 dxfljxf/sf] /ht hoGtLsf] ;'vMb cj;/df :dfl/sf
k|sfzg x'g nfu]sfdf xflb{s v'zLofnL JoQm ub{5'+ .
eujfg a'4åf/f k|ltkfbLt a'4wd{sf] ;+/If0f, ;+a4{g ug]{ sfo{df ;bf cu|;/
:joDe" dxfr}To a'4 dxfljxf/n] ljljw sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/ /ht hoGtL
dgfpg nfu]sf] o; cj;/df dxfljxf/ kl/jf/ k|lt xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ub{}
a'4zf;gsf] lr/:yfoLTjsf nflu To; dxfljxf/ cH´ a9L lqmofzLn eO{ k'0o
nfe ug{ ;bf ;kmntf ldnf]; elg x[8ob]lv dËnodo sfdgf JoQm ub{5'+ .
;fu/dfg ah|frfo{
dxf;lrj
wdf]{bo ;ef
kmf]g g+= $@@&!&^
km\ofS; M $@$&!$*
email : dharmodayaa@gmail.com, dharmodaya@ntc.net.np
___________________________________________________
a'4 ljxf/, ljxf/dfu{, e[s'6Ld08k, sf7df8f}+ .

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
g]=;+= !!#& rf}nfuf !$
@)&$ a}zfv !@
xg]axDx gfoM
:joDe" r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
pnf{jf/L &, df]/ª
l5:s/,
/ht hoGtLof le+t'gf .
yLyL wfld{s ;d'bfo b'u' g]kfM b]o\ b'g] af}4 wd{of cg'z/0f
ofgf jofRj+lk+ af}4 wdf{jnDaL ljz]if ofgf ef]hk'/ j
r}gk'/kfv]+ jMlk+ pkf;s pkfl;sflklgu' ;lqmotf lgdf{0f h"u'
y'u' :joDe" a'4 dxfljxf/ yf}+ @% aif{ So+u' b' . Yj @% bF b'g]
;sn pkf;s pkfl;sflkGt j;kf]n eujfg a'4+ Sogf+
ljHofMu' clx+;f, zflGt, j d'lQmof dfu{o\ GXofjg]t ;bf+ k|]l/t
ofgf jofRj+u' b' . ;sn k|f0fLlklgu' d+unof sfdgf ofgf
zfSod'lg eujfg a'4oft n'd+sf nf]s sNof0fof nFo\ ;bf+
GXofjgf Rjg]kmo]df wsf ;sn pkf;s pkfl;sflkGt
:joDe" r}To a'4 dxfljxf/of /ht hoGtLof n;tfo\ le+t'gf
b]5fgf Rjgf .
g/]z tfd|sf/
gfoM

k=;+=&%÷)&#÷)&$
r=g+=
:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
gdf] M t:o eujtL c/xtf] ;Ddf ;Da'b:; M
a'4 laxf/
w/fg–*
:yfkgf M lj=;+= @)!*
/lhg= g+= %!($÷)$!÷)$@
ldlt M @)&$÷)!÷)%=====
>Ldfg\ cWoIfHo",
:joDe" r}To a'4 dxflaxf/
pnf{af/L, df]/ª
ljifo M z'esfdgf .
dxf]bo,
cfheGbf sl/a @^)) jif{ cl3 g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf hGg' ePsf zflGtsf gofs, Plzofsf
Hof]lt eujfg\ a'4åf/f ;+sng k|f0fLx?sf] lxtsf] nflu k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] a'4 lzIffnfO{ cflu+sf/ ub}{
eujfn] b]vfpg' ePsf] ;Tdfu{df lx8\gsf nflu ;b}j k|]/0ff k|bfg x'g] eujfg a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ c+lusf/
ug]{ kljq p2]Zosf ;fy df]/ªsf] pnf{af/Ldf cfheGbf @% jif{ cl3 :yfkgf uePsf] o; :joDe" r}To
a'4 dxflaxf/n] cfkm" @% jif{ k'u]sf] ;'vb pknIodf ;dfh / ;d'bfok|lt nlIdft u/L cfof]hgf ul/g]
/ht holGt ;df/f]xsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdx? ;kmntfsf ;fy ;DkGg xf]; tyf eujfg a'4sf] hGd,
;Daf]wL 1fg–nfe tyf dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g' ePsf] lq;+of]u lbj;–@%^! cf}F a'4 k"l0f{sf] cj;/df a'4
laxf/, w/fg–* kl/jf/sf tkm{af6 oxfFx?k|lt xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .
ejt' ;Jj d+und .
========================
a'4/fh df]Qmfg
cwoIf
a'4 laxf/
w/fg–*
l;4fy{ dfu{, w/fg–* -;'g;/L_ g]kfn kmf]g g+= )@%–%@)#%$ -a'4 laxf/_, $@)$#^ -cWoIf_ %@@!#! ;lrj

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
:joDe' r}To dxfljxf/
w/fg–!@, ;'g;/L
z'esfdgf
eujfb a'4n] b'Mv / ;'v d'lQmsf nflu lbg'ePsf] lzIff >L :joDe' r}To dxfljxf/ pnf{af/L
ljxf/sf :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] sfo{;ldlt / ;Dk"0f{ pkf;s, pkfl;sf Ho"x?n] bfg, zLn,
efjgfsf] cEof; u/]/ s'zn sd{df nflu kg'{ eO{ @% cf}F jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] z'e cj;/ kf/]/ :dfl/sf
k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] yfxfF kfpbf clt g} v';L nfu]sf] 5 . o; ;'vb sfo{sf] nflu o; ljxf/sf
sfo{;ldlt cWoIf Ho" nufot nflu kg'{ x'g] ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ xflb{s awfO{ tyf z'esfdgf JoQm
ub{5' . a'4 wd{ ;+3sf] :d/0f u/]/ a'4 lzIffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/] hg ;dIf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df oxfFx?sf]
of]ubfg ct'ngLo ?kdf a9]/ hfcf];\ . o; ljxf/n] :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn;Dd u/]sf] s'zn sfo{x?
wd{k|]dLx?sf] dfemdf hfgsf/L u/fpgsf nflu k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] :dfl/sf @)&$ sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf]
sfdgf ub{5' .
ejt' ;Aa d+und .
b]j/Tg zfSo
cWoIf
:joDe' r}To dxfljxf/
w/fg–!@

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
g]kfn ;/sf/
kmf]g g+=)@!–%$!^(*
;x/L ljsf; dGqfno
ˆofS; g+=)@!–%$!^(*
pnf{jf/L gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no
pnf{jf/L,df]/¨
sf]zL c~rn
kq ;Vof M)&#÷)&$
rnfgL g=+
ldlt M@)&$÷)!÷!@
z'esfdgf
:joDe" r}To a'4 dxflaxf/ pnf{af/L @% cf}“ jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] z'e cj;/df /th
hoGtL dgfpg eO{/x]sf] ;Gbe{ / cj;/df :dfl/s k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] yfxf
kfpFbf v';L nfu]sf] 5 . ctM /ht hoGtL ;df/f]xsf] ;kmntf
/ o; a'4 dxflaxf/sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf]
d+undo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
======================
lbk]Gb| lwdfn
-cWoIf_

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
k~rlzn art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8
pnf{af/L, df]/ª
d+undo z'esfdgf
ldlt M )&$÷!÷@)
:joDe' r}To a'4 ljxf/ pnf{af/L :yfkgf ePsf] @% aif{ k"0f{ ePsf] z'e /ht
hoGtLsf] ;'vb pknIodf ljleGg sfo{qmdsf] ;fy eJo ?kdf /ht hoGtL dgfpg'sf]
;fy} /ht hoGtL :dfl/sf ;d]t k|sfzg ug{ nfUg' ePsf]df v';Lsf] dx;'; u/]sf
5f}F .
eujfg uf}td a'4åf/f k|ltkflbt af}4 wd{sf] k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{df To; ljxf/n]
u/]sf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo ePsf] Jojxf]/f :d/0f ub}{ oxfFx?n] cfof]hgf ug{ nfu]sf]
/ht hoGtL ;df/f]x sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5f}F ;fy} cfpbf] lbgx?df To;
ljxf/af6 ;DalGwt If]qsf ;a} a'4wd{k|lt cf:yf Pj+ >4f /fVg' x'g] pkf;s
pkfl;sfx?n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug'{eF} ;/fxgLo e"ldsf lgefpg ;s'g\ eGg] d+undo
z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxfG5' .
ejt' ;Aa du+n .
==================
;lrj
-dx]z zfSo_

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
zfSo af}4 ;dfh pnf{af/L df]/ª
:yf M @)#% ;fn
d+undo z'esfdgf
:joDe' r}To a'4 ljxf/ pnf{af/L :yfkgf ePsf] @% aif{ k"/f ePsf] pknIodf
To; ;+3n] dgfpg nfu]sf] /ht hoGtLsf] cj;/df :dfl/sf ;d]t k|sfl;t x'g nfu]sf]
s'/f ;'Gbf xfdLnfO{ a'4 wd{k|lt uf}/jflGjt dx;'; eO/x]sf] 5 .
eujfg uf}td a'4åf/f k|ltkflbt af}4 wd{sf] k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{df To; ;+3sf]
of]ubfg pNn]vgLo ePsf] Jojxf]/f :d/0f ub}{ oxfFx?n] cfof]hgf ug{ nfu]sf] /ht
hoGtL ;df/f]xsf ;fy} :dfl/sfsf] tkm{af6 ;d]t a'4sf] zflGtdfu{ hg;dIf ;+k|]if0f x'Fbf
cjZo klg dfgj ;d'bfodf ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g hfg] s'/fdf zfSo af}4
;dfh pnf{af/L ljZj:t 5f}F . oxfFx?sf] /ht hoGtL sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub}{
a'4 wd{sf] ;d'lGgt ljsf;df ;b}j nflu /xg;sf];\ egL xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf
JoQm ub{5f}F .
=====================
wd{/fh zfSo
cWoIf
zfSo af}4 ;dfh kl/jf/
pnf{af/L, df]/ª

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
g]kfn ;/sf/
;+ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
af}4 bz{g k|j4{g tyf u'Daf ljsf; ;ldlt
>Ldxn, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/
kmf]g g+= %%@#!)!
km\ofS; M %(#(^%#
kf]=a=g+= !(@@(
af}4 bz{g k|a4{g tyf u'Daf ljsf; ;ldlt /
a'4 wd{ bz{g k|j4{gsf] nflu v]n]sf] e'ldsf M
g]kfn eujfg uf}td a'4sf] kljq dft[e"ld xf] . zflGtsf cu|b't Pjd\ Pl;ofsf tf/f
eujfg uf}td a'4sf] hGde"ld ePs} sf/0fn] ;+;f/ e/L g} g]kfn a'4sf] b]z eg]/ lrlgg] ub{5 .
a'4sf] zflGtsf] zGb]z / pkb]zx? ;a} k|f0fL lxtsf lglDt ;+;f/sf] nflu g} k]|/0ffsf] ;|f]t ag]sf]
5 . cfh ;a} af}4 dfuL{x? a'4sf] zflGtsf] ;Gb]z / pkb]zx?nfO{ Jofks agfpFg tyf af}4 bz{g,
wd{,snf ;+:s[ltnfO{ Jofks agfpFg nflu k/]sf 5g\ . s'g} klg b]zsf] snf, ;+:s[lt,l/lt÷l/jfh,wd{
To; b]zsf] cr's ;Dklt xf] . ;f]xL efjgfnfO{ sb/ ub}{ g]kfnsf] cToGt} cd'No ;Dkltsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] P]ltxfFl;s, k'/ftflTjs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/sf ?kdf /x]sf k|flrg u'Daf÷ljxf/x? ;+/If0f
Pjd\ ;Da4{g ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] st{Jo / bfloTj 7fgL ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ?kdf ;j{k|yd
@)#^ ;fndf pRr :t/Lo u'Daf tyf nfdf Joj:yf ;ldltsf] ?kdf of] ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ePsf]
lyof] .
g]kfn e/L 5l/P/ /x]sf af}4 u'Daf÷ljxf/x?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g tyf ljsf; ug{sf nflu
xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] af}4 bz{g k|a4{g tyf u'Daf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ?kdf o; ;ldltnfO{ :yflkt
u/]sf] 5 . of] ;ldltn] ljutdf ljleGg cj:yfx? kf/ub}{ cfh @)&# ;fn ;Dd cfO{ k'Ubf ljleGg
;'wf/fTds sfdx? ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] P]g / lgodfjnL k|fKt ug{ nfdf] ;dosf] k|of;
kl5 ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o; ;ldltaf6 ljleGg sfo{qmdx? h:t} af}4 bz{g cWoog e|d0f sfo{qmd,
wd{ b]zgf sfo{qmd, cfDrL tflnd, u'Daf Jofj:yfkg tflnd, yfGsf tflnd h:tf ljljw
sfo{qmdx? x'b} cfPsf] 5 . o:Tff sfo{qmdx?af6 b]z el/sf u'Daf÷ljxf/x/?sf nfdfx? nfefljGt
ePsf 5g\ . of] ;ldltsf] 7'nf] pknAwL xf] . af}4 bz{gsf] dfWofdaf6 /fi6Fsf] ;du| ljsf;df 6]jf
k'¥ofpg', x/]s u'DafnfO{ ko{6sLo ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ zflGtsf] ;Gb]znfO{ b]zsf] s'gf s'gf;Dd
k'¥ofO{ cfk;L efOrf/f, ;bfrf/ / eft[Tj efjsf] ljsf; u/L ;du| /fi6«sf] lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u
ug'{ o; ;ldltsf] k|d'v nIo /x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L g]kfndf af}4 bz{g tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;
ug'{,u'Daf lzIffnfO{ lzIffsf] d'n wf/df ;dflxt u/L ljBfjfl/lw ;Dd dfGotf lbnfpFg', g]kfndf
s]lGb|o u'Dafsf] :yfkgf ug'{,u'Daf÷ljxf/x?sf] nut /fVg' cflb sfo{x? klg o; ;ldltsf] pb]Zo
leq kb{5g\ .

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
af}4 bz{gsf] If]q jf:tjdf g} clt Jofks 5 . o;sf] If]q ;fob} sd} JolQmn] dfq cg'dfg
ug'{ ePsf] xf]nf . olt Jofks If]q / ;Defjgfx? x'bfx'b} klg h'g ?kdf a'4 wd{ / bz{gsf] ljsf;
x'g' kg]{ xf] Tof] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/ nufot /fHo klg o; ljifodf ulDe/ aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .
of] ;ldlt Pp6f ;ldltsf] ?kdf dfq} 5 . clwsf/ ljlxg 5 . ah]6sf] cefj 5 . sfo{If]q
lj:tf/df ;d:of 5 . of] ;ldltn] u/]sf k|of;x? ;s/fTds 5bf5b} klg ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{
hlt ;kmntf kfpg' kg]{ xf] Tolt ;kmntf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g. olt 7'nf] r'gf}tLx? x'bfx'b} klg o;
;ldltn] a'4 wd{ / bz{gsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df cxd e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;Dkbfx?sf] ?kdf /x]sf u'Daf÷ljxf/x? @)&@ ;fndf uPsf]
ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf sf/0f 7'nf] ?kdf Iflt ePsf 5g\ . oL Iflt ePsf ;Dkbfx? k'gM lgdf0f{ ug]{
s|ddf of] ;ldlt nflu k/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/ k'gM lgdf0f{sf] ljifodf ulDe/ x'g g;s]sf] xf]sL eGg]
dx;'; xfdLnfO{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfn a'4 hlGdPsf] b]z xf] . cfheGbf nueu @%^) aif{ cl3
g]kfnsf] n'lDjgLaf6 z'? ePsf] a'4 wd{ cfh ;+;f/e/ km}lnPsf] 5 . eujfg uf}td a'4 a'4 wd{sf
k|a4{|s x'g . t/ klg a'4 hlGdPsf] b]zdf a'4 wd{ / bz{gsf] ljifodf plrt ?kdf /fHo lhDd]jf/
aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHon] ;a} wd{nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{' kb{5 . ah]6 ljlgof]hg b]lv lnP/
/fHoaf6 k|bfg x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx?df ;d]t sltko 7fpFdf ;dfg b]lvGb}g . g]kfn jx'eflifs,
jx'wfld{s, jx'hflto d'n's xf] .oxfF Ps ;o eGbf j9L efiffx?. ;+:sltx? k/Dk/fx? lt ;j}
;+:s[lts k/Dk/fx? g]kfnLsf] ;Dklt x'g, ;j} ;Dj4{g tyf ;+/If0f ug{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] .
g]kfndf a'4 wd{sf] ljsf;,lj:tf/ / k|a4{g ug{ ;s] b]zsf] /fh:j clws dfqfdf a[l4 eO{ ljsf;
lgdf0f{df ;xof]u k'Ug] cr's ;Defjgfx? 5g\ .
g]kfn k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k"0f{ b]z xf] . ;+;f/sf] ;a} eGbf cUnf] r'r'/f] ;u/dfyfsf]
b]z, zflGtsf cu|b't Pjd\ Pl;ofsf tf/f eujfg uf}td a'4sf] b]z, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] wgL b]z
cflb sf/0fn] klg g]kfn ljZj;fd' kl/lrt 5 . g]kfndf ljsf;sf y'k} ;Defjgfx? 5g\ .
To;dWo] g]kfndf af}4 wd{sf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / plrt ?kdf af}4 lty{:ynx?sf] klxrfg u/L
ko{6sLo ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;s] g]kfnsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df sf];] 9'ªf ;fljt x'g] 5 .
cGTodf, d s] eGg rfxG5' eg] af}4 lzIff eg]sf] jf:tjdf clt dxTjk"0f{, ;do
;fGb{le{s, Jojxfl/s / dfgj sNof0fsf] kydf pleg] hf] sf]xLsf] nflu klg clt pkof]uL 5 . rfx]
Tof] a'l4i6 xf];\,rfx] Tof] lxGb' xf]; rfx] Tof] d'ZnLd xf]; . ;dfhdf ;bfrf/, ;lxi0f'ttf /
zflGtsf] dfu{df lx8g l;sfpFg] lzIff g} af}4 lzIff xf] . To;}n] ;g !(%% df OG8f]g]l;ofsf]
jfª8'ª eGg] zx/df Ps cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] kRrzLnsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] lyof] .
;+;f/df xTof,lx+;f,czflGt Jofks ?kdf a9L/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;dfh, b]z nufot ljZjdf g}
zflGt,;bfrf/ / eft[Tj efjsf] ljsf; ug{ klg af}4 lzIff clt cfjZos 5 . o;y{ af}4 lzIff
nfO{ /fHon] k|fyldstf lbO{ lzIffsf] d'n wf/df ;dfj]z u/L wfld{s lzIffsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{
cfh ;/sf/ nufot /fHosf] bfloTj xf] .
===================================
>L g/]Gb| s'df/ u'?ª
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
;DkfbsLo
df]/ª lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd lj/f6gu/af6 sl/a %% ls=ld= k"jf]{Q/ If]qdf cjl:yt pnf{af/L
gu/kflnsf lhNnfs} bf];|f] 7"nf] ;x/sf] ?kdf ljsl;t eO/x]sf] o; gu/kflnsfsf] k"j{df emfkf
lhNnfsf] bds gu/kflnsf, klZrddf ky/L zlgZr/] gu/kflnsf pQ/df ldSnfh'ª ufpkflnsf /
blIf0fdf O6x/f /t'jfdfO{ gu/kflnsf;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] 5 . o; gu/kflnsfdf sl/a ^),)))÷–
hg;+Vof /x]sf] kfOG5 . clwsf+z e"–efu v]tLof]Uo hldg ePtfklg a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fn] o; If]qsf]
hldgx?df 3/ cfjf; ylkg] qmd ltj| ultdf uO/x]sf] 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df @)#% ;fndf zfSo ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? ;+ul7t eO{ Ps cfk;df wfld{s,
;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lt sfo{x?sf] pTyfg tyf ljsf;sf] nflu sfo{x? ug{ ;'?jft eof] . o;/L g} ;dox?
cufl8 a9\b} uof] . zfSo ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof 3/ cfsfzx? j[l4 x'Fb} uof] . o;/L zfSox?sf]
hg3gTjx? a9\b} uP kl5 lj=;= @)$( ;fndf pnf{af/L g=kf= jf8{=g+= & cjl:yt :joDe' r}To a'4
dxfljxf/sf] nflu :j= nfnaxfb'/ zfSosf] ;'k'q :j= /fdaxfb'/ zfSo / jxfFx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/x?af6
)–!–!) Ps s7\7f bz w'/ hldg bfg lbg' eO{ k'0o ;+ro ug'{eof] . o;} :yfgdf ljleGg dxfg'efjx?,
;+3;+:yf / wdf{jnDaLx?af6 ;xof]u k|fKt u/L ;+:yfks cWoIf :j= >L eQmaxfb'/ zfSosf] cu'jfO{df
a'4 ljxf/ :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn eof}F cfh lj=;= @)&$ ;fn ;Dd cfOk'Ubf @% aif{sf] ;dofjlw ;Ddsf]
cj:yfdf w]/} psfnL cf]/fnL kf/ u/\of}F . o; If]qdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ zfSo ;d'bfo tyf af}4dfuL{x?sf]
lg/Gt/ nugzLntf, xf};nf, k|]/0ff, ;Nnfx / ;'emfjsf] sf/0fn] cfh o; ljxf/n] ;'ljwf ;DkGg ejg,
ljleGg af}4 wd{ ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx? ug{ ;kmn x'Fb} uO/x]sf 5f}F . cfpFbf] lbgx?df o; If]q nufot
k"jf{~rn el/sf a'4 ljxf/x? / pnf{af/L g=kf= cjl:yt af}4 u'Daf, td' u'Dafx?;Fu ;dGjo ub}{ ;Dk"0f{
pkf;s pkfl;sfx?sf] ;/;Nnfx ;'emfjnfO{ x[boud u/L cuf8L a9L /x]sf 5f} .
cfufdL lbg xfdL ;'ljwfhgs ejg agfO{ leIf'x?sf] :yfoL a;f]af; u/fO{ a'4 1fg / bz{gsf]
lzIff lbIff lbg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ljkZogf Wofg s]Gb|sf] cfjZostf 5 . To;}n]
xfdL o; If]qsf] k|ultsf] nflu ;Dos lzIffsf] k|aGw / af}4 ljZjljBfnodf a'4 1fg bz{gdf aL=P=,
Pd=P= / lk=Pr=8L= df cWoog ug{ u/fpg'sf] lgldQ k|]/0ff xf};nf lbg] cfufdL sfo{ of]hgf lnPsf
5f}F .
cGtdf o; /ht hoGtL ;df/f]xdf :dfl/sf k|sfzgdf cd"No of]ubfg ug'{x'g], z'esfdgf
lbg'x'g], cfly{s, ef}lts / j}rfl/s ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;a} dxfg'efjx?df xflb{s ;fw'jfb 6qm\ofpFb5f} .
xf]; ;bwd{ lr/:ofO{ nf]sf] xf]t' ;'lv ;bf .

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
laifo–;"rL
qm=;= ljifo k]h g+=
!= :joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/ Ps kl/ro !
@= a'4 M dfgjd'lQmsf ;j{>]i7 dlzxf #
#= pTyfgsf] nflu a'4 wd{ (
$= a'4 wd{sf] nIo !@
%= uf}td a'4sf] xfdL slt glhs 5f}F < !(
^= 36gf, ;To / oyfy{tf @#
&= a'4wd{df bfgsf] oyfy{tf @%
*= af}4 ;dfhdf df;'sf] k|rngMwfld{s ljrng @(
(= g]kfnL zfSox?sf] uf}tda'4;Fu ;DaGw s;/L hf]ufO /fVg ;lsG5 < #%
!)= >L :joDe' r}To dxfljxf/ w/fg–!# sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro #(
!!= jt{dfg hGdsf] /x:o $!
!@= clx+;f lbj; ljhof bzdL %!
!#= zfSod'lg a'4nfO{ lrGg k|of; u/f}F . %%
!$= dgnfO{ ;xL dfu{df n}hfcf}F . %(
!%= @%^! cf}F a'4 k'l0f{dfsf] z'esfdgf ^#
!^= ljBfyL{ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ Wofgsf] cfjZostf ^%
!&= n3' syf ^&
!*= sn'lift dg;fo lj/f]w u/L ;'wfg'{ k¥of] . ^*
!(= qmf]wn] lxt ub}{g . &!
@)= d}qL / pk]Iff &#

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
@!= a'4 wd{ / :joDe' r}To dxfljxf/ pnf{af/Lsf] Ps emns &%
@@= d]/f] cg'ej &&
@#= dfgl;s ljsf; / a'4 wd{ *!
@$= k|1f syf *%
@%= hLjg lhpg ;defjsf] clgjfo{tf **
@^= af}4 ljZjf; -t[tLo efu_–@! (!
@&= af}4 ljZjf; -t[tLo efu_–^ (%
@*= cgGt Hof]lt >4]o leIf' l;ª\u o'gsf wd{lrGtg–!% (*
@(= gf/L d'lQmsf] k|yd cfjfh y]l/ufyf ((
#)= eujfg a'4sf] clGtd ;do !)$
#!= sd{n] dfq x'G5 7'nf] / ;fgf] hftn] xf]Og !)&
#@= ;To / zflGtsf] n8fO{ !!!
##= cfdfafa' a|Dxf x'g\ . !!@
#$= ;Tosf] vf]hL !!#
#%= ljleGg ;fndf u7g ul/Psf wdf]{bo ;ef sfo{sfl/0fLsf] gfdfjfnL !!$
#^= cfly{s ;xof]u ug'{x'g] >4fn'sf] gfdfjfnL !!^
#&= :joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/sf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{x'g] dxfg'efjx? !@@
#*= zfSo af}4 ;dfh ;]jf pnf{af/Lsf ;b:ox? !@$

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/ Ps kl/ro
@)#) ;fnsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df df]/ª lhNnfsf] pnf{af/L
ahf/df gofF j:tLsf] ?kdf sf7sf] !%÷@) 3/x?
lyof] . l;ldt dflg; / l;ldt 3/ ePsf] afn'j}
afn'jfn] k'/LPsf] af6f] ePsf] Pp6f ;fgf] ahf/
lyof] . z'qmaf/ xl6ofdf ! xKtfsf] cfjZos ;fdfgx?
vl/b ug'{kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . o:t} jftfj/0fdf ef]hk'/
6S;f/sf] zfSod'lg ljxf/df wdf{r/0fsf] ;+3df ufl;FPsf pkf;s pkfl;sfx? / r}gk'/sf pkf;s
pkfl;sfx?sf] Jofkf/ Joj;fodf cfl>t x'g g;Sg] cj:yf >[hgf ePkl5 zfSo j+zsf s]xL kl/jf/
df]/ªsf] pnf{af/Ldf a;f]af; ug{ cfO k'u] .
sl/a @)$# ;fndf u'?df z'zLnf cgfufl/sf :j= eQmaxfb'/ zfSosf] 3/df cfpg'eof] .
jxfFn] Pp6f wfld{s ;d"x lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Nnfx lbg'eof] . >L :j= eQmaxfb'/ zfSosf] ;+of]hsTjdf wdf]{
bo ;ef zfvf pnf{af/Lsf] lgdf{0f eof] . To;kl5 oxfFsf zfSox?n] dlxgfsf] $ kN6 cf}zL, k'l0f{df /
ci6dLdf :j= >L eQmaxfb'/ zfSosf] 3/df e]nf eP/ a'4 k"hf ug]{ z'?jft u/] . To;kl5 wfld{s
sfo{qmd ug{sf] nflu Pp6f ljxf/sf] cfjZostf ePsf] dx;'; x'g yfNof] .
To;kl5 :j= >L nfnaxfb'/ zfSosf ;'k'q :j= /fd a= zfSo / jxfFx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/af6
pnf{af/L–$ sf] 1 s7\7f hldg k|fKt eof] . pk/f]Qm hUuf k|fKt ePkl5 pnf{af/L–$ lgjf;L Ho]i7
gful/s >L kxndfg sfsL{af6 @)$# ;fnsf] a'4 k"l0f{dfsf] lznfGof; sfo{ ;DkGg u/L :j=>L
eQmaxfb'/ zfSosf] ;+of]hg, :j= z]/axfb'/ zfSo / df]xgnfn zfSo, :j= >L /fdaxfb'/ zfSosf]
cu'jfO{df pnf{af/L ;sn zfSo aGw' / tfdfª ;d'bfo / cGo z'e]R5sx?af6 ;xof]u ;+sng u/L
@)$(÷)@÷)# df tNnf] tnfsf] xn lgdf{0f eof] . pQm ejg lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 a'4 d'lt{ :yfkgf u/L
a'4 k"hf, a'4 lzIff lbg] sfo{ ljxf/d} z'?jft eof] . o;} ;dob]lv a'4sf] lzIff k+rzLn;DaGwL 1fg
a'em\g ;lhnf] l:ylt aGg yfNof] .
o;} qmddf wdf{g'bftf pnf{af/L–$ sf >L rf}sLnfn lwdfn Ho"n] blIf0fkl§ # sf]7fsf] ejg
agfO{ bfg ug'{eof] . To;kl5 :j= >L eQmaxfb'/ zfSosf] cWoIftf ePsf] ;ldltaf6 blIf0fkl§sf]
dflyNnf] tnf yk ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg eof] . o;/L ljxf/df ;fdflhs sfo{x? ;DkGg ug{ s]xL ;lhnf]
jftfj/0f x'g yfNof] . o;/L o; ljxf/sf ;+:yfks cWoIf >L eQmaxfb'/ zfSo @)^^ cfiff9 !& ut]
lbj+ut x'g'eof] . To;kl5 :joDe" r}To a'4 ljxf/ ;+rfng ug{ @)^^ ;fndf gofF ;ldltsf] cfjZostf
eof] . ;a} pkf;s pkfl;sfx?sf] ;j{ ;Ddltaf6 pnf{af/L–# lgjf;L >L uf]j4{g zfSosf] cWoIftfdf
gofF ;ldlt lgdf{0f eof] . ljxf/nfO{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ug{ sf]7f xnsf] c;xhtf dx;'; x'Fb} uof] .
1

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
;a} wdf{g'/fuLx?sf] ;xof]u ;b\efj ;+sng u/L ljxf/sf] dflyNnf] tnf @)^* df lgdf{0f
;DkGg u/L a'4 d'lt{ dflyNnf] tnfdf /fVg] sfo{ eof] ;fy} ljxf/sf] k|f+u0fddf czf]s,w'kL / lqm;d;sf]
lj?jf /f]kL ljxf/nfO{ ;'Gb/ / zfGt:yn agfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg eof] .
pk/f]Qm sfo{ x'Fbf x'Fb} klg ljxf/sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f eO{ ;s]sf] lyPg . ljxf/sf]
;+:yfks cWoIf eQmaxfb'/ zfSon] lb+jut x'g] a]nfdf OR5f JoQm ug'{ eP cg';f/ jxfFsf] 5f]/f
pborGb| zfSoaf6 vfg]kfgL, rkL{, wf/f, afy?dsf] Joj:yf x'g uof] / ljxf/sf] s]xL cfjZostf
kl/k'lt{ eof] . To;kl5 ljxf/sf] k|f+u0fdf ;a} zfSo aGw'x?af6 /sd ;+sng u/L lrjfsf] :yfkgf
eof] . ;f]xL lrjfsf] rf/}kl§ !)* 3]o\jf{ >L 5qdfg zfSoaf6 / u]6 :j= afns'df/L zfSoaf6 ;fy}
>L dlgif /fO{af6 ;fp08 aS; / s';L{x? / k~rzLn ;fsf];af6 &% j6f s';L{x? k|fKt eof] . o;/L
;a}sf] ;xof]uaf6 ejg / cfjZos ef}lts ;fdfg lgdf{0f eO{ xfn tNnf] tnfsf] xndf ljleGg
;fdflhs sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg ug{ ;xh eO/x]sf] 5 . cem} klg xfd|f cfjZostfx? w]/} 5g\ k'/fgf
ejgsf] s]xL efux? hL0f{ x'Fb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . ;]km\6L 6\ofª\sLsf] cfjZostf 5 . leIf', u'?dfx?nfO{
cfj; u[xsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o;nfO{ qmlds ?kdf kl/k'lt{ ub}{ n}hfg] of]hgf u/L
/x]sf 5f}F .
o; ljxf/df pkl:yt eP/ xfdLx?n] eGt]x?af6 wd{b]zgf ;'lg/x]sf 5f}F . a'4 / a'4 bz{gsf]
oyfy{ cWoog u/L/x]sf 5f}F . wd{sf] cy{ wf/0f ug]{ xf] . Jojxf/df k|of]u ug]{ xf] . wd{ b'O{ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ . s'zn sd{ wd{ / cs'zn sd{ wd{ . s'zn sd{ wd{ eg]sf] k+rzLn kfng ug'{ jf s;}nfO{
klg b'Mv lbg] sfd gug'{ xf] . k+rzLn kfng ug{ ;Sof} eg] o;} hGddf g} ;dfhn] xfdLnfO{ ;Ddfg
u5{ / csf]{ hGddf klg b]jnf]sdf k'Ug ;lsG5 . cs'zn sd{ ub}{ uof}F eg] oxL hGddf klg ;dfhn]
lwsfg]{ 5g\ . d'v{ eGg] 5, a]Odfg eGg] 5g\ / csf]{ hGddf klg g/s of]u ug'{ kg]{ 5 . To;}n] zLn
kfngf u/L ;dfwLdf ;Ifd eO{ k|1fnfO{ oyfy{ Jojxf/df k|of]u u/L lgjf{0fsf] af6f]df k'Ug] k|of;
u/f}F .
cGtdfM o; :joDe' r}To ljxf/nfO{ clxn]sf] jt{dfg l:ylt;Dd NofO{ k'¥ofpg' x'g] cu|hx?nfO{
xflb{s ;fw'jfb 6qm\ofpFb5' / clxn] x/]s If]qdf cd'No ;xof]u ub}{ cfpg' ePsf ;Dk"0f{ pkf;s
pkfl;sf / dxfg'efjx?nfO{ x[bob]lv wGojfb 6qmofpFb5' . o; ljxf/df a;f]af; ug'{ eO{ ljxf/sf
;Dk"0f{ pkf;s pkfl;sfx?nfO{ a'4 lzIff, a'4 1fg l;sfpg' x'g] >4]o eGt] ;Dos ;+jf]lw k|f0f k'q /
>4]o eGt] d]3+s/nfO{ xflb{s ;fw'jfb 6qmfpFb5' . k'gZr o; ljxf/df nIdLnfn cIfosf]ifsf] gfddf b'O{
nfv k|bfg ug'{x'g] eQm /fhe08f/L sf7df8f}F / /fhs'df/ zfSo, jzGt zfSo / k+sh zfSo /
kl/jf/af6 / :j= z]/ a= zfSosf] :d/0fdf o; ljxf/sf] cIfo sf]ifdf ?= %) xhf/ k|bfg ug'{ x'g]
rGb|s'df/L zfSo, 1fg]Gb| zfSo, sdn zfSo / kl/jf/nfO{ / dflyNnf] xndf a'4 d'lt{dfly /flvPsf]
tf]/g agfO lbg'x'g] >L b]jnfn zfSonfO{ ;d]t xflb{s ;fb'jfb 6qm\ofpFb5' .
xf]; ;bwd{ lr/:ofO{ nf]sf] xf]t' ;'vL ;bf .
cWoIf
uf]j4{g zfSo
2

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
a'4 M dfgjd'lQmsf ;j{>]i7 dzLxf
ljifo k|j]z
–gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L
g]kfn Pp6f ;fgf] b]z eP klg p;n] b'O{j6f s'/fdf ;jf}{Rrtf xfl;n ug]{ ;f}efUo kfPsf] 5–
Tof] xf] ef}uf]lns ;jf]{Rrtf / r]tgfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf . ef}uf]lns ;jf]{Rrtfsf] k|lts ;u/dfyf 5 eg]
r]tgfsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] k|lts 5g\ a'4 . oL b'O6} s'/fn] g]kfnn] ljZjdf k|lzl4 kfPsf] 5, kfO/x]sf] 5 /
kfO/xg] 5 . ef}uf]lns pRrtfsf] gfkf] j:t'ut 9+un] dL6/df / kmL6df ug{ ;lsG5 t/ r]tgfsf] gfkf]
To;/L lng ;lsGg . r]tgfsf] prfO{ gfKg ls ;fwgfsf] uxg cg'e"lt rflxG5 ls rflxG5 Jofks b[li6
/ To;nfO{ JoQm ug]{ ljrf/sf] k|v/ cleJolQm . oL b'j} s'/fdf a'4 a]hf]8 b]lvG5g\ . To;}n] pgL
aGb}5g\ ljZjJofkL . dfgjnfO{ a'4n] h'g ul/df k|bfg u/] / dfgj d'lQmsf] h'g dfu{ pgn] k|Zf:t u/]
Tof] cGotd 5 . a'4sf] ToxL dfu{bz{gnfO{ xfdL a'4 bz{g eG5f}F h;sf] clt ;+lIfKt rrf{ ug'{ o;
n]vsf] clei6 xf] .
a'4 bz{gsf cfwf/ :tDe–
a'4n] b]v]sf] jf cfTd;ft u/]sf] hLjg ;To g} a'4sf] bz{g xf] . bz{gnfO{ hLjgz}nLdf
kl/l0ft ug{ vf]Hbf wd{dtsf] hGd x'G5 . bz{gsf] cy{ b]Vg' xf] eg] wd{sf] cy{ To;nfO{ wf/0f ug'{ xf] .
h'g s'/f wf/0f ugf{n] hLjg pGgt, pGgtt/ / pGgttd aGb} hfG5 Tof] wd{ xf] . zAbfGt/df eGbf
hLjgnfO{ cfgGbdo, clt cfgGbdo / k/dfgGbdo agfpFb} n}hfg] u'0fx?nfO{ wd{ elgG5 / To;sf]
ljk/Lt hLjgnfO{ b'MvL, emg b'MvL / k/d b'MvL agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s'/fnfO{ cwd{ elgG5 .
a'4sf dtdf dflg;n] cfkm\gf :d[ltk6ndf wf/0f ug'{kg]{ rf/j6f s'/f 5g\ rf/ j6f ;To 5g\ . tL
;To csf6\o 5g\ / ;fj{ef}d 5g\ . To;}n] a'4n] ltgnfO{ cfo{;To eg] . ltg} rf/ cfo{ ;Tosf] af]waf6
a'4sf] bz{g klg z'? x'G5 / af}4 wd{ klg z'? x'G5 . cem} egf}F tL rf/ cfo{ ;Tosf] af]w g} af}4
dfu{sf] k|:yfgljGb' xf] . a'4sf] wd{, cf:yf / ljZjf;df xf]Og Jojxfl/s ;To / cg'e"ltut oyfy{df
cfwfl/t 5 . O{Zj/ 5 ls 5}g, eP s:tf] 5, ;fsf/ 5 ls lg/fsf/ 5, O{Zj/ dfGg] ls gdfGg],
ljZjf; ug]{ ls gug]{ OToflb s'/fdf ;+;f/sf wd{bz{gx?df ljjfb x'g ;S5 . cWofTdjfbL /
ef}ltsjfbLx?df dt}So gx'g ;S5 . t/ ;+;f/df b'Mv 5 ls 5}g, hLjg b'Mvdo 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fdf
s;}sf] ljjfb /xb}g . cWofTdjfbL xf];\ ls ef}ltsjfbL, wfld{s xf];\ jf cwfld{s hLjgdf b'Mv 5 eGg]
s'/fdf ;a} Psdt 5g\ . of] Jojxfl/s ;To xf] / ;a}n] cg'ej u/]sf] tYo xf] . oxL ;fj{ef}d ;TonfO{
;dft]/ a'4sf] wd{dfu{ z'? x'G5 .
hLjghutdf b'Mv 5 . of] klxnf] cfo{;To xf] t/ Tof] b'Mv To;} cfPsf] xf]Og . To;sf] sf/0f 5 .
Tof] sf/0fsf] lgdf{tf :jo+ dflg; xf] . of] bf];|f] cfo{ ;To xf] . Tof] sf/0f ckl/xfo{ / csf6\o 5}g .
To;nfO{ sf6\g ;lsG5, x6fpg ;lsG5 . b'MvnfO{ lgd"{n g} kfg{ ;lsG5 of] t;|f] cfo{;To xf] . b'Mv /
To;sf sf/s tTjx?nfO{ x6fpg] pkfox? 5g\ . tL pkfo ckgfP/ dflg; ;bf;bfsf nflu b'Mvaf6
d'Qm x'g;S5 . of] rf}yf] cfo{;To xf] . log} rf/ cfo{;To g} a'4 wd{ jf bz{gsf rf/ v'§f x'g\ h;df
af}4 wd{dt cl8Psf] 5 .
3

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
af}4 cfrf/ ;+lxtf–
a'4sf] wd{ cfrf/k|wfg wd{ xf] . o;n] ;bfr/0fnfO{ lgs} dxTj lbG5 . ;bfrf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljgo
lk6s cflb y'k|} u|Gyx? af}4 jfª\dodf e]l6G5g\ t/ ;a}sf] jLh rfxL k~rzLn g} xf] . kfFrj6f
zLnx?sf] 7Ls;Fu kfng ug]{ xf] eg] hLjg b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'G5 . h;/L hLjgdf b'Mv 5 eGg] s'/f ;To
xf] To;} u/L k~rzLn / ci6fª\u dfu{sf] kfngf ugf{n] b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f klg
cg'ejl;4 ;To xf] . ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg dflg;n] o;nfO{ k/LIf0f u/]/ cg'ej ug{ ;S5 . o;df cf:yf
/ ljZjf;n] eGbf k|of]u / k/LIf0fn] a9\tf dxTj /fV5 . To;}n] a'4sf] wd{ lj1fg;Ddt 5 . a'4n]
lbPsf] oxL j}1flgs wd{sf] kfngf u/]/ ljutdf s}of}F dflg;x? b'Mvaf6 d'Qm eP, jt{dfgdf x'Fb}5g\ /
eljiodf klg x'g]5g\ . of] wd{ zfZjt ePsfn] a'4n] o;nfO{ ;gftg jf ;gGtgf] -P; wDdf] ;gGtgf]_
eGg] gfd lbPsf 5g\ .
k~rzLndf klxnf] zLn xf]–s'g} klg k|f0fLsf] k|f0fdf cf3ft gk'¥ofpg' . s;}nfO{ gdfg'{, gd/fpg',
si6 glbg', a? ;a}k|lt d}qLefj ljsl;t ug'{ . bf];|f] zLn xf] csf{sf] j:t' p;n] glbOsg nf]ej;
cfkm"v';L glng' jf rf]/L gug'{ . o;nfO{ crf}o{ jf c:t]o klg elgG5 . t];|f] zLn xf] ljjflxt klt jf
kTgLafx]s cGo :qL jf k'?if;Fu of}g;Dks{ gug'{ . rf}yf] zLn xf]–hfF8, /S;L, ufFhf, efª nufot s'g}
klg gl;nf] kbfy{sf] ;]jg gug'{ / kfrf}F zLn xf]–s;}nfO{ 9f6\g] jf s;};Fu em'7f] af]Ng] ldYof Jojxf/
gug'{ . oL kfFr zLnleq ;Dk"0f{ cfr/0f gLlt ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ;dfhsf ;a} JolQmn] oL k~rzLnsf]
b[9tfk"j{s kfngf ug]{ xf] eg] ;fdflhs ljs[lt / lj;+ultx? :jtM ;dfKt eP/ hfG5g\ . ;dfh ls
Psn] csf{dfly zlQm k|of]u ug]{, dfg]{ d/fpg], b'Mv lbg], cftlª\st t'Nofpg] s'/fn] czfGt ag]sf] 5 ls
cltl/Qm nf]en] ubf{ c?nfO{ 7Ug], rf]g{], zf]if0f ug]{ / 3'; jf sld;gsf] v]tL ug] / s'g} klg tl/sfn]
csf{sf] ;DklQ cfkm\gf] agfpg] k|oTg ug]{ sfo{n] ubf{ czfGt 5 . pGd'Qm / cj}w of}g;DaGw /
To;af6 pTkGg x'g] P8\; nufot cg]sy/L /f]u, e}memu8f, zf/Ll/s c:j:ytf cflbn] ubf{ klg ;dfh
czfGt 5 / gl;nf] kbfy{sf] lgjf{w ;]jgn] klg ;fdflhs hLjg c:tJo:t x'g k'u]sf]
5 . clg c;To jf0fL, c;To Jojxf/, 5nsk6 cflbaf6 klg olt lj£g b'Mv / si6sf] e'd/Ldf k/]sf]
5 .
af}4 ;dfhzf:q
a'4n] ;+;f/sf ;Dk"0f{ dfgj;dfhnfO{ b'Mvaf6 d'lQm lbnfpg b]vfPsf] af6f] xf] ci6fª\dfu{ . cf7
cª\u ePsf] of] hLjgdfu{df ;Rrf ofqLx?nfO{ g t o; hLjgdf b'MvL x'g'k5{ g efjL hLjgdf .
wDdkb\ nufot a'4sf tdfd pkb]zx?df o; s'/fsf] 7f]s'jf ul/Psf] 5 . rf/ cfo{;To / k~rzLn
nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ af}4 ;flxTo / ;fwgf k4ltx? a'4sf log} ci6fª\dfu{df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ tL cf7 dfu{
x'g\ .
!= ;Dos b[li6–
h'g j:t' h:tf] 5 jf h] xf] To;nfO{ ToxL ?kdf hfGg] jf a'em\g] oyfy{ b[li6 g} ;Dos b[li6 xf] . of]
;+;f/ b'Mvdo sf/fuf/ h:tf] 5 / dflg; cFWof/f] sf]7fdf a:g] s}bL h:tf] 5 t/ p;Fu Pp6f dg 5
h;sf] ;b'kof]u u/]/ pm sf/fuf/d'Qm, aGwgd'Qm x'g ;S5 eGg] 7Dofpg' g} ;Dos b[li6 xf] . ;Dos
4

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
b[li6sf] p2]Zo b'MvnfO{ lrGg g;Sg] cljBfsf] ljgf; / ldYof b[li6, ldYof wf/0ff tyf ldYof
ljZjf;af6 d'Qm x'g' xf] . -cDa]8s/–*(_
@= ;Dos ;+sNk–
dflg;sf OR5f cfsf+Iffx?nfO{ pRr:t/ / k|z+;fof]Uo agfpg' -P]= *(_ ;w}F kljq lrGtg ug'{, ug{
gx'g] sfo{ slxNo} gug'{ / sfd qmf]w O{iof{ tyf b'isd{x?af6 d'Qm x'g] lgZro jf k|lt1f ug'{ g} ;Dos
;ª\sNk xf] .
#= ;Dos jf0fL -jrg_–
ljrf/x?nfO{ em} cfkm\gf jf0fL jf zAbnfO{ klg z'4 /fVg', ;fFrf] af]Ng', c;To / cy{xLg s'/f gaf]Ng',
s;}sf] s'/f gsf6\g', s7f]/, b'/fu|xk"0f{, pQ]hs / kIfkftk"0f{ jrg gaf]Ng] k|lt1f ug'{ tyf zLtn zfGt
/ ;+oldt jf0fL dfq af]Ng] ;+ª\sNk ug'{ g} ;Dos jf0fL xf] . ;Dos jf0fLsf] dfkb08 s'g} 7"nf
dflg;sf] cfb]z geP/ a'l4;Fut, ts{k"0f{, ;fy{s, sNof0fsf/L / lzi6 jrg xf] .
$= ;Dos sdf{Gt–
c?sf] efjgf / clwsf/sf] sb/ ub}{ ul/g] of]Uo Jojxf/ ;Dos sd{ xf] . o;df lxF;f gug]{, rf]/L
gug]{, Jolerf/ gug]{, dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg gug]{, tf; h'jf gv]Ng] / ;a} k|f0fLdf d}qLefj /fVg],
sNof0fsf/L sfo{x? dfq ug]{ cflb k~rzLn cGtu{tsf ;a} sd{x? k5{g\ .
%= ;Dos cfhLj–
;xL / /fd|f] sfd u/]/ hLljsf rnfpg' . s;}nfO{ wf]sf glbO, s;}sf] zf]if0f gu/L, c?nfO{ cGofo
/ xfgL gk'¥ofO{ Gofo;ª\ut, ;bfrf/k"0f{ ;fwf/0f hLjg JolQt ug'{ ;Dos cfhLj xf] . j]Zofj[lt,
dBdf+;sf] Jofkf/ l;sf/L k]zf, rsf]{ Jofhsf] n]gb]g, lrKnf s'/f u/]/ c?nfO{ e|ldt kfg]{ sfo{ ;Dos
cfhLljsfdf kb}{gg\ .
^= ;Dos Jofofd–
dfgl;s bf]ifx?nfO{ k/flht ug'{, b'u'{0faf6 ar]/ ;b\u'0fx? u|x0f ug'{ g} ;Dos Jofofd xf] . -leIf'
;4flt:;–a'4 hLjg / bz{g_ ci6fª dfu{ lj/f]wL lrQj[lt p7\g glbg', p7]sf] eP bafpg', clg ci6fª\u
dfu{df ;xof]uL x'g] lrQj[lQ pTkGg ug'{, pTkGg ePsf] eP ltgsf] j[l4 lj:tf/ ug'{nfO{ ;Dos
Jofofdsf] p2]Zo dflgPsf] 5 . -P]=()_ ;Dos Jofofdleq bz kf/ldtfx? klg kb{5g\ h;df bfg,
zLn, g}isDo{, k|1f, ljo{, IfflGt, ;To, clwi7fg, d}qL, pk]Iff kb{5g\ .
&= ;Dos :d[lt–
hGd, h/f, d[To'nfO{ ;w}F ;lDem/xg' / cfWoflTds pGgltsf nflu lg/Gt/ hfu?s Pj+ ;ts{ x'g' g}
;Dos :d[lt xf] . z/L/sf ;+j]bgfx?nfO{ dgsf cg'e'ltx?nfO{, dl:tissf ljrf/x?nfO{ ;hu eP/
x]l//xg' ;Dos :d[lt xf] .
*= ;Dos ;dflw–
lrQsf] Psfu|tfnfO{ ;dflw elgPsf] 5 . ha of] Psfu|tf cz'e sd{af6 x6]/ k"0f{t M z'e
sd{;Fu hf]l8G5, ;Dos ;dflw x'G5 . ;Dos ;dflwn] dgnfO{ s'zn sd{ dfq ug{ / s'zn lrGtgdf
dfq nfUg] zlQm k|bfg u5{ . -P]= (!_ ts{, ljrf/, zflGt / Psfu|tfsf] cf>o, ;a} k|f0fL / ;a} j:t'
5

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
clgTo x'g\ eGg] af]w, sfd'stf, ;+;o, cfn:o, lrGtfaf6 d'lQm / dfgl;s ;dtfsf] k|flKt g} jf:tjdf
;Dos ;dflw xf] .
pko'{Qm ci6flª\us dfu{sf] /fd|/L kfngf ul/of] eg] b'Mvaf6 5'6\sf/f kfOG5 eGg] ljZjf; g} a'4dt
xf] . o;}nfO{ b[li6ut u/L cg]s g}lts lgodx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 af}4 wd{bz{gdf .
af}4dtdf dflg;sf] :yfg
;+;f/sf wd{bz{gsf] Oltxf;df a'4 dfq} Pp6f o:tf JolQm x'g h;n] O{Zj/ k/d]Zj/nfO{ h'g 7fpFdf
/fv]sf 5g\ ToxL pRr 7fpFdf a'4n] :jo+ dflg;nfO{ /flvlbPsf 5g\ . Oltxf;df klxnf]k6s a'4n]
dflg;nfO{ olt 7"nf] ul/df k|bfg u/] . dflg;n] dfGg'kg]{ / hfGg'kg]{ c? sf]xL geP/ :jo+ cfkm}F xf] eGg]
dfGotf a'4n] :yflkt u/] . wDdkbsf] cQjUuf]sf !( j6f ufyfdf a'4n] oxL cQ jf cfkm' ;DaGwL
cjwf/0ff k|:tt u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;+;f/df dflg;sf] ;a}eGbf Kof/f] j:t' eg]sf] :jo+ cfkm' xf] . To;}n] cfkm\gf nflu dflg;n] ;Dk"0f{
s'/f bfpdf nufpg tlD;G5 . ;+s6sf a]nfdf dflg; klxn] cfkm'F aRg vf]H5, To;kl5 dfq c?nfO{
arfpg] r]i6f u5{ . afFr / afFRg b]pm sf] gf/fdf klg oxL cfzo n's]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t} tdfd
s'/fx?af6 yfxf x'G5–dflg;n] ;a}eGbf a9L dfof cfkm}FnfO{ u5{ t/ j[4sf b[li6df dflg;n] :jo+nfO{
h;/L dfof ug'{kg]{ xf] ul//x]sf] 5}g . lsgeg] dfof ug'{ eg]sf] p;sf] /Iff ug'{, enfO{ jf sNof0f ug'{
xf] t/ ulxl/P/ x]bf{ dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ k|]d ug]{ gfddf cfkm\gf] lxt x'g] / cfkm\gf] ;'/Iff x'g] sfd
ul//x]sf] b]lvGg . clwsf+z dflg;x? To:t} sd{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . h;n] ubf{ pm o; hGddf klg /
cfufdL hGddf klg ;'vL x'g ;Sb}g . dflg;n] ;'v kfpg] cfzfdf e|dj+z b'Mvsf] aLp /f]lk/x]sf] dfq
b]lvG5 . To;}n] a'4 eG5g\–obL ltdL cfkm'nfO{ dfof u5f}{ eg] cfkm'nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] sfd u/ . kl08t
jf 1fgjfg\ ag]/ tLg ofddWo] Ps ofd hfuf /x' . !
dflg;nfO{ slDtdf klg olt 1fg x'g'k5{ ls c?nfO{ b'Mv lbg' eg]sf] cfkm\g} nflu b'Mvsf] aLp /f]Kg'
xf], c?k|lt lx+;|s aGg' eg]sf] cfkm\g} d[To' lgDTofpg' xf], c?sf] cl:tTjdfly cf3ft k'¥ofpg' eg]sf]
cfkm\g} ;'/Iffsf] af/ eTsfpg' xf] . o; s'/fdf dflg; hfu[t x'g}k5{ , tLgofddf Ps ofd o'jfj:yf,
k|f}9j:yf / j[4fj:yf dWo] Ps ofd eGg] cy{ u/]sf 5g\ ! eg] sG5bLnfnn] lbgsf] tLg ofd cyf{t
ljxfg, lbpF;f] / a]n'sf jf /ftsf tLg ofd k|f/De dWo / cGTo eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . clg hfuf
/xg'sf] tfTko{ Wofgk"0f{ jf xf]zk"0f{ x'g' eGg] cfzo a'lemG5 . ;f/df eGbf cfkm'nfO{ k|]d ug]{ kl08t jf
1fgL dflg;n] b'isd{af6 cfkm'nfO{ arfpg k5{ / tLg ofddWo] sDtLdf Ps ofd Wofgk"0f{ jf xf]zk"0f{
x'g] s'/f u/] t/ dxfjL/n] s]jn c8\rfln; ldg6dfq} klg obL dflg;sf] lrQ l:y/ /xG5 jf xf]zdf
x'G5 eg] p;sf] df]Ifdfu{ ;'/lIft x'G5 eg] . @
a'4n] pwf/f] 1fg / pwf/f] pkb]znfO{ s'g} 7fpF lbPsf 5}gg\ . pkb]z To;n] dfq b]cf]; h;n]
pkb]znfO{ cfk\mgf] hLjgdf ptf/]sf] xf];\ . klxn] cfk'mn] u/ clg dfq c?nfO{ eg . cfkm}F pklbi6 geO{
c?nfO{ pkb]z lbg vf]Hg] dflg; Sn]zdf k5{ . k|foM dflg;x? c?nfO{ ctL{ pkb]z ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg
cl3 ;5{g\ t/ cfkm\g} hLjgdf tL ctL{ pkb]zsf] slt kfngf ePsf] 5, To;sf] x]Ssf /fVb}gg\ . To;}n]
b'lgofdf ;Nnfx jf pkb]z ;aeGbf ;:tf] x'g k'u]sf] 5 . elgG5 ;a}eGbf a9L lbOg] t/ ;a}eGbf sd
6

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
lnOg] j:t' g} pkb]z jf ;Nnfx xf] . # of] dfgjLo sdhf]/L b]v]/ a'4n] eg]–klxn] cfkm}Fn] u/]/ b]vfpm
clg dfq pkb]z u/ . o;f] ug]{ dflg; g} kl08t xf] / To;n] b'v kfpGg . a'4 :jo+dn] klg cfk\mgf
pkb]zx?nfO{ k|of]ufTds ?kd} k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . c7'7syfx? o;sf ;fIfL x'g\ .
a'4 eG5g\–c?nfO{ cg'zfl;t kfg{ vf]Hg]n] klxn] cfkm}F cg'zfl;t x'g'k5{, klxn] cfk\mgf] OlGb|ox?dfly
bdg u/]/ df q c?dfly bdg ug'{k5{, lsgsL cfk"mnfO{ bdg ug'{ ;aeGbf sl7g s'/f xf] .% c?af6
h:tf] Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff /flvG5 To:t} Jojxf/ cfk"mn] c?k|lt klg ug'{k5{ eGg] o; sygsf] klxnf] kIf
xf] . o;n] dflg;nfO{ cfkm\gf] jfgLJojxf/ ;'wfg{ k|]l/t u5{ . c?af6 ;Ddfg, cfb/, k|]d, ;xof]u
rfxg]n] c?nfO{ klg cfb/;Ddfg, k|]d ;xof]u ug'{k¥of] . h:tf] sd{ ul/of] To:t} kmn kfOG5 / h]
/f]lkof] ToxL kmN5 eGg] o;sf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt xf] . /x\of] bdgsf] s'/f . bdg zAbsf] jt{dfg cy{ xf]
bafpg' . k|mfo8n] c+u|]hLdf h'g l/k|]zg jf ;k|]zgsf] k|of]u u/] To;}sf] cg'jfb clxn]sf] efiffdf bdg
xf] . t/ k|frLg wd{u|Gy tyf a'4sf ;dodf bd jf bdgsf] cy{ bafpg' geP/ ;+oldt ug'{ jf zfGt
kfg'{ eGg] /x]sf] kfOG5 . dxfjL/ tyf kt~hnLn] klg bdgsf] oxL cy{ lnPsf 5g\ . s'g} JolQm jf
j[ltnfO{ hah{:tL bafpg' jf c7\ofg' 5'6} s'/f xf] / ljj]sk"0f{ zfGt kfg'{ jf lgoGq0f ug'{ 5'§} s'/f xf] .
klxnf]df ansf] k|of]u x'G5 eg] bf];|f]df ;dembf/Lsf] k|of]u x'G5 . a'4sf] kIf ;dem jf af]wsf] kIf xf]
. OGb|Lox?sf] j[lt, ljsf/ tyf pQ]hgfnfO{ hah{:tL bafpg vf]lhof] eg] To;n] ljs/fn kl/0ffd
lgDTofpg ;S5 / obL To;nfO{ xf]zk"j{s t6:y efjn] lg/LIf0f ul/of] eg] To:tf j[ltx? :jtM zfGt
x'G5g\ . pl7/x]sf] qmf]w, hflu/x]sf] sfd jf cGo j[ltx?nfO{ obL ;fIfL efj / cGtb{[li6n] x]l//xg] xf]
eg] ltgsf pQ]hgfx? :jtM zfGt x'g yfN5g\ . oxL pkfonfO{ a'4n] oxfF bdg eg]sf] a'lemG5 . o;
k|sf/ h;n] cfkm\gf OlGb|ox?dfly lgoGq0f u5{, To;n] dfq c?nfO{ ;xL cy{df bdg jf lgoGq0f ug{
;S5 . of] sfo{ lgZro g} sl7g 5 To;}n] o:tf] sfo{ ug]{nfO{ jL/ dfq xf]Og dxfjL/, hLg, zf:tf cflb
pkflwn] lje'lift ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
o;k|sf/ h;n] cfkm\g} bdg u/]sf] 5 jf cfkm'dfly k"0f{ lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf] 5 To;n] nf]ssf]
:jfldTj klg kfpF5 / nf]sf]Q/ :jfldTj jf lgdf{0f klg k|fKt u5{ . ! JolQmnfO{ d'lQm jf lgjf{0fdf
k'¥ofpg] sfo{ c? s;}sf] geP/ JolQm :jo+sf] xf] . To;}n] a'4n] dflg;nfO{ "ltd|f] :jfdL ltdL cfkm}F xf}
c? sf]xL ltd|f] :jfdL aGg ;Sb}g" 'cQf lx cQgf] gfyf] sf]lx gfy] k/f] l;of @ elglbP . a'4n] dfgj
hfltnfO{ O{Zj/ k/d]Zj/ jf s;}sf] klg bf; jf ;]js, zfl;t jf zf]lift x'g] cjwf/0ffaf6 d'lQm lbP .
k/d :jtGqtf k|bfg u/] t/ Tof] ] :jtGqtf lg/ª\s'z :jR5Gbtf eg] xf]Og . o;/L x]bf{ a'4nfO{ dfgjLo
d'lQmsf ;j{>]i7 dzLxf eGg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; kf]v/f
7

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
8

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
pTyfgsf] nflu a'4wd{
n]vs– 8f= u0f]z dfnL
a'4wd{ ax'hgsf] lxtsf] nflu ax'hgsf] ;'vsf] nflu ;dlk{t wd{ xf] . eujfg\ a'4sf] cx\jfg
5 "r/y leSvj] rfl/s, ax'hglxtfo, ax'hg;'vfo, nf]sfg'sDkfo, cTyfo lxtfo ;'vfo b]jdg':ofg,"
cyf{t leIf'x? xf]! nf]sdfly cg'sDkf u/L b]j dg'iox?sf] cy{, lxt / ;'vsf] nflu, ax'hgsf] lxt /
;'vsf] nflu rf/}lt/ ljr/0f u/ . of] cfx\jfg leIf'x?nfO{ dfq ge} ;d:t af}4x?nfO{ g} xf], cem ;d:t
k|f0fLx?nfO{ g} xf] . To;sf/0f hxfF b'Mv 5, czflGt 5, ToxfF af}4x?sf] bfloTj 5, st{Jo 5 .
czflGtnfO{ x6fO{ ;'v / zflGt Nofpg e/dUb"/ k|oTg ug'{ ;d:t dfgj dfqsf] st{Jo xf] .
lj8Dagf s] 5 eg], cfh xfd|f] b]zdf xfd|f] ;dfhdf Psflt/ /fhg}lts bnx? cfbz{ ;dfh
:yfkgfsf] gf/f lbO /x]sf 5g\, csf{lt/ wd{x? dg'io dfqnfO{ :ju{ / d'lQmsf] k|nf]eg lbb}5g\ t/
oyfy{df xfd|f ;dfhsf clwsf+z hgtf emg\ emg\ b'Mv / czflGtsf] Hjfnfdf eid x'Fb}5g\, wd{sd{ ug]{ t
s'/} 5f}8f}F lbgsf] Ps 5fs vfO{ afFRgnfO{ klg wf} wf} kl//x]sf] 5, c;'/Iff, /f]u, ef]s, clzIffsf]
cGwsf/df lklN;b} 5g\ . zf]if0f, lj;dtf / bdgsf] e'd/Ldf k/L/x]sf 5g\ . a'4 wd{ x]t'jfbdf
cfwfl/t wd{ xf] . cfo'idfg\ cZjlhtn] ;f/L k'qnfO{ eujfg\ a'4sf] jfb af/] 5f]6s/Ldf kl/ro lbb}
eg]sf lyP M"o] wDdf x]t'Kkejf, x]t' t];f+ tyfutf] cfx, t];+ r of] lg/f]wf] Pj+jfbL dxf;dgf]" cyf{t\ x]t'
-sf/0f_ af6 pTkGg hlt klg wd{ -b'Mv, czflGt cflb_ 5g\ ltgLx?sf] x]t' -;d'bo_ tyfut eGg'x"G5,
ltgLx?sf] hf] lg/f]w -/f]syfd_ xf], Tof] klg eGg'x"G5–dxf>d0f -tyfut_ o:tf] jfbL x'g'x'G5 .
;dfhdf b'Mv czflGt 5 t s'g} cnf}lss zlQmsf] yfkgf u/]/ To:sf] cufl8 xft hf]8L z/0f
hfFb}df b'Mv czflGt x/fP/ hfb}g, b'Mv / czflGtsf] d"n sf/0f h/f;Dd k'u]/ sxfFaf6 b'Mv / czflGt
pTkGg eO/x]5 eGg] yfxf kfO{ s] u/]df b'Mv / czflGt pTkGg x'g 5f]8\5 eGg] s'/f]sf] kQf nufO{
To:sf] pkfo klg u/]df dfq b'Mv / czflGt x6]/ hfG5 . eujfg\ a'4sf cg'ofoL xfdLx?n] oL s'/fx?
l;s]/ Jojxf/df ptfg'{ k/]sf] 5 .
df]6fdf]6L tj/n] eGg ;lsG5 ls k|fo M ;a} b'Mv / czflGtsf] d"n h/f ;dfhdf st} ljs[lt
:j?k pTkGg clgolGqt / c:jefljs tyf t[i0ff jf ;'vsf] rfxgfdf ufl8Psf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs /f]usf]
?kdf oqtq pAhL/x]sf tdf] u'0f k|wfg clzIff / cGwljZjf;, zlQmdb / lj;dtf, cy{ / sfd
lkkf;f, j0f{ jf hftLo prgLrsf] efjg, dfbs kbfy{sf] s'nt, ckf/ wg/fzL / ;'ljwfo'Qm hLjgsf]
rfxgf OTofbLsf] cf8df clgolGqt c:jfefljs t[i0ffn] h/f] uf8L /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . h'gk|sf/af6
hxfF hxfF h;/L oL ljleGg t[i0ffx? ;d'bo eO/x]sf 5g\ , To; k|sf/af6 ToxfF–ToxfF To;/L g}
logLx?nfO{ lgd"{n ug]{af/] ;lj:tf/ cWoog u/L xfdL af}4x?n] tbg';f/ t[i0ffsf] h/fnfO{ pv]nL km\ofSg
cfjZos pkfox? kQf nufO{ kfOnf rfNg', ;dfhdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] 7]Ssf lnO{ a;]sfx?nfO{ af]w u/fO{,
af6f] b]vfO{, ;s[o u/fpg' xfd|f] bfloTj xf] eg] xfdL cfkm}Fn] klg cfkm\gf] ;fdYo{ cg';f/ sxfF s] u/]df
;fdlhs b'Mvsf] cfuf]sf] HjfnfnfO{ dTy/ ug{ ;lsG5, ;f] cg';f/ ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs b'Mv /
czflGtnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L cfFvf lrDnL xft afFlwa:g' xfdLnfO{ af}4 x'g'sf] gftfn] czf]egLo 5 .
9

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
a'4sfnLg ;dfh / xfd|f] cfhsf] ;dfhaLr w]/} cGt/ cfO;s]sf] 5 . To;a]nf hg;+Vof
cGToGt sd lyof], o;sf/0f hUuf hldg k|z:t lyP, vfg nfpg s]xL si6 lyPg, wgL / u/LaaLr
Tolt e]b lyPg . eujfg\ a'4n] b'Mv ;Todf b]zgf ug'{ ePsf cf7 k|sf/sf b'Mvx? -hGd, h/f, Joflw,
d[To', lk|o–ljof]u, clk|o–;+of]u, OR5fsf] cfk'lt{ / ;+If]kdf -kfFr pkfbfg :sGwx?_ Tolta]nf b'Mvsf d"n
:j?kx? lyP, h'g cfh klg ;a}sf] nflu ;To 5g\ . t/ b'Mvsf] HjfnfnfO{ clt tLa| u/L km'Sg] cfhsf
sf/0fx? Tolta]nf lyPgg\ . clgolGqt hg;+Vof j[l4af6 pTkGg a;f]af; vfgkfgsf] ;d:of /
;+3if{x?, ;fdGtjfb / k"FhLjfbaf6 pTkGg ljs[ltx?, hfltjfb, j0f{e]b, ln+ue]baf6 pTkGg lj;dtfx?,
cg]s wd{x?aLr c;lxi0f'tf cflbaf6 pTkGg ;fdflhs /f]ux? Tolta]nf cltsd dfqfdf lyP xf]nfg\ .
Tolta]nf /fHox? klg ;–;fg} lyP . eujfg a'4\n] cfkm\gf b]zgfx?sf] qmddf k|z+;f ug'{ePsf] j}zfnL
u0ftGqdf b]zsf ;a} k|ltlglwx? Pslqt eO{, b]zsf ;d:ofx? 5nkmn u/L dt}Sosf] cfwf/df lg0f{ox?
lnO{ /fHo ;+rfng ul/GYof], ;Qfsf] nflu xf]8afhL / ;Qfsf] b'?kof]u x'b}GYof], 3D;f3D;L tyf 4G4sf]
l:ylt slxNo} cfpb}gYof] . eujfg\ a'4 cfkm}n] gbLsf] kfgLnfO{ lnP/ zfSo / sf]lnoaLr x'g nfu]sf]
emu8fnfO{ ;fDo ul/lbg' ePsf] lyof] .
eujfg a'4sf] kfnfb]lv cfh;Ddsf] aLr ;dfhdf w]/} kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5, t/x t/xsf
/fhg}lts k|of]ux? e} /fv]sf 5g\ lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ;fdflhs ?k/]vf / ;'ljwfx?df kl/jt{g
NofO ;s]sf] 5, ;fdflhs ;d:ofx? ;'Nemfpg t/x t/xsf tl/sfx? lgsflnPsf 5g\ . ef/tdf
:jt+qtfsf] ;+u|fd lhTg ;To / clx+;fsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] ?;, rLg / cGo s]xL b]zdf ;fdflhs
;'wf/ Nofpg sfn{dfS;sf] l;4fGt cg'?k ;fDojfbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} dfgjtf / :jt+qtfsf]
gfddf 7"nf /fi6«sf] :jfy{ / cx+sf] kl/k'lt{sf nflu ;fgf /fi6«x?dfly o'4x? yf]kfl/Psf] klg xfdLx?n]
b]lv/x]sf 5f}F . cft+sjfbnfO{ bafpg] qmddf yk cft+sjfb ;[hgf eO/x]sf] 5 . eujfg\ a'4sf] cd/
jf0fL–"j}/n] slxNo} j}/ zfGt x'Fb}g, oxfF cj}/n] j}/ zfGt x'G5 of] plxn]b]lv g} rlncfPsf] wd{ xf] ."
eGg] ;To ;Gb]z cfhsf] ljZjdf st} uP/ clNem/x]sf] h:tf] xfdLnfO{ nflu/x]sf] 5 . lsgsL
Jojxf/df j}/nfO{ bafpg hf]8bf/ zlQmsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] w]/} pbfx/0fx? xfdL b]lv/x]sf 5f}F .
o:tf] l:yltdf, ;dfhdf b'Mv / czflGtsf] d"n klxrfg u/L 4G4 / /Qmkftsf] af6f]nfO{ TofuL
b'MvL / cft{x?sf] 3fpdf dndk§L nufO{ lgsf] kfg{ h] hlt ug{ ;S5f}F ug'{ kg]{ xfdL af}4x?sf] st{Jo
x'g cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfhsf] sNof0fsf] nflu /Qmkftk"0f{ ;+3if{sf] af6f] klg xf]Og, cGofonfO{ ;x]/
6'n' 6'n' x]/L /xg] cGodg:stfsf] af6f] klg xf]Og, cGofo cTofrf/ b'/frf/flb ;fdflhs /f]ux?nfO{
z;Qm k|ltsf/ ug{, aLrsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;+3if{sf] af6f] ckgfO{, ;r]tgf hufO{, hfu[lt NofO{ ;dfhdf enf]
ug{ rfxg]x?nfO{ af6f] b]vfO{, :jo+ cfkm}F klg cfkm\gf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd sfd st{Jox? ug{ sl6a4 x'g'
k/]sf] 5 . c;fdflhs tTjx?sf] lj/f]wdf, zflGtsf] cfjfh p7fpg', dBkfg, w'd|kfg, dfbskbfy{ ;]jg,
e|i6frf/, b'/frf/, j]Zofj[lt, of}gzf]if0f, gf/L bdg, zlQmsf] b'?kof]u cflb ;fdflhs /f]ux?sf] lj/f]wdf
;To s'/f v'nfO{, ;r]tgf hufO{, sfo{qmdx? agfO{ cl3 a9\g' cfh ;a}sf] ljz]if u/L xfdL af}4 dlxnf
tyf k'?if ;a}sf] ljz]if lhDd]jf/L x'g cfPsf] 5 .
10

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
o; k|;+udf leIf' s'df/ sfZok dxf:ylj/n] n]Vg' ePsf] k'utfe"ld h]tjg ljxf/sf] :dfl/sf -
@)%(_ df k|sflzt n]v–"cfhsf] ;dodf a'4f]kb]zsf] ;fy{stf" klg dgg of]Uo 5, h;df jxfFn] k|i6
zAbdf g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;jf]{Qd ;'v ;d[l4sf] nflu zflGt Nofpg], g]kfnL hgtfsf] ul/aL 36fpg] /
lgd'{n kfg]{, ;a}sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] agfpg], ;a}nfO{ sfd wGbfsf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;a}sf] hLjg:t/ dfly
psf:g] cflb sfdx?sf] nflu ;a}n] Ps 7fpFdf 5nkmn ug]{, s;sf] ljrf/ pQd 5, To;nfO{ :jLsfg]{,
cfb/ ug]{, dgg ug]{, k|s[of lgwf{/0f ug]{, sfd hgzlQm tof/ ug]{, Joj:yfkg ug]{, Psn] csf]{nfO{
;Ddfg ug]{ cflb ljrf/ cl3 ;fg'{ ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] ;dfhsf Psy/L ljrf/sx?df Pp6f o:tf] k|j[ltn] h/f uf8]sf] kfOG5, h;åf/f pgLx?
xfd|f] jf:tljs ;+;f/nfO{ b'Mvdo sd{ aGwg, dfofhfn, *$ nfv h'gLsf] km]/f, af/Daf/ hGd lnP/
b'Mv ef]Ug] ynf] ;DemL cyjf ;+;f/nfO{ / ;f+;l/s bf}8w'knfO{ cfkm\gf] efUosf] n]vf ;DemL, cEof; jf
;fwgfåf/f ;f+;l/s ljifo j:t'af6 cf;lQm x6fO{, Pp6f ;+;f/ eGbf k/sf] tTjdf nLg x'g' g} hLjgsf]
Wo]o 7fGb5 / ;f+;l/s b'Mv czflGtaf6 cGodg:s /xg k|]l/t ub{5 o; k|sf/sf] k|j[ltaf6 xfdLx?
;t{s x'g'kb{5 .
eujfg\ a'4sf] hLjgLnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg], xfdLn] pgdf Ps dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L sd{jL/tf kfpF5f}F
h;n] hLjge/ ;fdflhs s'/Llt, cGofo lj?4 ;+3if{ u/] / h;n] af]lw;Tj eO/xFbfv]/L kf/ldtfx? k"0f{
u/L zflGt / Gofo :yfkgfsf] nflu pT;u{ u/L/x] . jxfFsf] cfbz{ hLjgaf6 k|]/0ff lnP/ klg xfdL ;a}
af}4n], af]lw;Tjsf] cfbz{nfO{ x[boudg u/L cfkm\gf] JolQmut zflGtsf] nflu dfq ge} ;dfhdf
blGs/x]sf] b'Mv / czflGt x6fpg ;Sbf] ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ ax'hglxtfo ax'hg;'vfo sfd ug'{ g} xfdLn]
cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfngf u/]sf] x'g]5 .
;a}sf] d+un!xf];\ ;a}n] zflGt kfpg\ .
hGdn] dfq} r08fn x'Fb}g, g hGdn] sf]xL a|fx\d0f g} x'G5 . sd{n] dflg; r08fn
x'G5, sd{n] g} a|fx\d0f . –j;n k'q
s;}n] eg]sf] eGb}df sxL n]v]sf] eGb}df s'g} s'/f :jLsf/ gug'{ . cfk\mg} ljj]sn]
hfFlrlnP kl5 dfq} :jLsf/ ug'{–s]zk'lQo ;'q -wDdkb_
11

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
a'4wd{sf] nIf0f
n]vs M dx]Zj/ /fh ah|frfo{
ljZjdf cg]s k|sf/sf wd{x? /x]sf 5g\ . cf–cfkm\gf] wd{ k|rf/sf] nflu dflg;x?n] /Qmkft
ul//xG5g\, cg]sf}F k|nf]eg b]vfO /xG5g\, ljleGg k|nf]egsf] dfWodaf6 k/wdL{nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] wd{df
leq\ofpg] k|of; ul//xG5g\ . k/Gt' a'4 wd{ Ps o:tf] wd{ xf] h;n] o:tf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] 8/, wDsL,
qf; jf k|nf]eg lbg] h:tf s]xL sfd gu/Lsg} ljZjsf clwsf+z efudf ;lhn}l;t k|rf/ x'Fb} uO/x]sf
5g\ .
o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf sltko a'l4hLjLx? o; wd{k|lt cf:yfjfg\ eO/x]sf 5g\ . k|df0fsf] nflu
cfw'lgs lj1fgsf lktf sxlnPsf k|l;4 j}1flgs cNa6{ cfOG:6fOgsf] egfO{nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . wd{
lg/k]IfL ePsf To; JolQmn] Ps k|;ª\udf eg]sf lyP ls cfw'lgs lj1fg;Ddt olb s'g} wd{ 5 eg] Tof]
xf] a'4wd{ . cfw'lgs lj1fgsf lktf egL sxlnPsf pQm klZrd]nL j}1flgsn] a'4wd{k|lt JoQm u/]sf]
o; efjgfsf] cjZo klg pRrtd dxTj /x]sf] 5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] snf, ;flxTo, bz{g, dgf]lj1fg
cflbsf] If]qdf gfpF sxlnPsf o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf sltko ljåfgju{x?n] klg a'4wd{k|lt cfkm\gf] cf:yf
JoQm u/]sf] s'/fsf] Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] klZrdL d'n'ssf k|a'4x?sf] aLrdf of]
wd{ clt g} nf]slk|o eO/x]sf] 5 .
oxfF Pp6f s] k|Zg p7\5 eg] klZrd]nL hut\df a'4wd{ nf]slk|o x'g'sf] cy{ cfh oxfF h'g
lsl;dn] k/Dk/fut ?kdf o; wd{nfO{ u|x0f ul//x]sf 5g\ s] To;af6 k|efljt eP/ ePsf] xf] t <
o;sf] pQ/ lgZro klg ;sf/fTds x'g]5}g\ .
klZrd]nLx?n] o; wd{nfO{ clt g} ;';F:s[t, ;Eo Pj+ j}1flgs wd{sf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf 5g\ /
o; wd{df lglxt nIf0fx?n] ubf{ pgLx? o; wd{k|lt cf:yfjfg\ eO/x]sf 5g\ .
d"ne"t?kdf o; wd{sf rf/j6f nIf0fx? 5g\ h;n] ubf{ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfnLx?n] o; wd{nfO{
d'Qms07n] k|;+u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . tL nIf0fx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
!_ of] wd{ ;ª\s'lrt 5}g
a'4wd{ s'g} klg ;F:sf/sf] kl/lwleq ;ª\s'lrt eO/x]sf] 5}g . cyf{t of] wd{ cGo wd{x? em}
s'g} klg ljz]if hft, ;Dk|bfo cflbsf] kl/lwleq ;Lldt eO/x]sf] 5}g . of] wd{ hxfF hxfF h'g h'g b]zdf
uof] ToxfF ToxfFsf] ;F:s[lt, ;Eotf, kl/l:ylt, jftfj/0f cflb;Fu ldn]/ /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffd :j?k
ljljw b]zdf ljljw ?kn] o; wd{sf] k|fb'efj{ x'g uof] . h:t} ls ad]{nL a'4wd{, hfkfgL a'4wd{, yfO{
a'4wd{, >Ln+sfnL a'4wd{, lrlgofF a'4wd{, ltAatL a'4wd{, g]jf/ a'4wd{ cflb OTofbL b]z cg'?ks}
a'4wd{, cd]l/sL a'4wd{, O6flnog a'4wd{ eg]/ klg cfpg a]/ 5}g . o:tf] ;Dej lsg /x\of] eg] of]
wd{ Ps ;F:sf/af6 csf]{ ;F:sf/df ;lhn}l;t k|jflxt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . k|1f / g}ltstfsf] cfwf/e"t
l;4fGtnfO{ kl/Tofu gu/Lsg b]z, sfn / kl/l:yltcg'?k cfkm'nfO{ ?kfGt/ ug{ ;Sg' o; wd{sf]
ljz]iftf xf] . o; wd{n] jfXo cf8Da/nfO{ eGbf cGt{dgsf] ljsf; ug{df ljz]if hf]8 lbg] u/]sf] 5 .
t;y{ h'g;'s} kl/l:ylt;Fu ldn]/ ePklg o; wd{n] cfkm\gf] d"ne"t l;4fGtnfO{ 5f]8\g] u/]sf] 5}g . s'g}
12

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
klg sfd s'/f olb Tof] c;n 5 eg] k|f0fLdfqsf] nflu sNof0fsf/L 5 eg] To;nfO{ u|x0f ug'{ o; wd{sf]
ljz]iftf xf] .
@_ of] wd{ oyfy{jfbL 5
of] wd{ s'g} klg z}lIfs jf cfWoflTds l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ljsl;t ePsf] xf]Og . o;sf]
nIf0f jf:tljs ;d:ofnfO{ klxrfg u/L Jojxfl/s ?kn] To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug'{ xf] . t;y{ of] wd{
Jojfxfl/s Pj+ oyfy{jfbL /x]sf] 5 .
o;sf] oyfy{jfbL nIf0f kfln af}4 ;flxTo ;'Qlk6ssf] r'ndfn'So ;"qdf :ki6;Fu JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 . To; ;'qdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ Ps ;do dfn'Sok'Q gfdsf Pshgf leIf'n] "of] ;+;f/
zfZjt 5 ls czfZjt 5, of] nf]s cGtjfg\ 5 ls cgGtjfg\ 5, tyfutsf] lgjf{0fkl5 km]l/ eO/xG5
ls eO/xb}g, hLj / z/L/ Pp6} xf] ls leGb} xf]

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
?kdf xfdLn] s'g s'/fnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] eGg] s'/f a'em\g'k5{ . xfd|f] k|fyldstf eg]sf] k"0f{ ?kn]
;+;fl/s b'Mv aGwgaf6 d"Qm x'g' xf] . eujfg\ a'4n] o;sf] klxrfg ug'{eof] .
t;y{ xfdLn] ;aeGbf klxn] o; b'Mvsf] jf0fnfO{ lgsfNg] k|Zg;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf] sfd
s'/fdf nfUg] ug'{k5{ g ls cgfjZos ;f]wk'5 u/L ;do v]/ kmfNgdf nfUg] <
xfdLn] cfkm\gf] b}lgs sfd s'/fdf klg ;w}Fel/ k|fyldstf lbP/ sfd ug]{ ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu egf}F ls xfdL efG5fdf t/sf/L ksfpg] sfd ul//x]sf 5f}F . To;a]nf t/sf/L gkfs'~h]n e'OFdf
a9fg]{ jf 6]a'n ;kmf ug]{ jf cGo o:t} s'g} sfddf nfUg] u5f}{ . o; cj:yfdf obL Tof] ksfPsf]
t/sf/L 89]sf] uGw cfof] eg] To;a]nf xfdL e'O ;kmf ub}{ /xg] ls Tof] sfd 5f8]/ t/sf/L 89\g'af6
arfpg cfuf] lgefpg hfg] < o;a]nf lgZro klg e'O{F ;kmf ug]{ sfd 5f8]/ t/sf/L 89\gaf6
arfpgdf nfUg'kg]{ x'G5 . cGoyf xfd|f] d"ne"t sfd lju|g hfG5 . Pj+k|sf/n] obL xfdLn] cfkm\gf] a'l4
ljsf; ug]{ sfddf k|ult ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn] cfkm\gf] k|fyldstfnfO{ cjZo klg a'em\g ;Sg'k5{ .
#_ o; wd{df j}rfl/s :jtGqtf 5
o; wd{df oyfy{ ;To klxrfg ug{sf] nflu :jtGq ?kdf lrGtg dgg ug]{ :jtGqtf /x]sf] 5 .
o:tf] j}rfl/s :jtGqtf cGo wd{df x'g] ub}{g . o; s'/fsf] :ki6 JofVof kfln af}4 u|Gy cFu'Q/lgsfo
sfnfd;'Qdf /fd|/L b;f{OPsf] 5 . Tof] o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M Ps k6s eujfg\ a'4 sf]zn /fHo cGtu{t
s]zk'Q gfd u/]sf] Pp6f ;x/df ljr/0f ug'{eof] . ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ sfnfd eGbf]/x]5 .
ltgLx?sf] aLrdf ;w}Fh;f] jf:tljs ;To s] xf] < eGg] ljifodf ljjfb x'g] ubf]{/x]5 . t;y{ eujfg\ a'4
ToxfF cfpg' ePsf] b]v]/ pgLx?n] o;sf] lg?k0f ug{ pxfFsxfF uO{ k|Zg u/]–"eujfg\ ! oxfF cg]s
k|sf/sf >d0f a|fx\d0f cflb lj4fgx? cfpg] ub{5g\ . pgLx?sf] c?x?sf] egfOnfO{ v08g u/L cfkm\gf]
s'/f dfq} ;To xf] eGg] ub{5g\ . o;n] ubf{ s;sf] s'/f 7Ls s;sf] s'/f a]7Ls eGg] ljifodf låljwf
eO{ xfdLx?df hlxn] klg ljjfb x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ x] eujfg ! s;sf] s'/f ;To xf] < s;sf] s'/f
c;To xf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
pgLx?sf] s'/f ;'gL eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'eof]–"s'g} klg s'/f u|Gydf n]lvPsf] 5 eGb}df cyjf
s'g} 7"nf JoLQmn] eg]sf] eGb}df cyjf k/Dk/faf6 rn]/ cfPsf] eGb}df cyjf To; s'/fnfO{ c?x?n] klg
dfGotf lbg] u/]sf] 5 eGg] cfwf/df t'?Gt} To;nfO{ oyfy{ ;To egL dfGg] gug'{ . :jo+ d}n] g} eg]sf]
s'/fdf klg lrQ ga'em]df To;nfO{ ;To egL kTof/ ug]{ gug'{ . ;j{k|yd To; s'/fnfO{ cfkm\gf]
cg'ejsf] cfwf/df lrGtg dgg u/L To;af6 hut\sf] enf] x'g] xf] jf xf]Og ljrf/ u/L x]g'{ . obL pQm
s'/f gLlt ;ª\ut 5 cyjf Tof] s'/f g}ltstfsf] cfwf/df ;a}sf] sNof0f x'g]5 eGg] cfkm'nfO{ nfu]df dfq
To;df ljZjf; ug]{ ug'{ ."
eujfg a'4af6 pklbi6 of] s'/f ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltnfO{ cfkm\gf] a'l4 ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df s'g}
klg s'/fsf] cfTd lg/LIf0f u/L x]g]{ :jtGqtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ k|of]uzfnfsf]
?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . To;a]nf xfdLn] b]Vg]5f}F ls ha xfd|f] dgdf /fu, å]if, nf]e cflb cs'zn
efjgfn] 7fpF lnPsf] x'G5 To;a]nf xfdLnfO{ ;w}Fel/ czfGt Pj+ b'Mv eO/xg] x'G5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt
ha xfd|f] dgdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] Sn]z /x]sf] x'Fb}g ta xfdLnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ ;'vsf] cg'e"lt eO/xg] u5{
14

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
. of] s'/f xfdL ;a}n] cg'ej ug{ ;Sg] Pp6f ;fwf/0f s'/f xf] . o;k|sf/ JolQmut cg'ejaf6 s'g} klg
s'/fsf] oyfy{tf l;4 ug{ ;Sg' lgs} g} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .
$_ of] j}1flgs wd{ xf]
of] wd{ k"0f{ ?kn] j}1flgs wd{ xf] lsgeg] of] wd{ j}1flgs k|lqmofcg'?k k|jflxt eO/x]sf] 5 .
cfw'lgs j}1flgsx?n] s'g} klg j:t'ljz]if, 36gfqmd jf k|s[ltsf] oyfy{tf l;4 ug{ ;j{k|yd pgLx?af6
To;sf] cjnf]sg x'g] u5{ . clg pQm s'/f lsg eof] < s;/L x'g uof] < eGg] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ ;DejtM
Tof] s'/f o; sf/0faf6 o;/L ePsf] x'g'k5{ egL cg'dfg ug{ k'U5 . To;kl5 cfkm'n] u/]sf] cg'dfg ;xL
5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f l;4 ug{ zf]w sfo{sf] ?kdf k|of]uzfnfdf To;sf] k/LIf0f sfo{ ;'? u5{ . of]
k|of]ufTds cWoog obL ;kmn eof] eg] Tof] ljifo lgZrofTds ?kn] o;/L g} xf] egL l;4 x'g hfG5 .
tTkZrft To; zf]wsfo{sf] uxg cWoogsf] ?kdf To;sf] ljZn]if0f ;'? x'G5 / of] ljZn]if0ffTds
cWoogkl5 o;sf] oyfy{ ljj/0f k"0f{ ?kn] tof/ x'g hfG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|l;4 j}1flgs Go"6gsf]
u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] l;4fGt s;/L pbo eof] eGg] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ Psk6s x]/f}F .
Psrf]6L pQm j}1flgs Go"6g cfkm\gf] au}Frfdf :ofpsf] ?vd'lg cf/fd ul//x]sf lyP . To;a]nf
pQm ?vdf kmn]sf] Pp6f :ofp em/]/ p;sf] ;fd'Gg] v:of] . ?vaf6 em/]sf] kmn v:g' Pp6f ;fwf/0f
36gf xf] . k/Gt' Go"6gnfO{ of] 36gf c;fwf/0f x'g uof] . pgn] ;f]r]–"?vaf6 em/]sf] kmn tn lsg
v:5 < Tof] :ofp tn g cfO{ dfly lsg uPg < tTIf0f pgn] cg'dfg u/] ls Tof] :ofpnfO{ cjZo klg
k[YjLn] cfkm"lt/ lvr]sf] x'g'k5{ . cyf{t k[YjLdf r'DasLo zlQm /x]sf] x'g'k5{, h;sf] sf/0f ?vaf6
em/]sf] Tof] kmn dfly guOsg tn v:of] ."
of] xf] j}1flgs Go"6gn] ?vaf6 :ofp e'Odf v;]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ u/]sf] klxnf] cjnf]sg .
To; cjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df pgn] kl/sNkgf u/] ls ;Dk"0f{ j:t'nfO{ k[YjLn] cfkm"lt/ lvlr/x]sf] x'g'k5{
. o; ljifonfO{ lnP/ pgn] To;sf] zf]wsfo{sf] ?kdf k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f u/] . o; k|of]ufTds
k/LIf0faf6 pgsf] cg'dfg ;xL ;flat eof] . To;kl5 pgn] o; ljifonfO{ lnP/ ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6
ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog u/] . o;}sf] cfwf/df pQm j}1flgs Go"6gn] u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
u/] . pgsf] oxL l;4fGtn] ubf{ lj1fgsf gofF gofF s'/fsf] cfljisf/ x'g uof] . of] xf] j}1flgsx?n]
k|of]u ug]{ cjnf]sg (Obeservation) k/LIf0f (Experiment) / ljZn]if0f (Analysis) sf] Pp6f
pbfx/0f .
Pj+ k|sf/n] eujfg\ a'4sf] l;4fGt klg j}1flgs k|lqmofcg'?k cjnf]sg, k/LIf0f / ljZn]if0fdf
cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\
a'4 wd{sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?dWo] klxnf] xf] rt'–cfo{;To . o;df rf/j6f oyfy{ ;Tosf]
j0f{g /x]sf] 5 . To;dWo] klxnf] ;To xf] b'Mv;To . eujfg a'4n] ;aeGbf klxn] b]Vg'eof] ls o;
;+;f/df b'Mv JofKt /x]sf] 5 . of] b'Mv ;To ;f+;fl/s aGwgnfO{ lnP/ ePsf] pxfFsf] cjnf]sg xf] .
clg pxfFn] ljrf/ ug'{eof] ls b'Mv ePkl5 To;sf] sf/0f klg cjZo g} x'g'k5{ . of] sf/0f s] xf] t <
o;sf] nflu pxfFn] cfkm'n] hLjgdf cfh{g u/]sf] lzIff 1fg Pj+ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df Wofg dfu{df ljr/0f
u/L o;sf] k/LIf0f ug'{eof] . o;af6 kQf nfUof] ls b'Mvsf] sf/0f cljBf / t[i0ff xf] . o;k|sf/ pxfFn]
15

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
b'MvnfO{ b]Vg'ePsf] cfwf/df eGg'eof] ls ;+;f/df b'Mv 5 . of] xf] klxnf] cfo{;To b'Mv;To . o;kl5
cfkm\gf] Wofgdfu{af6 k/LIf0f u/L l;4 ePcg';f/ pxfF lgisif{df k'Ug'eof] ls b'Mvsf] sf/0f cljBf /
t[i0ff xf] . of] xf] pxfFsf] bf];|f] cfo{;To b'Mv ;d'bo ;To . h'g lrh pTkGg x'G5 To;sf] lg/f]w ug]{
pkfo klg cjZo g} x'g'k5{ . t;y{ b'Mvsf] sf/0f ePkl5 To;nfO{ lg/f]w ug]{ pkfo klg x'g'kg]{ g} eof]
. of] xf] t];|f] cfo{;To b'Mv lg/f]w ;To . cljBf / t[i0ffnfO{ h/}b]lv pv]Ng' g} b'Mvlg/f]w ;To xf] .
clg :jtM k|Zg p7\5 o; b'MvnfO{ pv]Ng] s;/L < o;sf] pkfo s] xf] < pxfFn] km]/L of] pkfo
kQf nufpg] qmddf k"gM Wofg dfu{df ljr/0f u/L o;sf] cWoog ug'{eof] . clg b]vfk¥of], b'Mv lg/f]w
ug]{ pkfo xf], cfo{ ci6flª\us dfu{ . o;nfO{ pxfFn] b'Mvlg/f]wufldgL k|ltkbf;To egL gfdfs/0f
ug'{eof] . o; dfu{df hDdf cf7j6f dfu{x? ;lDdlnt ePsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ pxfFn] tLg efudf juL{s/0f
ug'{eof] . Tof] xf] zLn, ;dflw / k|1f .
of] xf] eujfg\ a'4n] b]zgf ug'{ePsf] rt'cfo{;To . ha zLn ;dflw / k|1f k'i6 x'G5 clg k"0f{
?kn] b'Mv lg/f]w eOhfG5 . ha b'Mv lg/f]w x'G5, To;a]nf hGd d/0fsf] rqmaf6 kf/ eO{ pRrtd ;'v
k|fKt x'G5 Tof] xf] lgjf{0f .
o;k|sf/ Wofgdfu{df ljr/0f u/L k/LIf0faf6 l;4 ePsf] o; zf]wsfo{nfO{ pxfFn] km]/L
ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog ug'{eof] . pxfFn] b]Vg'eof] ls ;+;f/ eg]sf] s]jn dgsf] pkh dfq} xf] . of]
dgsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog ug]{ qmddf pxfFn] b]Vg'eof] ls hLjg eg]sf] s]jn k~r:SGwsf] ;d"x dfq
/x]5 .
k~r:sGwsf] cy{ xf] kfFrj6f :sGwx? . tL x'g\ ?k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;F:sf/ / lj1fg . h'gls
Ps cfk;df cGof]Gofl>t /x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ hLjgsf] /rgfdf cfTdf gfdsf] s'g} tTj /x]sf] 5}g .
a'4sf cg';f/ hLj eGg' s]jn k~r:sGw cyf{t ?k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/ / lj1fgsf] ;d"x dfq} x'g\ .
?kdf ha j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/ / lj1fg ;dfj]z x'G5 ta hLjsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . o;sf/0f of] k~r:sGw
Ps cfk;df cGof]Gofl>t /x]sf 5g\ .
h;/L Pp6f /ynfO{ kfª\u|f, 3'/L, 5t, cf;g cflb efudf ljeflht ul/g] xf] To:t} of]
k~r:sGwnfO{ km]/L afx| efudf ljeQm ul/of] . o;nfO{ åfbzfotg elgof] . To:t} km]/L o;nfO{ c7f/
efudf ljeQm u/L ci6fbzwft' eGg] gfdfs/0f ul/of] . ci6fbzwft'nfO{ klg k'gM ljZn]if0f ub}{ &@
efudf ljeQm ul/of] .
o;k|sf/ eujfg\ a'4sf] l;4fGt cfw'lgs j}1flgsx?n] s'g} s'/fsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ubf{ ul/g]
cjnf]sg, k/LIf0f Pj+ ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} k|sf/n] a'4sf cGo l;4fGtx? klg
j}1flgs k|lqmofcg';f/ g} /x]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f a'4wd{nfO{ j}1flgs wd{ elgPsf] xf] . o;af6 s] l;4
x'G5 eg] cfw'lgs klZrd]nL j}1flgsx?n] h'g k|sf/n] k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0f u/L k|s[ltsf] oyfy{nfO{
a'em\g] u/]sf 5g\ Tof] k|lqmof eujfg\ a'4n] cfheGbf @%)) aif{ cl3 g} ljgf k|of]uzfnf k|of]udf
NofO;s]sf x'g\ .
16

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
o;}sf/0fn] ubf{ cfw'lgs lj1fgsf lktf dflgPsf cNa6{ cfOGi6fOgn] cfw'lgs lj1fg;Dd g
olb s'g} wd{ 5 eg] Tof] xf] a'4 wd{ egL o; wd{k|lt cfkm\gf] cf:yf JoQm u/]sf x'g\ . Pj+ k|sf/n] ca
cfP/ w]/}h;f] o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf k|l;4 JolQmx?n] klg o; wd{k|lt ljz]if cle?lr /fVg] u/]sf 5g\ .
oxfF Pp6f oyfy{ ;To s] /x]sf] 5 eg] w]/}h;f] s'/fdf a'4 wd{ cfw'lgs lj1fg;Fu ldn]sf] 5 .
t/ Pp6f s'/fdf eg] of] wd{ lj1fg;Fu :ki6 ?kdf cgd]n /x]sf] 5 . Tof] s] eg] lj1fgn] w]/} g}
ef}lts ;'v ;'ljwfx? pTkfbg u/] k/Gt' p;n] c;n rl/qsf] dflg; pTkfbg ug{ ;s]g . lsgeg]
pgsf sltko s'/fx? g/fd|f] sfddf klg k|of]u x'g uof] . k/Gt' a'4wd{n] rl/qjfg\ c;n dflg;x?
pTkfbg ug{df ;kmn /x]sf] 5 . eujfg\ a'4sf] of] sfd cfw'lgs lj1fgsf] nflu Pp6f r'gf}lt /x]sf] 5
. c:t' .
kfb l6Kk0fL
!_ The Tree of Enlighenement by Peter Della Santina, Published by Chico Dharma
Study Foundation USA. 1997 Re-prineted by the corporatiee Body of the Buddha
Educational Foundation, Tiwn, Page-5
@_ Ebid, Page- 5,6
#_ dlemdlgsfo, -g]kfnefiff_, cg'jfbs–b'08axfb'/ ah|frfo{, k|sfzs–kljqaxfb'/ ah|frfo{, czf]s/Tg
ah|frfo{, lx/fb]jL ah|frfo{, jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+u|xfno, k|yd ;F:s/0f–lj=;= @)%$, k[i7 ##^, ##&
$_ The Tree of Enlighenement by Peter Della Santina, Published by Chico Dharma
Study Foundation USA. 1997 Re-prineted by the corporatiee Body of the Buddha
Educational Foundation, Tiwn, Page-7
%_ g]kfn af}4 kl/ifb\sf] a'4ofg :dfl/sf ;ftf}F cª\s @)^! df k|sflzt n]v, a'4wd{–
ljZjwd{df gofF cfofd, n]vs ;fg'efO{ 8ª\uf]n k'i7–!&
^_ eujfg a'Wb, wDd–;f/ j wDd–rof{ n]vs–cfgGb >Ls[i0f, k|sfzs–;d[Wb ef/t k|sfzg, d'DaO,
rt'y{ k"0f{ d'b|0f–@))& O=;=, k[i7–($
&_ A Dictionary of Buddhism by Damien Kewon, First published 2003 A.D. Reprinted
by Affangement with oxford University Press, Oxford, Newyork, Page-86 (MNama
Rupa Title) and page 270 Skandha TItle)
17

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
18

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
uf}td a'4sf] xfdL slt glhs 5f} <
n]vs M 5q/fh zfSo
tfg;]g, kfNkf
ljZjdf af}4wd{ (Buddhism) dfGg]x?sf] ;+Vof Ps c/aeGbf a9L 5 xf]nf . g]kfnsf]
n'lDagLdf hGdg' eO{ uf}td a'4 -l;4fy{_ ;Dos\;Da'4 x'g'eO{ jxfFn] ;+;f/df b'Mv kfO/x]sf dflg;x?nfO{
b'Mvaf6 d'QmL x'g] lgjf{0f wd{sf] wdf]{kb]z lbg'eO{ hut\ p4f/ ug'{eof] . cfh ljZjdf af}4wdf{nDaLx?,
af}4 leIf', cgfufl/sfx?, af}4pkf;s pkfl;sfx?, uf}td a'4k|lt >4f /fVg] >4fn'x?sf] ;+Vof tLj|
ultn] pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . oxL kl/k|]Ifdf a'4 hGde"ld g]kfndf af}4x?sf] ;+Vof kof{Kt
x'g', j[l4 eO/xg' klg :jefljs} xf] . g]kfnsf] t/fOb]lv lnP/ kxf8L k|b]z x'Fb} lxdfnL k|b]z;Dd af}4x?
km}lnPsf 5g\ . g]kfn t/fO{sf yf?x?, kxf8sf zfSo, ah|frfo{, dxh{g, t'nfw/, pbf;, dfgGw/, du/,
u'?ª cflb lxdfnsf z]kf{, nfdf, ef]6]x? cflb ;a} af}4 x'g\ . logLx? u'Daf, a'4ljxf/, axL, axfn,
:t'k, r}Todf uP/ eujfg\ a'4nfO{ k'hf cfhf u/L >4f JoQm ub{5g\ . hGdb]lv d/0f;Dd ljleGg
;F:sf/x? cf–cfkm\gf] x'g'kb{5 ;fy} c? wd{;Dk|bfodf klg a'4wd{sf] k|efjn] gofF kl/jlt{t, kl/dflh{t
?k :j?k b]vf kg{ ;Sb5 .
Plzof dxfb]zsf k"jL{ b]zx? h:t}M hfkfg, rLg, pQ/ / blIf0f sf]l/of, d+uf]lnof, x+us+u,
tfOjfg, leotgfd cflb b]zx?df Psy/Lsf] a'4wd{ dfGb} cfPsf 5g\ eg] blIf0fk"jL{ PlzofnL b]zx?
adf{, yfONof08, >Ln+sf, sdaf]l8ofdf / o'/f]k, cd]l/sf / ci6«]lnofdf a'4wd{sf] ;aeGbf k'/fgf] Ho]i7
?k h'g tyfut a'4af6 pkb]lzt wdf]{kb]zsf] z'4 ?kdf Jojxf/df kfng ug]{ k|of; / cEof; ul/G5 .
o;df cgfjZos cGwljZjf; sd{sf08Lo k|wfgtf ePsf] cgfjZos k"hfcfhf ;+:sf/ sd{nfO{ TofuL
z'4 a'4wd{, a'4ofg, a'4dfu{df cEof; ug'{kg]{ / nfUg'kg]{ b]lvG5, tadfq xfdLn] ef]lu/x]sf b'Mvaf6
d'Qm eO{ dfu{kmn k|fKt x'g] lgjf{0f wd{ dfu{df cuf8L a9\b} hfg ;Sg] x'G5f}F .
g]kfndf xfdL g]kfnL af}4x? klg t/fOb]lv kxf8 / lxdfn k|b]zdf ljleGg k|sf/sf a'4 wd{sf]
cEof;, Jojxf/ kfng ul//x]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] ljleGg If]qsf af}4x?n] dfGb} cfPsf wd{sf] rrf{ gu/L
kxf8L k|b]z / ljleGg gu/If]q /fhwfgLdf a:b} cfPsf xfdL zfSo, ah|frfo{ af}4x?n] Jojxf/df dfGb}
cfPsf, cEof; uu/L cfPsf a'4wd{ cGtu{tsf k"hfcfhf, sd{;F:sf/, u'7L, rf8kj{ -gvMrvM_ sf]
;Gbe{df xfdL uf}td a'4sf slt glhs 5f}F, slt 6f9f 5f}F ljj]rgf u/f}F . ;fy} tyfut uf}td a'4;Fu
xfd|f] ;DaGw s;/L alnof] agfO{ /fVg ;Sb5f}F cyf{t xfdL a'4sf c;n pkf;s s;/L aGg ;S5f}F, o;
ljifodf lrGtg dgg u/f}F .
g]kfndf klxn] zfSox? w]/}h;f] leIf'x? x'Gy] . /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] g]kfn;Da\t %)) df
leIf'x?sf] ;+Vof w]/} eof] eg]/ rLj/j:q Tofu u/fO{ u[x:yL agfpg nufPsf lyP . zfSosf
5f]/fx?nfO{ sd{;F:sf/ ubf{ afns x'Fb} r'8fsd{ u/fO{ rf/ lbg;Dd leIf' agfpg] k|rng clxn] klg
/x]sf] 5 . r'8fsd{sfo{ cf–cfkm\gf] axL axfn cyf{t ljxf/x?df ub{5g\ . ljleGg ljxf/x?sf] ;+Vof
19

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
sf7df8f}Fdf !##, nlntk'/df !^( / eQmk'/df @$ u/L hDdf #@^ j6f b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;}n] ubf{
pkTosfsf] sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/nfO{ af}4ljxf/x?sf] zx/ klg elgG5 .
oL ljxf/x? dlGb/ ejgx? pTs[i6 sfi7snfn] el/k"0f{ x'g'sf] ;fy} a'4d'lt{ af}4b]jLb]jtfsf
d'lt{x? lgs} snfTds Pj+ pRr :t/sf /x]sf 5g\ . oL ljxf/x? zfSosf] d'Vo k"hfcfhf ug]{ pkf;gf
ug]{ / sd{;F:sf/ ;DkGg ug]{ s]Gb|:yn x'g\ . oL k|To]s axfn jf ljxf/x?df g]kfnefiff -g]jf/L_ df
'SjfMkfMBM' -b]jtf_ x'G5, h'g a'4d'lt{ g} x'g\ . log} SjfMkfMBM nfO{ zfSox?n] a8f] >4fk"j{s
lgToljlwcg';f/ k"hfcfhf ub{5g\ . oL axfnx?sf SjfMkfMBM nfO{ ;'g rfFbLsf cfe'if0fx? Pj+
pRr:t/sf tf; cflb sk8fsf] j:q nufOlbPsf] x'G5 . lz/df snfTds d's'6 nufO{ lbPsf] x'G5 t/
cfhsfn u]?jf rLj/ j:qwf/L af}4leIf'x? a:g] a'4ljxf/x?df k|lt:yflkt tyfut uf}td a'4sf] k|ltdf /
axfnsf] SjfMkfMBM k~ra'4 cGtu{tsf a'4x?dWo] Ps WofgL a'4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . w]/}h;f] axfnx?df
k~ra'4dWo] e":kz{ d'b|fsf] cIff]Eo a'4d'lt{ k|lt:yflkt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cGo ljleGg a'4d'lt{x? h:t}
cletfe, /Tg;+ej, cdf]3l;l4 / j}/f]rg cflbsf] klg x'g ;Sb5 . oL kfFr a'4x?sf leGgfleGg} d'b|f,
lrGx, jfxg, lbzf, /+u, k+rtTj, k+rOlGb|o, k+r:sGw, Ct', ;do, :jfb, j0ff{If/, aLhfIf/, p;sf
cfjfh, s'n, kTgL, 5f]/f / 5f]/L cflb !* j6f j:t'x? x'G5g\ . h:t} cIff]Eo a'4sf] pko'{Qm cg';f/ d'b|f
e":kz{b]lv qmdz lrGx ah|, xfQL, k"j{, gLnf], cfsfz, sfg, lj1fg, lxpFb, ;'k|eft, kL/f] / j0f{ x'F
ah|w[s, ah|s'n, nf]rgf, jh|kfl0f / cGtdf 5f]/L pu|tf/f x'g\ . oL k+ra'4x? cflb a'4 -ah|w/_ sf]
z/L/af6 pTkGg ePsf lyP . tL cflba'4n] Ps xftdf ah| / csf]{ xftdf 306L ;dft]sf] x'G5 . oL
b'j} z'Gotfsf] / k|1fsf] k|tLs dflgG5g\ . ;fy} cflb a'4n] uxgf nufPsf] x'G5 . of] cflba'4sf] pTklQ
g]kfnsf] j+zfjfnL cg';f/ :joDe"df k+r/lZdsf] ?kdf ePsf] lyof] . oxL k+r/lZdnfO{ 5f]k]/
:joDe":t'k agfOPsf] elgG5 .
a'4ljxf/x?df k|lt:yflkt tyfut uf}td a'4sf] k|ltdf ljleGg d'Vo u/]/ kfFrj6f d'b|fx?
wd{rqm, e":kz{, j/b, Wofg / ceo d'b|fsf] ePtfklg w]/}h;f] Wofgd'b|fsf] a8f] zfGt kx]Fbf] rLj/j:q
wf/0f u/]sf d'lt{x? x'G5g\ . oL d'lt{x?df uxgf nufPsf] x'Fb}g . jh| / 306L x'Fb}g, lk08kfq cuf8L
x'G5 .
k+ra'4sf ljleGg j:t'sf s'/fx? ePh:tf] uf}td a'4sf] jfxg, lbzf, :jfb, j0ff{If/, aLhfIf/,
kTgL, 5f]/f, 5f]/L cflb x'Fb}g . l;4fy{ s'df/n] dxflelgiqmd0f -u[xTofu_ ubf{ g} /fhkl/jf/sf] uxgf,
kTgL ozf]w/f, 5f]/f /fx'nnfO{ Tofu u/]/ cfPsf] lyof], lgjf{0f 1fg k|fKt u/]/ ;Dos\;Da[4 x'gsf] nflu
. ctM axL axfndf k|lt:yflkt SjfMkfMBM a'4d'lt{ / a'4ljxf/df k|lt:yflkt uf}td a'4sf] d'lt{aLr w]/}
cGt/ ePsf] kfOG5 .
uf}td a'4 P]ltxfl;s dfgja'4 x'g\ . /fhf z'4f]wg / dxf/fgL dxfdfof b]jLsf] sf]vaf6 O=k"=
^@# df g]kfnsf] n'lDagL pBfgdf l;4fy{ s'df/sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . l;4fy{sf] !^ aif{sf] pd]/df
ozf]w/fb]jLl;t ljjfx eO{, /fx'n gfds k'q hGd]sf] lyof] . @( aif{sf] pd]/df /fhb/af/ TofuL
dxflelgiqmd0f ug'{eof] . a'4uofdf af]lwj[Ifd'lg ljkZogfWofgdf a:g'eO{ j}zfvk"l0f{dfsf] lbg a'4Tj
1fg k|fKt u/L ;Dos\;Da[4 x'g'eof] . To;kl5 $% aif{, b'Mv kfO/x]sf dflg;x?sf] nflu af/Daf/ hGd
20

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
x'g uO{ hGd d/0fsf] b'Mvsf] ejrqmaf6 d'lQm lbnfO{ lgjf{0f k|fKt ug]{ cWoflTds dfu{sf] wd{b]zgf
ug'{eO{ p4f/ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cGtdf *) aif{sf] pd]/df s'lzgu/df uf}td a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f ePsf]
lyof] .
uf}td a'4n] ;a} ef}lts j:t', ;DklQ, kTgL / 5f]/f;d]t Tofu u/]/ lgjf{0fwd{
;fIffTsf/ ul/;Sg'ePsf] x'Fbf axfndf k|lt:yflkt SjfMkfMBM a'4d'lt{nfO{ ;'g rfFbL /Tgsf] uxgf nufO{
/fVg' plrt Pj+ wdf{g's'n gePsf] x'Fbf o;df ;'wf/ u/]df /fd|f] x'g] b]Vb5' . axL axfndf zfSod'lg
uf}td a'4sf] k|ltdf 5 eg] /fd|f] obL 5}g eg] ;f] d'lt{ k|lt:yflkt u/]/ a'4 k"hf klg u/f}F . o;f] ubf{
xfdL a'4sf] glhs x'G5f}F .
g]kfndf af}4 / lxGb' w]/} b]jLb]jtfx?sf d'lt{x? / dlGb/x? 5g\ . oL b]jLb]jtfx?sf] dlGb/df
lxGb'x?dfq xf]Ogg\ af}4x? klg uP/ k"hfcfhf ub{5g\ . oL b]jLb]jtfsf d'lt{x? s}of}F t sfNklgs 5g\
. g]kfndf wd{sf] gfddf w]/} cGwljZjf;L k"hfcfhf, sd{ ;+:sf/, efsn, k|;fb egL ef]h vfg] alnk|yf
cflb cem} klg rNb} cfPsf 5g\ .
eujfg\ uf}td a'4n] cGwljZjf;L cfldif k"hf cs'zn sd{nfO{ Tofu u/L lg/fldif k"hf cyf{t
wd{b]zgfg';f/ zLn ;bfrf/sf] hLjg ofkg, s'zn Pj+ k'0osfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ lzIff lbg'ePcg';f/
pko'Qm{ cGwljZjf;L sfo{x? TofUg' g} c;n a'4f]kf;s aGg' x'g]5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ljleGg axL
axfnx?df k|lt:yflkt SjfMkfMB -a'4d'lt{_ df lgTo k'hfcfhf, ljleGg wfld{s sfo{qmdx? aif}{el/ x'g]
ub{5g\ . oL axL axfnx?df af}4;+3 x'G5 . a'4wd{df ;+3 eGgfn] zLn;+kGg a'4sf cg'ofoLsf] ;d"x
x'G5g\ . o;}nfO{ axL axfndf u[x:yL ;+3 eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . axfnsf] ;+3df a]tfh' -;lrj_ cfh'x?,
ykfh' -k|d'v Ho]i7_ x'G5g\ . logLx?af6 g} axfn ;+rfng / SjfMkfMBM -a'4d'lt{_ nfO{ k'hfcfhf ug'{,
r'8fsd{ u/fpg] -aGb]5'o]u'_ cflb ;F:sf/ut wfld{s lqmofsnfk x'G5 ;fy} axfndf gfd;+lutL kf7,
k+rbfg ;Dos\bfg, u'nf ! dlxgf bfkmf ehg 1fgdfnfehg / ljleGg wfld{s sfo{qmdx? eO/xG5g\ .
oxfFsf tL axfnx?sf] e'O{tnfdf SjfMkfMBM b]jtf x'G5 eg] dflysf] tnfdf cfu+ jf cfufd
cyf{t\ uf]Ko k"hfsf]7f x'G5 hxfF b]jtfsf] u'xf?kdf ;DalGwt ;+3 ;b:o dfq a;]/ k"hf cfhf cflb
;F:sf/ ub{5g\ . of] u'x|fk"hfdf k+rd sf/sf] k|of]u x"G5 . k+rdsf/ eGgfn] dB, df+;, dLg, d}y'g /
d'b|f cflb kfFr k|sf/sf s'/fx? eGg] a'lemG5 . s]xL af}4k':tsdf pNn]v ePsf] / ah|frfo{ k+l8tx?sf]
JofVofcg';f/–'rngrNtLsf] efiffdf pko'{St k+rdsf/sf] cy{ cgy{, g/fd|f] ?kdf /S;L, df;', df5f,
d}y'g / d'b|f eGg] nfUb5, t/ of] ;xL xf]Og, unt 5' eGg] egfO{ klg /x]sf] 5 . k+rdsf/sf] ;xL
cy{df a'em\g ;GWofefiffsf] efjfy{sf] ?kdf a'em]/ k+rdsf/sf] k|of]u u/]df sNof0f x'g] rrf{ klg
ul/Psf] 5 . k+rdsf/sf] ;GWofefiff lgDgcg';f/ JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] dBsf] cy{ ;dflw of]u
cj:yfdf cEof;/t x'Fbf k|fKt x'g] cd[tdo /; xf] . o;sf] kfg cyjf ;]jg ug'{ xf] . bf];|f], c1fg?kL
21

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
kz':jefjnfO{ 1fgn] lhtL k/dfy{wd{df nfUg' g} df+; elgPsf] 5 . t];|f] dLgsf] cy{ dT:o geO{ Zjf;
k|Zjf;sf] Wofg ubf{ o;}df k'/f xf] /fvL /fVg'nfO{ elgPsf] 5 . rf}yf], zfSod'lg a'4sf] lzIff
pkb]znfO{ cWoog, ;+T;+u u/L Jojxfl/s hLjgdf wf/0f ug'{ g} d'b|fdf l:yt x'g' elgPsf] 5 . kfFrf},
jfo' of]ulqmofdf ;'if'Dgfgf8L;Fu k|f0fjfo'nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ ljlwnfO{ d}y'g elgPsf] 5 .
k+rdsf/sf] /x:odo, 5fofjfbL efjfy{n] w]/}h;f] Wofg;efdf, of]u / wd{nfO{ wf/0f
ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] h;sf] cEof;n] Sn]zo'Qm lrQnfO{ lgd{n ug{ d4t ub{5 . jt{dfgdf zfSo
ah|frfo{x?n] oxL ;xL cy{df k+rdsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;s]df dfq klg wd{dfu{df pGd'v x'g ;Sb5 xf]nf
t/ oxfF k|Zg p7\b5, s] of] cy{df oxfF k+rdsf/sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 < t/ of] k|Zgsf] pQ/ 5}gdf
cfpFb5 . ctM of] k+rdsf/ ;fdfGo cy{df nfUg] dB, df+;, dLg, d}y'g / d'b|fsf] ?kdf ;]jg / k|of]un]
xfdLnfO{ uf}td a'4af6 glhs x'g] c;n cg'ofoL aGg, k+rzLn k|f0fL lx+;f gug]{ -kf0ffltkftf_ rf]/L
gug]{ -clbGgfbfgf_, Jolerf/ gug]{ -sfd];' ldR5frf/f_, c;To gaf]Ng] -d';fjfbf_ dfbskbfy{ ;]jg gug]{
-;'/fd]/oHhkdfb6\7fgf_ cflb kfFrj6f zLnx? eujfg\ a'4n] xfdLnfO{ u[x:ynfO{ lbg'ePsf], ;Dos\?kaf6
kfng ug'{ g} pQd pkfo xf] . hl6n k"hfcfhfdf cNdlnO/xg' uf}td a'4sf] lzIffeGbf k/sf] s'/f
x'g]5 .
22

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
36gf, ;To / oyfy{tf
36gf / ;To
8f= u0f]z dfnL
ljZj clgTo 5, kl/jt{gzLn 5 . oxfF s'g} klg PsIf0fsf] nflu klg pxL /xFb}g . c0f'
k/df0f'x?b]lv lnP/, xfd|f rf/}lt/sf j:t'x? tyf xfd|f] lrQ / z/L/ klg kne/sf] nflu klg pxL
/xb}g . eujfg\ a'4n] xfd|f] z/L/ / dgnfO{ bLklzvf -aln/x]sf] aQLsf] Hjfnf_ sf] pkdf lbg'x'G5 .
z/L/ / dg sxnfOg] :gfo'k'~h / dl:tissf k|To]s c0f', k|To]s sf]if k|ltan abln/xG5g\ . slt
k'/fgf sf]ifx? dl//xG5g\ / gofF alg/xG5g\, slt gi6 eP/ uPsf sf]if km]/L aGb}gg\ .
csf]{ zAbdf eg'F eg] ljZjdf ;a} ultlzn 5g\ . rnfodfg 5g\ . hf] ;fFrf] cy{df 5 eGg
;S5f}F cyf{t h:sf] cl:tTj 5 . jf:tjdf kbfy{ / zlQm klg Ps cfk;df abln/xG5g\ cyf{t kbfy{ /
zlQm cGt/ kl/jt{gLo 5g\ . oxL rnfodfg kbfy{ cyf{t zlQmåf/f ;~rflnt clgTo kbfy{ cyjf csf]{
cy{df k|ltkn abnL k'/fgfaf6 gofF l:yltdf cfO/xg] kbfy{÷zlQm g} ljZjsf] d"n cfwf/df /x]sf] 5 .
o;}sf/0f ljZj kl/jt{gzLn 5, clgTo 5 / 36gfx?n] kl/k"0f{ 5, 36gfdo 5 . oxfF lgTo
slx klg s]xL g s]xL eOg}/xG5g\ cyf{t 36gfx? 3l6/xG5g\ . oxfF s]xL x'g'nfO{ 36gf eGg] ;+1f
lbOPsf] 5 . ljZjdf slx klg 36gf 36\5 t oyfy{df 36\5 . k|To]s 36gfleq Pp6f ;Totf x'G5 .
Pp6f jf:tljs l:ylt x'G5 ls o;k|sf/ of] 36gf 36\of], o;sf/0f of] 36gf 36\of], 36gf cl3 o:tf]
lyof] cj o:tf] eof] . xfdL yfxf kfcf}F of gkfcf}F, of xfdL cfkm\gf] OlGb|osf] ;Lldttfsf] sf/0f jf
c?af6 elgg] / ;'lgg] sf/0f jf s;}n] gb]v], g;'g] klg ljZjdf slx klg s'g} 36gf 36\5 eg] To;df
;Totf lglxt x'G5 Tof] jf:tljstfdf 36]sf] x'G5, To;df oyfy{tf x'G5 . jf:tjdf ljZjsf sltko
36gf xfd|f] hfgsf/Ldfg} cfpb}gg\ / hlt klg hfgsf/Ldf cfpF5g\ e|dk"0f{ eP/ aFfluP/, df]l8P/
cfpF5g\ . clg km]/L slt ;f+;fl/s 36gfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{j+z JolQmx? aUofpF5g\ . unt ?kdf
k|:t't u5{g, h;dWo] w]/} h;f] xfdL kTofpF5f}F klg o;sf/0f xfdL e|dk"0f{ l:yltdf cyjf c1fgdf jf
cljBfdf /xG5f}F . oyfy{tfnfO{ yfxf gkfpg'nfO{ g} cljBf elgG5 . t/ xfdL enf e|ddf /x'g :jo+
36gfleq ;Totf cjZo x'G5 . e|d s;/L ;[lht x'G5 To:sf] Pp6f ;/n pbfx/0f oxfF k|:t't ul/G5 .
36gfx? ;sf/0f 36\5g\, ljgf sf/0f xf]Og / 36gfsf] sf/0f s'g} 36gf 36\g' cuf8Lsf] oyfy{l:ylt jf
k"j{ 36gfx? g} x'G5g\ . km]/L j}1flgs lgod cg';f/ lglZrt sf/0fsf] kmn:j?k lglZrt 36gfg} 36\5
(Like causes prodcuce like effects) h:t} eg' xfO8«f]hg / clS;hgsf] ;+of]u u/fO{ tfk
lbPdf kfgL aG5 . ljZjsf] s'g} klg s'gfdf of] lgod nfu' x'G5 . of] sfo{ sf/0fsf] lgodg} lj1fgsf]
d'nfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ xfd|f] c1fgtfsf] sf/0f xfdLn] 36\gfx?sf] sf/0fsf] ?kdf Pp6f
slNkt cb[Zo zlQmnfO{ lhDd]jf/ ;+DemG5f}F . To; cb[Zo tTjnfO{ h];'s} gfd lbP klg, Tof] jf:tjdf
xfd|f] c1fgtfsf] ;[hgf g} x'G5 . 36\g} 36\gfn] kl/k"0f{ ljZjdf xfdL Pp6f aflx/sf] tTjnfO{ NofP/
36\gfnfO{ JofVof u5f}{ . ;fob\ jf:tljstf yfxf kfPsf] eP, ;a} 36\gfx?nfO{ 5n{+u b]v]sf] a'em]sf] eP
o;f] ug'{ cfjZos x'Fb}gYof] xf]nf . ljZjsf] ;Dk"0f{ 36gfx?sf] oyfy{tf jf ;Totfsf] 1fg xfdLnfO{ 5}g
t s;nfO{ xf]nf < of] k|Zgg} unt 5, lsgsL 36gf kl/k"0f{ of] ljZjdf 36gfx?afx]s cgflb b]lv
23

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
cgGt;Dd g s]xL lyof] g s]xL x'g;S5 t/ dfgj dl:tis cToGt ;[hgzLn 5 p;n] Pp6f o:tf]
tTjsf] kl/sNkgf u5{ Pp6f ;To–tTj hf] 36\gf leqsf ;d:t ;Totfsf 1ftf 5g\ h:nfO{
cgflbsfnb]lv cgGt;Ddsf ;Totfx?sf] hfgsf/L 5 hf] lqsfn1 5g\ / o;sf/0f ;j{JofkL 5, hf]
;j{1 / ;j{JofkL eP/ ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ kl/jt{gsf ;~rfns eP/ ;j{zlQmdfg klg 5g\ . o:tf]
;TotTj sf] kl/sNkgf dfgj dl:tisn] ul/cfPsf] 5. dfgj :jo+ kl/jt{gsf], clgTotfsf] lzsf/
ag]sf] 5 . hGd–h/f–Joflw–d[To'sf] rSs/df, clgTo ;+;f/df cfkm\gf] clgTo rf]nfnfO{ lbuf] /fVg]
cfzf / ;'vsf] t[i0ff jf rfxgf lnP/ k|ltkn clgTotfsf] cfuf]df b'Mvn] t8\lk/x]sf] 5 . h'g ;+;f/df
cGtf]tuTjf s]xL /xFb}g ;ayf]s ablnO /xG5, h'g ;+;f/df cfkm\gf] z/L/ / dg nufot ;a} yf]s
lg:;f/ 5, ToxfF ;'v kfpg' klg s;/L < clg km]/L o; ejrqm -hGd–h/f–Joflw–d/0fo'Qm, b'vdo
;+;f/_ af6 5'6sf/f kfpg' s;/L < o; ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;+;f/sf dlgifL ljrf/sx?n] s]xL
dfu{x? lgsfn]sf 5g\ . cflbsfnb]lv cgGt;Dd k/:k/ cGt/ ;DalGwt eO{ rln/xg] 36gfqmdx?sf]
nx/ h:sf] d'nfwf/ rnfodfg zlQm / kbfy{ dfq 5g\ . o; clgTo j:t'x?leq ;+;f/sf] b'MvflUgaf6
aRg qf0f lng] s]xL ;f/o'Qm s'/f e]l§g' c;+ej ePsfn] / o; aflx/ klg oyfy{ lbuf] /xg] s]xL
gePsfn] clgTo kbfy{–zlQm kl/jtgsf] nx/x?sf] lg:;f/tfnfO{ oyf{ytM a'em]/ z/L/, dl:tis jf
aflx/sf s'g} klg kbfy{df ddtf jf d]/f] kgf g/fvL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx?df ;Dk"0f{ clgTotfdf cf;lQm/lxt
jf nf]s sNof0ffy{ sfo{x? u/]/ /xg', of] oyfy{ af6f] eujfg\ a'4n] klxNofO{ cfkm}n] cg'ej u/L
xfdLnfO{ ;f] af6f]df nfUg] cfx\jfg ub}{ cfkm}n] lg/Gt/ ;f]xL af6f]df nfu]/ g]kfnsf] dfq xf]Og, ljZjs}
Ps lje'lt ag]/ uP . of] af6f] xfd|f] ;fd'Gg] 5 .
kl/jt{zLn lg:;f/ clgTotf leqsf] z'GotfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{ ;/n /fvL
ejrqmaf6 d'Qm eO{ lgjf{0f oyfy{tfnfO{ k|fKt u/L aflx/g' of] a'4sf] dfu{ xf] .
24

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
a'4wd{df bfgsf] oyfy{tf
n]vs M dx]Zj//fh ah|frfo{
a'4 wd{sf] nIo :ju{ xf]Og . o;sf] nIo xf] hGd d[To'sf] rqmaf6 kf/ eOhfg' cyf{t df]If k|fKt
ug'{ . df]Ifsf] cy{ xf] df]xsf] Ifo, cyf{t df]x gfz ug'{ . t;y{ df]xsf] cy{ xf] cfkm\gf] z/L/ / ;f+;l/s
ljifo j:t'nfO{ ;'vsf] ;fwg dfgL To;df e'n]/ a:g] c1fgtf . hf] JolQm o; df]x?kL c1fgtfdf
e'ln/xg] u5{, Tof] JolQm ;bf;j{bf b'Mv aGwg?kL ejrqmdf clNem/xg] x'G5 . o;y{ o; df]If?kL
c1fgtfnfO{ oyfy{ ?kn] klxrfg u/L o;af6 d'Qm x'g] cj:yfsf] gfd xf] df]If. a'4wd{df o;nfO{ lgjf{0f
elgPsf] 5 .
o; lgjf{0fsf] cy{ Ps o:tf] cj:yfdf k'Ug' xf], hxfF k'u]kl5 k'gM csf]{ hGd x'g] ub}{g . lsg ls
;+;f/df hGdg' g} b'Mv xf] .
h:t} ls hGd]kl5 ;bL{ udL{af6 x'g] b'Mv, ef]s Kof;n] x'g] b'Mv, cfo cfh{g ug{ g;Sgfn] x'g] b'Mv,
dg kg]{;Fu a:g gkfpgfn] x'g] b'Mv, dg gkg]{;Fu a:g kgf{n] x'g] b'Mv, OR5fOPsf] j:t' k|fKt gx'gfn] x'g]
b'Mv, k|fKt ePsf] j:t' lrQ ga'em\gfn] x'g] b'Mv, /f]u Joflwn] x'g] b'Mv, a'9f] x'Fb} uPaf6 x'g] b'Mv, clg
;a}eGbf 7"nf] b'Mv xf] cfk"mn] hLjge/ plrt cg'lrt sfo{ u/L vfO gvfO{ cg]s b'Mv u/L cfh{g u/]sf]
;DklQ Pj+ cfkm'nfO{ dgkg]{ klt, kTgL, 5f]/f5f]/L, Oi6ldq, aGw'afGwj cflb ;a} 5f]8]/ d[To' x'g' kgf{sf]
b'Mv . d[To'kl5 km]/L csf]{ hGd clg k"gM b'Mvsf] ;'?jft . o;/L hGd / d[To'sf] rSs/df cNem]/
k|f0fLx? ;f+;fl/s b'Mvsf] e'd/Ldf clNem/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;y{ o; b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g] Pp6} dfq pkfo xf]
lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'{ .
o;k|sf/ a'4 wd{df k|f0fLx?sf] b]xfj;fg b'O{ k|sf/n] x'g] ub{5 . Pp6f d[To' xf] eg] csf]{ lgjf{0f .
k'gh{Gd x'g] u/L b]xfj;fg x'g' d[To' xf] eg] k'gh{Gdaf6 d'Qm x'g] u/L b]xTofu ug'{ lgjf{0f xf] . eujfg
a'4n] k"gM csf]{ hGd lng' gkg]{ u/L b]xTofu u/]sf] x'Fbf pgsf] b]xfj;fgnfO{ d[To' gegL lgjf{0f elgPsf]
xf] .
lgjf{0fdf k|j]z ug{ oft cx{tsf] l:yltdf k'Ug' k5{ cyjf a'4 g} x'g ;Sg'k5{ . a'4Tj k|fKt ug{sf]
nflu cg]s kf/ldtfx? k"0f{ ug'{k5{ . kf/ldtfsf] cy{ k"0f{ xf], cyf{t clGtd r/0f;Dd k'Ug' xf] .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s;}n] lxdfn kj{t cf/f]x0f u¥of] eg] To; kj{tsf] clGtd lzv/;Dd k'Ug ;Sg'
To;sf] k'0f{tf xf], hxfF k'u]kl5 To;sf] nflu csf]{ psfnf] r9\g' kg]{ x'Fb}g . o;k|sf/ clGtd tx;Dd
k'Ug' kf/ldtf xf] .
a'4Tj k|fKt ug{ y]/jfb a'4 wd{cg';f/ b; kf/ldtf k"0f{ ug'{k5{ eg] dxfofg a'4wd{df if6kf/ldtf
k"0f{ ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] pNn]v 5 . tL kf/ldtfx?sf] klxnf] v'8\lsnf xf] bfg kf/ldtf .
y]/jfb a'4 wd{n] a'4Tj k|flKtsf] nflu b; kf/ldtf k"0f{ ug{df nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ af]lw;Tj eGg]
u/]sf] 5 . x'gt dxfofg a'4wd{n] klg To:tf] JolQmnfO{ af]lw;Tj g} eGg] u/]sf] 5, t/ klg dxfofgdf
af]lw;Tjsf] cy{ cln leGg /x]sf] 5 . dxfofg a'4wd{df a'4Tj k|fKt ug{dfq xf]Og hut\ k|f0fL lxt ug{
lgM:jfy{ efjgfn] nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ klg af]lw;Tj g} eGg] u/]sf] 5 . dxfofg a'4wd{df o:tf
af]lw;Tjx? w]/} g} 5g\, hf] a'4Tj k|fKt ug{ rfxFb}gg\ . lsgsL a'4 ePkl5 lgjf{0fdf hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .
25

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
ctM lgjf{0fdf k|j]z gu/L ;bf;j{bf hut\ lxt ug]{ dg;fon] a'4Tj k|fKt ug{ clgR5's eO{ af]lw;Tjd}
cjl:yt eO/xg] af]lw;Tjx?sf] ;+Vof dxfofg a'4wd{df cgluGtL /x]sf 5g\ .
h] xf];\, a'4Wj k|fKt ug]{ af6f]df nfu]sf JolQmnfO{ af}4 hut\df af]lw;Tjsf] gfdn] k'sfl/g] u/]sf]
5 .
kfln af}4 ;flxTo lgbfg syfdf elgPcg';f/ zfSod'lg a'4n] cfk\mgf k"j{hGdx?df bzkf/ldtf
k'/f ug{ af]lw;Tjsf] ?kdf cg]s hGd lnPsf lyP . o; qmddf pgsf] k"j{hGdsf] syf ;'d]w
a|fx\d0faf6 ;'? ePsf] 5 .
cfheGbf rf/ c;ª\Vo / Ps nfv sNk cl3 cyf{t clrGTo ck|d]o sNk cl3 o; hDa'l4ksf] /Dojlt
gu/df lbkª\s/ tyfutsf] cfudg ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nf pgsf] ;Ddfgdf ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx?n] gu/
l;ª\uf/L /x]sf lyP . o; qmddf ;'d]w a|fx\d0f lxnf]n] kl/k'0f{ ePsf] Pp6f af6f] ;kmf ug{ gkfpFb} ToxfF
bLkª\s/ tyfutsf] cfudg eof] . tyfutsf] cfudg ePsf] b]lv pgL c;d~h;df k/] . ca s] ug]{ <
af6f] ;kmf ePsf] 5}g, tyfutsf] cfudg eP5 . pxfFnfO{ lxnf]df s;/L kbfk{0f u/fpg] < ctM pgL
tyfutsf] kfOnf lxnf]df gk/f];\ eGgfvflt/ cfkm' lxnf]df 3f]K6f] k/]/ n]l6g k'u] . TolQms}df bLkª\s/
tyfut rf/ nfv cx{t leIf'x? kl5 nufP/ ToxfF cfOk'Ug'eof] . To;a]nf ;'d]w a|fx\d0fn] ljrf/ u/],–
"obL d}n] rfx] eg] d klg cx{t eO{ lgjf{0f k|fKt ug{ ;S5' . k/Gt' d To;f] ulb{g . d t hut\ lxt
ug{ a'4 g} x'g]5' ." pgsf] k|l0fwfg bLkª\s/ tyfutn] a'em] . geGb} To; ;'d]w a|fx\d0f eljiodf a'4 g}
ePsf]n] tbcg'?k tyfutn] eljiof0fL u/L eg]–"cfhsf lbgn] rf/ c;ª\Vo/ Ps nfv sNkkl5 of]
;'d]w a|fx\d0fn] a'4Tj k|fKt u/L zfSod'gL a'4sf] gfdn] k|l;4 x'g]5 ."
o;kl5 ;'?eof] a'4Tj k|flKtsf] nflu b; kf/ldtf k'/f ug{ pgsf cg]s af]lw;Tj?kL hGdx? .
o;qmddf b; kf/ldtfsf] klxnf] v'8\lsnfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] bfg kf/ldtfaf6 pgn] cfk\mgf] cleofg ;'?
u/] / cGtdf a'4Tj k|fKt u/] .
ca oxfF a'em\g' k¥of] ls bfgsf] oyfy{ s] xf]< ;fwf/0ftof k'0o cfh{g ug]{ clek|fon] jf
u/Lau'?jfx?sf] b'Mvaf6 cfxft eO{ pgLx?nfO{ p4f/ ug]{ dg;fon] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] cGg j:q
wg ;DklQ cflb ljt/0f ug'{ bfg xf] . Pj+ k|sf/n] k/Dk/fut ?kdf s'g} k'0o sfo{ ubf{, ljjfxf]T;j
x'Fbf, dbf{kbf{ jf o:t} cGo Jofjxfl/s sfd ubf{ u'? k'/f]lxtnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] lhG;L jf gub k|bfg
ul/g]nfO{ klg bfg g} eGg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . eujfg\ a'4sf cg';f/ bfg b'O{ k|sf/n] x'g] ub{5 . Ps
kmnfzfsf] bfg / csf]{ lgM:jfy{ efjgfsf] bfg . s'g} klg sfd s'/f] ubf{ o;af6 dnfO{ of] k|fKt xf];\,
Tof] k|fKt xf];\ eGg] sfdgf u/L ug]{ bfg kmnfzfsf] bfg xf] . o; qmddf bftfx? cfkm\gf lk|ohgx?sf]
enf] sfdgf u/L jf o;af6 cfkm'nfO{ o:tf] p:tf] kmn k|fKt xf];\ eGg] sfdgf u/L, h:t} 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]
hflu/ xf];\, cfkm\gf] b'Mv lgd"{n xf];\, csf]{ hGddf ;'v k|fKt xf];\ cflb sfdgf ug]{ ub{5g\ . Pj+ k|sf/n]
s'g} s'g} dflg;x? ;dfhdf cfkm\gf] k|ltef Pj+ wfs /jfkm b]vfpg klg bfg ug]{ ub{5g\ . sf]xL sf]xL
dflg;f t cfkm'n] s'g} s'/f bfg ul/;s]kl5 cfkm\gf] wfs hdfpg d}n] o:tf] bfg u/] p:tf] bfg u/] egL
kmnfsL lxF8\g]x? klg 5g\ . o;k|sf/sf bfg Sn]zo'Qm x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf] bfg k"0f{tof lg:k|of]hgsf]
x'g]5 . eujfg\ a'4sf cg';f/ oyfy{ bfg Tof] xf] hf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] kmnsf] cfzf g/fvL lgM:jfy{
26

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
efjgfn] ul/G5 . o:tf] :jfy{ /lxtsf] bfgdf t[i0ff /lxt x'g] ePsf]n] o;af6 ckl/ldt k'0o nfe x'g]
ub{5 / o;af6 a'4Tj;Dd klg k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 . t/ oxFf Pp6f a'em\g' kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] s'g} s'g}
s'/fx? lgM:jfy{ efjgfn] bfg u/]/ klg To;af6 k'0o nfe gx'g ;S5 . of] s;/L eg] bfg ;DaGwdf
tLj6f s'/f]sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . Ps bfg lbg] JolQm b'O{ bfg lbg] j:t' / tLg bfg lng] JolQm . oL
tLgj6} s'/fx? ;Dos\ efjgfn] o'Qm x'g'k5{ . cGoyf lgM:jfy{ efjgfn] lbPsf] bfg klg kfksd{ x'g
hfg;S5 . To;}n] bfg lbg] JolQmdf dfq lgM:jfy{ efjgf eP/ x'Fb}g . pgn] lbPsf] j:t' klg plrt
k|sf/sf] x'g'k5{ . o;df bfg lng] JolQmdf klg c;n efjgf /x]sf] v08df To; bfgsf] ckl/ldt x'g
hfG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu o; ;DaGwdf eujfg\ a'4sf] ;dodf 36]sf] Pp6f 36gf lnpmM
To; ;dodf j}zfnLdf Pp6f leIf' lyof], To;sf] gfd lyof] ;'lbGg . pgL j}zfnLsf Pp6f wgfB
kl/jf/sf] PSnf] 5f]/f] lyof] . k/Gt' pgL cfkm\gf wgsf] j}ejnfO{ TofuL eujfg\sf] z/0fdf uPsf lyP .
leIf' hLjg latfPsf] cf7 aif{kl5 Psk6s j}zfnLdf clgsfn k¥of] . o;af6 leIf'x?nfO{ leIff
kfpg sl7g x'g uof] . o;a]nf Pslbg pQm leIf' ;'lbGg cfk\mgf] cfdfafa'sf] 3/df leIff dfUg uP .
cf7 aif{kl5 cfkm\gf] 5f]/f cfPsf] b]v]/ pgsf cfdf afa' lgs} v'zL eP . pgLx?n] leIf' ;'lbGgnfO{ leIf'
hLjg Tofu u/L u[x:y k|j]z u/fpgsf] nflu kmsfpFb} eg]–"afa' xfd|f] 3/df cs'6 ;DklQ /x]sf] 5 .
k/Gt' xfd|f] z]ifkl5 o;nfO{ pkef]u ug]{ sf]xL klg 5}g . PSnf] xsbf/sf] ?kdf ltdL lyof} . ltdLn]
klg u[x Tofu u/L lx8\of}F . To;}n] of] wg/fzL pkef]u ug{ leIf' hLjg Tofu u/L ltdL 3/ kms{ .
k'0onfesf] lglDt of] ckf/ ;DklQ rfx]hlt bfg u/L ;'vk"j{s a;."
k/Gt' leIf' ;'lbGg cfkm\gf] k}t[s ;DklQk|lt cfslif{t ePgg\ . ;f+;l/s aGwgaf6 d'Qm eO{ uPsf
To; leIf'n] pQ/df eg],–"wg ;DklQn] eo pTkGg x'G5, ;f+;fl/s aGwgdf clNemg' kg]{ x'G5 . d
eujfg\ a'4sf] z/0fdf uO;s]sf] JolQm, To;}n] o; cs'6 ;DklQsf] ddf s'g} df]x 5}g . o;y{ o;
;DklQnfO{ tkfO{x? h] ug'{ kg]{ xf] ug'{ . o;sf] nflu d leIf' hLjg Tofu ug]{ 5}g .
o;sf/0f bfg wd{ ubf{ bfg lbg] JolQm, bfg lbg] j:t' / bfg lng] JolQm ;Dos\ efjgfn] o'Qm x'g'
clt cfjZos 5 . bfg lng] JolQm klg plrt JolQm x'g'kg]{ ePsf]n] a'4wd{df k~hbfg, ;Dos\bfg,
gjbfg cflb kljq bfgwd{sf] sfo{ ubf{ u[xTofuL leIf', zfSo leIf', ah|frfo{x?nfO{ bfg lbg] k|rng
/x]sf] xf] . lsgsL ltgLx? eujfg\ a'4sf] rl/qjfg\ cg'ofoL egL dflgPsfx? x'g\ . o;y{ bfgsf] ul/df
a9fpgsf] nflu bfg lbg of]Uo 7flgPsf tL JolQmx? ;b}j ;Do\s efjgfn] o'Qm eO/xg' lgtfGt
cfjZos 5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] bfg lbg] j:t' klg wdf{g's'n ePsf] x'g'k5{ . cGoyf bfgwd{sf gfddf
kfksd{ x'g hfg]5 .
kfb l6Kk0fL
!_ ;Do\s ;Da4 -g]kfnL efiff_ efiffg'jfbs tyf ;+sns ebGQ ;Do\s ;Daf]lw k|f0fk'q, k|sfzs ;'vL
xf]t' g]kfn, a'4 ljxf/, e[s'l6 d08k, sf7df8f}F, lgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf] nflu d'b|s M b sk]{l/6 a9L ckm b
a'4, Ph's]zg kmfp08]zg, tfOjfg, k|sfzg ldlt M @)^) lj=;= k[= !$!
@= P]hg P]hg k[= @#!
27

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
28

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
af}4 ;dfhdf df;'sf] k|rng M wfld{s ljrng
n]vs M dx]Zj//fh ah|frfo{
"wgsf] nflu k|f0fL xTof u5{g\, df;'sf] nflu k};f lbg]
u5{g\, k|f0fL xTof ug]{ / k};f ltg]{ b'j} kfkL x'g\, /f}/a
g/sdf hfg]x? x'g\ .
–a'4jrg, n+sfjtf/ ;'q
df;' Ps o:tf] vfB kbfy{ xf] hf] lxF;faf6 dfq k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . lxF;f k|f0fLx?sf] afFRg kfpg]
clwsf/dfly cltqmd0f xf] / of] k'0f{tof zflGtsf] ljk/Lt ljifo xf] .
lxF;fn] cf;'/L k|j[ltnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u5{, h;af6 d}qL / s?0ffsf efjgfx? qmdzM nf]k eP/
hfG5 . d}qL / s?0ff dfgj hLjgsf cfwf/e"t tTjx? x'g\ . obL s;}n] c?af6 bof d}qL / s?0ffsf]
rfxgf u5{ eg] ;j{k|yd pm cfkm}F bofjfg\, d}qLjfg\ / s?0ffjfg\ x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt obL
s;}n] lxF;f u5{ eg] abnfdf p;sf] klg k|f0f c;'/lIft x'g hfG5 . of] k|s[ltsf] zf:jt lgod xf] .
o;y{ k|f0fLx?sf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/dfly s'7f/f3ft x'g] o:tf] lxF;fn] s;}sf] klg enf] gx'g] s'/f
lglj{jfb 5 .
df+; ;]jgn] lxF;f sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] u5{ . hlt hlt dflg;x?n] df;' vfg] k|j[lt a9fpFb}
n}hfg] u5{ plt plt df;' Jofkf/Ln] ;DalGwt kz'kIfL jw ug]{ sfo{ klg a9fpFb} n}hfg] 5 . ctM df;'
vfg' lxF;f sfo{nfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg wd{n] lxF;f sfo{nfO{ :jLs[lt
lbPsf] kfOb}g . o; dfldnfdf a'4 wd{ cu|klª\Qmdf /x]sf] 5 .
eujfg\ a'4 clx+;fjfbL x'g'x'G5, zflGtgfos x'g'x'G5, d}qL / s?0ffsf 3f]ts x'g'x'G5 . o;y{
hf] JolQm c+lx;s 5}g, h;df d}qL / s?0ffsf efjgfx? 5}g Tof] JolQm caf}4 xf] eGbf ;fob cTo'lQm
gxf]nf . t;y{ zflGtgfos eujfg\ a'4sf cg'ofoLx?n] lxF;faf6 dfq k|fKt x'g], csf]{ zAbdf lxF;f
sfo{nfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf k|f]T;fxg lbg], df+; ;]jg ug'{ sxfF;Dd plrt 5, ljrf/0fLo 5 .
o; ;DaGwdf Psy/L af}4x? lqsf]l6 kl/z'4sf] df;' vfgdf eujfg\ a'4n] k|ltaGw gnufPsf]
lhls/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . lqsf]6L kl/z'4sf] df;' eGgfn] lgDg lnlvt tl/sfaf6 k|fKt x'g] df;'nfO{ hgfpF5.
!= cfkm'n] df/]sf] gb]v]sf]
@= cfkm'n] dfg{ gnufPsf]
#= cfkm\gf] lgldQ df/]sf] eGg] zª\sf gePsf]
o; cy{df k|fo M h;f] af}4x? ahf/df a]lrPsf] df;' lqsf]6L kl/z'4sf] 5 eGg] cy{ nufO{
lgw{Ss;fy ;]jg ug]{ ub{5g\ . oltdfq xf]Og u'x\ok'hfsf] gfddf sltko af}4x? eujfg\ a'4nfO{ ;d]t
df;'dfq xf]Og /S;L ;d]t r9fpg] ub{5g\, h'g /S;L ;]jg ug{ eujfg a'4n] k~rzLndf :ki6 ?kdf
lgif]w ug'{ePsf] 5 .
29

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
lqsf]6L kl/z'4 df;'sf ;DaGwdf Pp6f ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] df;' k;n]n] df;' a]Rbf
h;n] k};f lbG5 p;sf] nflu egL ;DalGwt kz'kIfL xTof u/L a]Rg] ul/G5 . o;y{ h'g u|fxsn] Tof]
df;' lsGof], p;}sf] nflu Tof] lx+;f ul/Psf] 7xl/of] . o; cy{df Tof] df;' s;/L lqsf]6L z'4sf] /xg
uof] <
o; kl/k|]Ifdf csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] k|fo M h;f] af}4x?n] s'g} k"hf jf ef]h–et]/ ubf{
"dnfO{ kmnfgf] lbg kmnfgf kz'kIfLsf] df;' olt rflxPsf] 5, plt rflxPsf] 5" egL df;' Jofkf/LnfO{
cfb]z
lbg]
ub{5g\ . tb\cg'?k To; Jofkf/Ln] p;nfO{ ;DalGwt kz'kG5L jw u/L df;' tof/ ul/lbG5 . o;
cj:yfdf Tof] df;' s;/L lqsf]6L kl/z'4sf] /xg uof] <
oyfy{df lqsf]6L kl/z'4sf] df;' sxLF st} x'g] ub}{g / o; ;DaGwdf dxfofgL u|Gy n+sfjtf/
;"qdf eujfg' a'4n] o:tf] lqsfl6 kl/z'4sf] df;' sxL klg x'g] gu/]sf] / o:tf] df;' vfg pxfFn] sxL
slxNo} s;}nfO{ klg cg'dlt glbPsf] s'/f :ki6 ?kdf JofVof ug'{ePsf] 5 .
o; ;DaGwdf csf]{ Pp6f ljrf/0fLo kIf xf] k~rzLndf lglxt efjgfx? .
k~rzLn a'4wd{sf] k|j]zåf/ xf] . a'4 wd{df k|j]z ubf{ jf af}4 ;F:s[ltcg'?k s'g} sfd s'/f]
ubf{ ;j{k|yd hLjgdf kfFrj6f s'/fx? k|of]u gug]{ egL ;ky lng' clgjfo{ 5 . of] xf] eujfg\ a'4sf]
k~rzLn . k~rzLndWo] klxnf]df k|f0fL lxF;f gug]{ jfrf /x]sf] 5 eg] clGtddf /S;L -dfbs kbfy{_
;]jg gug]{ jfrf /x]sf] 5 . cGo afFsL tLg j6fdf qmdzM rf]/L gug]{, k/k'?if jf k/:qL udg gug]{ /
em'7f] gaf]Ng] /x]sf 5g\ .
k|To]s y]/jfbL ljxf/x?df cfb/0fLo eGt]x?n] >4fn' pkf;s pkfl;sfx?nfO{ pk/f]Qm sfd
s'/fx? gug]{ jfrf :j?k k~rzLn u|x0f u/fpg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 .
u[x:y af}4x? h;n] dxfofgL k/Dk/fsf] laF8f] yfdL cfPsf 5g\, pgLx?n] klg hLjgsf] k|To]s
;+:sf/df k~rzLn u|x0f ug'{ clgjfo{ 5 . km/s olt xf] ls y]/jfbLx? kfnL efiffdf k~rzLn u|x0f
u5{g eg] dxfofgLx? ;F:s[t efiffdf ug]{ ub{5g\ .
o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] y]/jfbL a'4wd{ / dxfofgL a'4wd{ b'j}n] /S;L -dfbs kbfy{_ ;]jg
ug{df k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 .
t/ df+; ;]jg ug]{ ;DaGwdf eg] :ki6 ?kdf k~rzLndf s]xL s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . o;
cy{df df+; ;]jg ug{ aGb]h 5}g ls eGg] efg kg{ ;S5 / o;}sf] cfwf/df sltko dxfofgL Pj+ y]/jfbL
af}4 lj4fgx?n] ;d]t eujfg\ a'4n] df;' vfgdf k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5}g egL ;txL ?kdf cfkm\gf] blnn
k]z ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] sltko y]/jfbL af}4 leIf'x?n] klg leIf' ef]hg u/fpFbf olb s'g}
bftfn] df;'sf] kl/sf/ kl:slbPsf] v08df ;xif{ :jLsfg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . oltdfq xf]Og cr]n s'g} s'g}
gfpF rn]sf y]/jfbL af}4 leIf'x?n] df+;fxf/ ug'{x'g] s'/fsf] v'n]cfd jsfnt ug]{ u/]sf] klg b]Vg /
;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf pgLx? pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf >Ln+sf, adf{, yfONof08, sDaf]l8of /
nfcf];sf y]/jfbL af}4 leIf'x?n] df;' vfg] u/]sf] s'/f ;uf}/j k|:t't ug]{ ub{5g\ . t/ rLg, leotgfd /
hfkfgsf leIf'x?n] df+; ;]jg gu/]sf] s'/f eg] n'sfpg] ub{5g\ .
30

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
oxfF ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] g]kfn a'4e"ld xf] / a'4 wd{ oxfFaf6 tL b]zx?df uPsf x'g\ .
To;}n] a'4wd{sf ;DaGwdf ljb]zLx?sf] gsn ug'{ xfdLnfO{ cfjZos 5}g . oyfy{tM cg's/0f To;
rLhsf] ul/G5, h'g cg's/0fLo 5 . cGoyf obL df+; eIf0f ug]{ tL b]zx?df xfdLn] vfg cof]Uo 7fg]sf
hLj hGt'x?sf] df;' vfg] k|rng 5 eg] ;f] klg xfd|f] nflu vfg of]Uo x'g] eof] .
ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ubf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] k|f/Dedf a'4 wd{df df;' vfg] k|rng lyPg . kl5 b]z,
sfn / kl/l:yltcg';f/ df+; ;]jg ug{ yflnof] / o;} kl/k|]Ifdf af}4x?n] df+; eIf0f ug'{ x'g] s'/fsf]
cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ ul/of], h;sf] cGwfg's/0f cfh eO/x]5 .
o; ;DaGwdf csf]{ Pp6f pNn]vgLo s'/f s] 5 eg] k|fo M h;f] y]/jfbL af}4 leIf'x? bftfn]
:j]R5fn] df;' bfg u/]sf] v08df ;f] df;' vfg cfkm\gf] st{Jo ePsf] s'/f ub{5g\ . oxfF Pp6f lh1f;f
s] p7\5 eg] obL s'g} bftfn] df;' h:t} cGo s'g} cvfB h:t} ufOsf] df;', /S;L cflb bfg u¥of] eg]
pxfFx?n] Tof] j:t' vfg] ls gvfg] < csf]{ s'/f s] eujfg\ a'4sf] ;dodf pxfFnfO{ ef]hg u/fpFbf s;}n]
df+; bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 < Tof] o; lglDt 5}g ls pxfF eujfg\ a'4 df+; ;]jg ug'{x'Gg . Pj+k|sf/n] olb
oxfFsf af}4 leIf'x?n] klg df+; eIf0f ug]{ gu/]sf] eP s'g} klg bftfn] ef]hg bfg ubf{ df;' /fVg] lyPg
.
oxfF :d/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] eujfg\ a'4 lxF;fsf s§/ lj/f]wL x'g\ . df+; ;]jg ug{sf] nflu
s;} g s;}sf] lx+;f ug'{ clgjfo{ 5 . To;}n] lxF;faf6 dfq k|fKt x'g] df;' vfgdf eujfg\ a'4n] cg'dlt
lbPsf] 5 egL ;f]Rg' ckl/kSj lbdfusf] pkhdfq xf] eGbf ;fob cTo'lQm gxf]nf .
hxfF;Dd k~rzLndf df;' gvfg] jfrf u/fPsf] 5}g eGg] ts{ 5, o; ;DaGwdf k~rzLn u|x0f
ubf{ ;aeGbf klxn] "kf0ffltkftf j]/dl0f lzVvfkb+ ;dflbofld" cyf{t "d k|f0fLsf] lx+;f ulb{g egL
jfrf u/fOPsf] 5 . ha lx+;f g} ug'{ gx'g] ePkl5 lx+;faf6 dfq k|fKt x'g] df;' vfg s;/L ldNof] <
obL s;}n] klg df;' vfg] gu/]sf] eP df;' Jofkf/Ln] tL lgjf]{w kz'kIfLx? jw ug]{ g} lyPg . o;af6
:ki6 x'G5 ls df;' vfg' eg]s} lx+;f sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ xf] . oyfy{df lx+;f ulb{g eg]/ jfrf u/]kl5
lx+;faf6 dfq k|fKt x'g] df;' vfg s;/L ldNof]

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
a'4nfO{ k|Zg ug'{x'G5–"x] eujg\! df+; eIf0f ugf{sf] u'0f / bf]if atfO{ lbg'xf];\, tfls d c?nfO{ o;
ljifodf JofVof u/L pgLx?nfO{ p4f/ ug{ ;s'F ."
eujfg\ a'4 cf1f ug'{x'G5–"x] dxfdlt af]lw;Tj! cgflbsfnb]lv k|f0fLx? cg]s of]gLdf hGd
lnb}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ h;sf] df+; ;]jg ug]{ xf], x'g;S5 Tof] hLj s'g} hGddf pgsf lat]sf
k"j{hx?, af, cfdf, bfh' . efO{, lbbL, alxgL cyjf o:t} cGo cfkmGtx? jf cfTdLo hgx? cf–cfkm\gf]
sd{cg';f/ hGd lnO/x]sf x'g\ . o; cy{df cfk\mg} ;uf]q, aGw' afGwj, Oi6ldqx?sf] df;' s;/L vfg]<
tyfutsf] of] wd{ ;Gb]z ;'g]kl5 /fIf;x?n] klg df;' vfg] ljrf/ ub}{g eg] wd{ ug]{ k|jn OR5f ePsf
dflg;n] To:tf] df;' s;/L vfg ldN5 xf]nf < To;}n] af]lw;Tjsf] nflu df;' k'0f{tof ceIf kbfy{ xf] .
"csf]{ s'/f, x] dxfdlt af]lw;Tj! df+; eg]sf] cz'lr kbfy{ z'qm / /hsf] ;+of]uaf6 pTkGg x'g]
ub{5 . To;}n] z'lrlglrdf nfu]sfx?sf] nflu df+; eIf0f ug'{ k"0f{tof cof]Uo 5 ."
eujfg\ a'4 k"gM cf1f ug'{x'G5–"x] dxfdlt af]lw;Tj! df+; eIf0f ug]{x? qm'/ :jefjsf x'g]
u5{g\ . pgLx? b]vL zfGt :jefjsf hLjx? eoeLt x'g] u5{g, h;/L /fIf; b]v]/ dfG5]x? efUg] ub{5g\
. t;y{ zfGt k|s[ltsf k|f0fLx?nfO{ eo pTkGg u/fpg], cgfo{x?n] dfq ;]jg ug]{ df;' vfg' d}qL ljxf/
ug]{x?sf] nflu ljns'n cof]Uo 5 . o:tf] df+;eIf0f ugf{n] a'4 zf;gnfO{ hgtfn] lgGbf ug]{5 . t;y{
x] dxfdlt af]lw;Tj! a'4 zf;gnfO{ ktg x'g glbg af]lw;Tjx? o;af6 cnu x'g'k5{ .
"df;' slt;Dd ckljq kbfy{ xf] eGg] s'/f ;'g x] dxfdlt af]lw;Tj!" eujfg\ a'4 cf1f
ug'{x"G5,–"d/]sf] dfG5] bfx ;F:sf/ ubf{ h'g k|sf/sf] b'u{Gw cfpg] u5{ To:t} k|sf/sf] uGw cGo
k|f0fLx?sf] df;' kf]Ng] a]nfdf klg cfpg] u5{ . h'g j:t"x?df ;dfg uGw 5, ltgLx?df cGtlg{lxt
u'0fx? klg Pp6} x'g] u5{ . t;y{ d}qL rfxg] af]lw;Tjx?n] lsdfy{ df+; eIf0f ug'{x'Fb}g .
km]/L df+; eIf0f ug]{ JolQmsf] d'v b'u{lGwt x'g] u5{ . pgLx?nfO{ /fd|/L lgb|f klg gnfUg] x'G5 . lgb|f
nfu] klg g/fd|f] ;kgf b]Vg] u5{ . df+; eIf0f ug]{x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfxf/fsf] dfqf klg yfxf geO{ lhp
ef/L x'g] u5{ . vfPsf] ckr eO{ cg]s /f]u Joflwn] ;tfpg] u5{ . o;k|sf cg]sg bf]if eO{
cfo{hgx?n] vfg cof]Uo ePsf] df]Ifdfu{sf] nflu afwf x'g] o:tf] ckljq df;' vfg d cfkm\gf
lziox?nfO{ s;/L cg'dlt lbpF

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
s;}nfO{ klg cg'dlt lbPsf] 5}g . k/Gt' x] dxfdlt af]lw;Tj ! eljiodf d]/} zf;gdf k|jlht ePsf
;Tsfo b[li6 ePsfx?n] /;t[i0ffdf e'nL "df+; eIf0f ug'{x'G5" eGg] cfef; cfpg] u/L u|Gysf] lgdf{0f
ug]{5g\ / kmnfgf ;'qdf eujfg\ a'4n] df+; eIf0f ug{ cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 egL dnfO{ g} bf]if lbP/ df+;
;]jg ug]{5g\ . oltdfq xf]Og, eujfg a'4 :jo+n] g} df+; eIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 egL dnfO{ bf]iff/f]kg
ug]{5g\ . k/Gt' x] dxfdlt af]lw;Tj! tyfutn] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] PSnf] 5f]/f ;dfg dfof
u/]sf] x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf d cfkm\gf] PSnf] 5f]/f ;dfg k|f0fLsf] df;' vfg'xG5 egL s;/L cg'dlt lbpF
< o;y{ cg'dlt lbPsf] 5}g, clxn] klg df+; ;]jg ug'{x'G5 egL cg'dlt lbPsf] 5}g, clxn] klg lbGg /
eljiodf klg lbg] 5}g / o;/L dnfO{ cf/f]k u/L df+; ;]jg ug]{x? lg;Gb]x b'u{ltdf kg]{5g\ . o;y{, x]
dxfdlt af]lw;Tj! df+; eIf0f ug'{ df]Ifwd{ lj/f]wL ePsf]n] d}qL efjgf ug]{x?n] sbflk o;sf] ;]jg ug'{
x'Fb}g . o;k|sf/ dxfofgL a'4wd{sf] k|d'v u|Gy n+sfjtf/ ;'qdf eujfg a'4n] cfo{hgx?n] s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] df+; eIf0f ug'{df ;Vt dgfxL ug'{ ePsf] 5 . k/Gt' lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] ;fwf/0f JolQmsf] t
s] s'/f dxfofg a'4 wd{sf sltko lj4fg egfpFbf cfrfo{x?n];Dd klg eujfg\ a'4s} xjnf lbP/ df+;
;]jg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;y{ df+; eIf0f ug]{ dxfofgL af}4 lj4fgx?n] of t pk/f]Qm dxfofgL u|Gy
"d]/f] wd{zf:q g} xf]Og" eGg ;Sg'k¥of] cGoyf tb\cg'?k cfr/0f ug'{k¥of] / cfkm\gf lziox?nfO{ ;f] sf]
1fgaf]w u/fpg cfkm" pbfx/0f agL k|:t't xg'k¥of] . o; ;DaGwdf df+; eIfLx?sf] Pp6f ts{ s] klg
/x]sf] 5 eg] df;' gvfgfn] tfutsf] sld eO{ z/L/ lzlyn x'ghfG5 . o;y{ :j:y /xgsf] nflu klg
df;' vfg clgjfo{ 5 . k/Gt' a'em\g' kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] z/L/df tfut lbg] lrh df;' dfq} xf]Og .
j}1flgs k|df0faf6 of] l;4 ePsf] 5 ls df;'df eGbf lgs} u'0ff tfultnf] tTj ;fu;AhL, u]8fu'8L /
cGgdf /x]sf 5g\ . df+; ;]jgn] cfqmf]z / tgfj k}bf u/L lx+;|s k|j[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 eg] ;fu;AhL
/ u]8fu'8Lsf] ;]jgn] /ut ;kmf u/L zfGt, ;f}Do k|s[ltsf] lg/f]uL agfO{ lbG5 .
j}1flgsx?n] of] klg k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ ls df+; ;]jg ugf{n] dflg;df x'g] 7'nf7'nf 3fts
/f]ux? h:t} pRr /Qmrfk, SofG;/, x[bo3ft, afy cflb /f]ux? k}bf ug]{ u5{ . tL j}1flgsx?sf
cg';f/ dflg;x?sf] zLn :jefj p;sf] vfgkfgdf klg lge{/ x'g] ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu df;' vfg]
hLjx? h:t} M af3, AjfF;f], x'Fbf/, :ofn, lu4, rLn, nf6f]sf];]/f] cflb lx+;|s / w't{ k|s[ltsf 5g\ . k/Gt'
k/]jf, 9's'/, afv|f, xl/0f, ufO{ cflb hLjx? zfGt Pj+ ;f}Do :jefjsf x'G5g\ lsgsL ltgLx? df+; ;]jg
ub}{gg\ . o;}u/L df+; eIf0f ug]{ jf gug]{ JolQmx?df klg To:t} :jefj cfpg] ub{5g\ . log} s'/fx?af6
clek|]l/t eO{ cfh ljZjsf sltko ;Do Pj+ ;d'Ggt b]zx? h:t} cd]l/sf, hd{g, k|mfG;, rLg, hfkfg
cflbsf jfl;Gbfx? zfsfxf/L aGb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . oyfy{tM xfd|f] z/L/sf] agfj6 klg df+;fxf/sf] nflu
geO{ zfsfxf/sf] nflu lgdf{0f ePsf] eGg] s'/f cfh j}1flgs ?kdf l;4 ePsf 5g\ .
eujfg\ a'4n] k|f0fL s] nfO{ eGg] ;DaGwdf eGg'ePsf] 5 ls Tof] rLh h;df r]tgf x'g] ub}{g,
;fFs]lts r]tgf eP klg h;n] :jljj]sn] s]xL sfd ug{ ;Sb}g, Tof] k|f0fL xf]Og .
o;y{ Tof] rLh ;]jg gu/f}F, h;sf] nflu k|f0fL lx+;f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ctM df+; eIf0f gugf{n]
Psflt/ cfkm\gf] wd{sf] /Iff x'g] u5{ eg] csf]{lt/ zfGt Pj+ ;f}Do :jefjsf] eO{ ;dfh clg b]z /
ljb]zdf ;d]t zflGt km}nfpg'df ;dy{jfg\ x'g]5 . c:t' .
33

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
34

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
g]kfnL zfSox?n] uf}td a'4;Fu ;DaGw s;/L hf]ufO/fVg ;lsG5 <
n]vs M tLy{/Tg zfSo
nujxfn, sf7df8f}
g]kfnL zfSox?sf k"j{h slknj:t'sf zfSox? x'g\ eGg] s'/f zf]wx?af6 l;4 e};s]sf] 5 .
eujfg\ a'4 klg slknj:t'sf] zfSoj+z z'4f]bgsf] kl/jf/df hGdg'ePaf6 zfSox?sf] uf}/j w]/} dfly
p7]sf] 5 . cfh ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ zfSox?: ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf / g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL
zx/nufot ufpF / lhNnfx?df klg 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . sf]xL zfSox? uf}/jdo zfSoj+zaf/] hfgsf/
5g\ eg] sf]xL cfkm'nfO{ zfSo eg]/ yfxf ePklg uf}tda'4;Fu s] ;DaGw 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf gePsf 5g\
. ;a} zfSox?n] cfkm\gf] hftLo uf}/j, dxTj / st{Joaf/] hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ / uf}td a'4;Fu s;/L
;DaGw hf]ufO/fVg'k5{ eGg] s'/faf/] lrGtg dgg ug'{sf ;fy} To;} cg'?k hLjgdf cEof; ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 .
a'4sf] lzIffaf6 cfh ljZjsf clwsf+z hgtf cToGt} k|efljt 5g\ . ljkZogfWofg
lzlj/x?df O;fO{, O:nfd, j}lbs, ox'bL cflb wd{sf dflg;x? klg ;xefuL e} cToGt nfeflGjt x'g'sf
;fy} a'4k|lt s[ts[To ePsf 5g\ . xfdL zfSox? a? a'4k|lt Tolt s[t1 x'g ;s]sf 5}gf}F ls h:tf]
nfUb5 . ;fFrf] cy{df zfSox?n] uf}td a'4;Fu ;DaGw hf]ufO/fVg] xf] eg] lgDglnlvt s'/fx?df
uDeL/tfsf ;fy lrGtg dgg u/L hLjgdf cEof; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
!= k~rzLnnfO{ cIf/; M kfng ug]{–
a'4lzIff s]jn af}4x?sf nflu dfq xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{ dfgjhfltsf nflu xf] . dfgj;dfhdf ;a}
;b:ox? ;'v zflGtk"j{s cfk;df ;b\efj /fvL afFRg] xf] eg] a'4sf] k~rzLn lzIff clt cfjZos zt{
xf] . To;df klg af}4 x'gsf nflu cfwf/e"t of]Uotf eg]sf] g} k~zLnsf] cEof; xf] . of] Psk|sf/sf]
lgbf]{if hLjgz}nLsf] cEof; xf] . of] bf]ifd'Qm, kfkd'Qm, ck/fwd'Qm hLjg lhpg] k4lt xf] . c?nfO{ s'g}
k|sf/sf] b'Mv, kL8f, afwf, Jojwfg gk'¥ofPsg lhpg] z}nL xf] . ;a}nfO{ ;'v dg k5{, s;}nfO{ klg
b'Mv dg kb}{g eGg] a'emL c?nfO{ s'g} k|sf/n] klg b'Mv glbOsg lhpg] k4lt xf] . lx+;f gug]{, rf]/L
gug]{, e'm7f] s'/f gug]{, Jolerf/ gug]{, dfbs / nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg gug]{ sfo{af6 cjZo ;dfhdf ;'v,
zflGt / cdg r}gsf] jftfj/0f alg/fV5 . of] eg]sf] a'4ljgosf] k|f/lDes lgod klg xf] . a'4n]
ljgocEof;sf] k/Dk/f /x];Dd a'4zf;g /xG5 eGg'ePsf] 5 . To;/L g} k~rzLn cEof; ug]{
kl/kf6L /x];Dd a'4;Fu ;DaGw sfod /xG5 eGg] s'/f a'em\g ;lsG5 .
@= 3/df ;kl/jf/ e]nf eO{ a'4k"hf k/L qf0f kf7 / wd{b]zgf jf wd{ 5nkmn Wofg cflbsf] lgoldt
cEof; u/]/
zfSox?n] lbgsf] PskN6 a'4wd{ / ;+3sf] lrGtg ug'{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo ;Demg'k5{ . gfgfy/Lsf]
dlGb/ e|d0f, k"hfcfhfeGbf klg ljxfg Ps ;do Ps 306fsf nflu ;kl/jf/ e]nf eO{ a'4k"hf,
35

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
kl/qf0fkf7, wd{b]zgf jf wd{5nkmn / Wofg cflbsf] lgoldt sfo{qmd ug{ ;s]df kl/jf/nfO{ lq/Tg;Fu
kl/lrt agfO{ /fVg ;lsG5 . ah|ofgL k/Dk/fdf jo:s ;b:ox?n] lGxs+ cEof; ug'{kg]{ k/Dk/f 5 .
of] klg cEof; xf] . o;df af}4;fwgf hk, tk, Wofg cflb /x]sf] x'G5 t/ PSn} PSn} lGxs+sf]7fdf a;]/
ul/g] tyf To;sf] dxTj / pknAwLaf/] kl/jf/df 5nkmn gx'g] ePsf]n] c? ;b:ox?nfO{ To;af/] s]xL
k|efj k/]sf] x'Fb}g, a? kl/jf/sf d"nL jf lzlIft JolQmsf] g]t[Tjdf dfly elgP h:tf] zLn;DaGwL
a'4k"hfsf sfo{qmd ug]{ k/Lkf6L ePdf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?nfO{ w]/} kmfObf x'G5 . cfhsf] Jo:t hLjgz}nLdf
x/]s lbg o;f] ug{ g;s] zlgaf/ / ;fj{hls labfsf lbgx?df dfq u/]klg w]/} kmfObf x'g] x'G5 .
#= aif{df Psb'O{kN6 u[xTofuL leIf'x?nfO{ 3/df af]nfO{ ef]hgflb bfg ug]{ / wd{b]zg ;'Gg] kl/kf6L
a;fn]/–
a'4zf;gsf rf/ kl/ifb\ leIf', leIf'0fL, pkf;s / pkfl;sf x'g\ . u[x:y zfSox? a'4fg'ofgL
ju{df
kb{5 . leIf', leIf'0fL;Fu lgs6 / 3lgi6 ;DaGw agfO/fVof] eg] dfq zLn, ;dflw / k|1fsf] cEof;
ug]{ jftfj/0f alg/xG5, cfWoflTds r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ k|]/0ff ldln/xG5 . To;}n] kl/jf/sf ;a}
;b:ox?df /fd|f] ;F:sf/ agfO/fVg a/f]a/ u[xTofuL leIf', leIf'0fLx?nfO{ 3/df af]nfO{ ef]hgflb bfg ug]{,
jxfFx?sf] wd{b]zdf ;'Gg], dgdf nfu]sf lh1f;f / k|Zgx? ;f]Wg] u/]sf] v08df uf}td a'4;Fusf] ;DaGw
klg hf]ufO/fv]sf] h:tf] x'g hfG5 . a'4sf] lzIff wd{, ;F:s[lt af/]sf] 1fg klg clej[l4 e}/xG5 .
$= k/Dk/fut ljxf/ 5f8]/ a;fO{ ;/]/ gofF 7fpFdf hfg]x?n] klg ljxf/ agfO{ ;+3k/Dk/fdf a:g]
kl/kf6L a;fn]/–
kl/jf/df ;b:o ;+Vof a9\b} uPkl5 k'/fgf] a:tLdf gc6\g] x'G5 / gofF 7fpFdf ;g'{kg]{ x'g'
:jefljs 5 . klxn] klxn] klg o:t} x'GYof] / gofF 7fpFdf ljxf/ agfO{ a;f]af; ul/GYof] / To;/L Pp6f
d"n ljxf/sf w]/} zfvf ljxf/x?? ag]sf lyP . clxn] klg kl/jf/ ;+Vof a9]sf] sf/0fn] kl/jf/ 5'l6O{
cGo 7fpFdf 3/ agfO{ a:g hfg] ul/G5, t/ ljxf/ agfpg] ul/b}g . zfSox? klxn]b]lv ;+3 k/Dk/fdf
a:g] hflt ePsf] x'gfn] of] k/Dk/f clxn] klg sfod /fVg'k5 . sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ cflb z/xaf6
kf]v/f, kfNkf, a'6jn cflb 7fpFdf a;fOF ;/]/ uPsfx?n] ToxfF ljxf/ gagfPsf] x'gfn] sfnfGt/df ;+3
k/Dk/af6 g} aflx/ ePsf] cg'ej ug'{k¥of] . ljxf/ eg]sf] a'4wd{sf] cEof;, cWoog / cWofkg klg
ug]{ 7fpF ePsf]n] zfSox? hxfF uPklg ljxf/ agfP/ a:g] afgLnfO{ oyfjt\ /fVg'kb{5 .
%= zfSok'qx?nfO{ sd vr{, ljs[ltd'Qm, t8se8s/lxt 9+uaf6 k|j|Hofljlw ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fn]/–
zfSox? a'4 / wd{sf] cg';/0f ug]{ ;+3;d'bfosf ;b:o x'g\ . cf}krfl/s ?kn] ;+3;b:o x'gsf]
nflu k|j|Hof ljlwsf] cleif]s lng'kb{5 . s]xL lbg jf dlxgf ePklg k"0f{?kn] TofuL hLjgsf] cEof;
ug'{k5{ . oxL ;F:sf/ a;fNg k|j|Hofljlwsf] kl/kf6L a;flnPsf] xf] . cfhef]ln k|j|Hofljlwsf] dxTj
ga'em]/ d+Bdf+;;lxtsf] eJo ef]h ug]{, cfkmGtx?af6 pkxf/ k|fKt ug]{ cj;/h:tf] e}/x]sf] 5 h'g ;xL
36

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
xf]Og . u[xTofuL leIf' agL a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ l;4fGt / Jojxf/;lxt cEof; ug'{ k|j|Hofljlwsf] d"n
p2]Zo xf], o; cj;/df pkxf/ xf]Og leIff u|x0f ul/G5 . /+uL lj/+uL, dx+uf] sk8f / blIf0ffsf] pkxf/
xf]Og, leIf' hLjgdf rflxg] ef]hg, rLj/, cf}ifwL cflbsf] leIff u|x0f ul/g] xf] . dBdf+;;lxtsf] eJo
ef]h ug]{ xf]Og, ;+3sf] ljlw:j?k vL/ ef]hg jf e'hf ef]hg u/fpg] xf] . o:tf] ug{ ;s]df a'4;Fu
;DaGw hf]ufO/fVg ;lsG5 .
^= zfSok'qLx?nfO{ klg hLjgdf s]xL lbg zLnfrl/0fL agfpg] k/Dk/f a;fn]/–
a'4n] leIf' cfgGbn] ljz]if cfu|xaf6 dlxnfx?nfO{ leIf'gL aGg] cg'dlt lbg'eof] / leIf'gL
k/Dk/f a;fNg'eof] . cfhef]ln k'?if / dlxnf ;dfgtfsf] ax; 7fpF 7fpFdf rNg] u/]sf] x'G5 . zfSo–
k'?ifx?n] gfdsf] k5f8L zfSoleIf' n]Vg] / zfSo dlxnfx?n] zfSoleIf'gL n]Vg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .
clen]vx?df klg b]Vg kfOG5 . cfhef]ln ;fd"lxs k~rbfg sfo{qmd eg]/ dlxnfnfO{ klg k~rbfg
u|x0f ug]{ sfo{df ;fd]n u/fOPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] ug]{ xf] eg] dlxnfx?nfO{ klg s]xL lbg leIf'gL agfpg]
kl/kf6L a;fNg'kg]{ x'G5 . OxL;F:sf/;, af¥xfto]u' ;F:sf/ dfq u/]/ zfSosL >LdtL, 5f]/L x'Fb}df s;/L
leIf'gL eGg kfOG5 . y]/jfbL k/Dk/fdf leIf'gLzf;g nf]k e};s] klg dlxnfx?nfO{ Clif0fL k|j|Hof cflb
u/]/ TofuL hLjgsf] cEof; u/fP h:t} u[x:y af}4 zfSox?n] klg dlxnfx?nfO{ s]xL lbg eP klg
zLnfrfl/0fL agfO{ a'4 lzIffsf] cEof; u/fpg] kl/kf6L a;fn]df a'4;Fu ;DaGw hf]ufO/fVg ;lhnf]
x'G5 .
&= :jf+ofk'lGx,c;f/k'lGx, df3k'lGx, u'+nfkj{ cflbh:tf af}4kj{x?nfO{ >4fk"j{s z'4;Fu dgfpg] lg/fldif
k/Dk/f rfn' /fv]/–
a'4sf] hLjgdf 36]sf ljleGg 36gfx?sf] cfwf/df aif{el/sf dxTjk"0f{ lbgx? dgfpg]
ul/G5 . a'4sf] hLjgL / lzIffaf/] kl/lrt e}/fVg o:tf kj{x? dgfpg' cfjZos klg 5 . oL kj{x?sf]
sf/0fn] hLjgdf af}4;F:sf/ a;fpg klg ;lhnf] x"G5 . g]kfndf y]/jfb k'ghf{u/0f x'g'eGbf klxn]
u'+nfkj{ Pp6fdfq af}4kj{sf] ?kdf dgfOGYof], c? kj{x?af/] Tolt hfgsf/L lyPg . pkTosfaflx/sf
zfSoa:tLx?df clxn] klg yf]/}dfq af}4kj{x? dgfpg] ul/G5 . t;y{ a'4;Fu ;DaGw hf]ufO/fVg] xf] eg]
a'4sf hGd, af]lw1fg nfe u/]sf] / dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]sf] lbg :jf+of k'lGx, l;4fy{sf] ue{k|j]z,
u[xTofu, a'4sf] k|yd wd{rqm k|jt{g u/]sf], Cl4k|fltxfo{ b]vfPsf] cflb ;+of]u k/]sf lbg c;f/ k'lGx,
cfo';F:sf/ kl/Tofu u/]sf] lbg, df3k'lGx, u'+nfh:tf kj{nfO{ ;a} zfSox?n] lg/fldifnfO{ cfkm' a;]sf]
ufpF7fpFdf ;fj{hlgs ?kn] dgfpg] ug'{kb{5 . o;af/]sf] dxTjaf/] c?nfO{ klg af]w u/fpg'kb{5 .
*=zfSo lszf]/, lszf]/L, o'jfo'jtLx?aLr a'4lzIff cWoog cWofkg ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fn]/–
cfhsf] o'u 1fgu'0fsf] o'u xf] . lzIfflagf s;}sf] hLjg klg pFef] nfUg ;Sb}g . 'a'4' zAb g}
1fg af]wsf] k|lts xf] . zfSox? af}4 ePsf]n] 1fgsf] lh1f;' x'g'k5{ . a'4;Fu ;DaGw hf]ufO/fVg
a'4sf] lzIff;Fu kl/lrt x'g' clt cfjZos 5 . To;}n] zfSo lszf]/, lszf]/L / o'jfo'jtLx?dfem
a'4sf] lzIff k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{qmd e}/xg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu ljxf/ pko'Qm 7fpF xf] . zfSox?n]
ljz]if cfkm'x?nfO{ a'4 lzIffaf/] hfgsf/ agfpg ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ul/xg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
37

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
(=a'4wd{af/] pRr lzIff cWoog u/]/–
ljZjljBfno :t/sf] a'4wd{ cWoog cWofkg ;'? e};s]sf] 5 . ;Ifd o'jfo'jtLx? cWoog
u/]/ ljåQf xfl;n u/]/ zfSox?n] a'4;Fu gftf hf]ufO /fVg ;lsG5 . ljZjljBfno txdf a'4wd{
ljifodf aL=P= / Pd=P sf ;fy} kL=Pr=8L= txdf cWoog ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf e};s]sf] 5 . ljleGg
hfthfltsf hg;d'bfo o;k|lt cfslif{t eP/ cWoog klg ul//x]sf / ul/;s]sf 5g\ . zfSox?n] c?
ljifodf ;Lk 1fg xfl;n ug'{sf] cltl/Qm a'4 wd{ ljifodf klg ljåQf / of]Uotf xfl;n u/L ;Ifd
hgzlQmsf] ?kdf cuf8L cfpg'kb{5, t/ la8Dagf o; sfo{qmddf zfSx?sf] ;xeflutf cToGt sd
e}/x]sf] dx;'; ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . slt zfSox?n] o; ljifodf cfkm"nfO{ ;';'lrt;Dd klg ug{
;ls/fv]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g .
!)= af}4 lrqsnf, d'lt{snf, j:t'snf, sfi7snf cflb ljifodf ;Lk 1fg xfl;n u/]/–
wd{;F:s[ltnfO{ lrgfpg] ljifoj:t' eg]sf] snf sf}zn klg xf] . of] d"t{;F:s[ltsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
zfSox?sf] uf}td a'4;Fu 3lgi7 ;DaGw 5 eGg] s'/f ljZjnfO{ lrgfO/fVg] xf] eg] af}4 lrqsnf,
d'lt{snf, sfi7snf cflbnfO{ hu]gf{ ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 . k'/fgf snf jf:t'snfsf] ;+/If0f, gofF
lgdf{0f / To;;DaGwL ;Lk 1fg kl5sf ;Gtltx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub}{ nUg'kb{5 . g]kfnL zfSox?sf]
k'Vof}{nL ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;Lksf] sf/0f pTkfbg ePsf snfTds j:t'x?n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df klg
g]kfnL zfSox?sf] uf}td a'4;Fu ;DaGw /x]sf] s'/f k'li6 ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
pko'{Qm s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cEof; ub}{ nu]sf] v08df zfSo ePsf] ;fy{s x'g'sf]
;fy} uf}td a'4;Fusf] kljq ;DaGw hf]ufO/fVg ;lsg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
38

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
æ>L :joDe' r}To dxfljxf/ w/fg–!# sf] 5f]6f] kl/roÆ
w/fg ;'Gb/, ;Eo / ax' ;fF:s[lts zx/ xf] . oxfFsf xl/ofnL, k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf clg ;Gt'lnt
xfjfkfgL, ef}uf]lns agf]6 Pj+ k"jL{ kxf8sf] 9f]sf klg ePsf]n] w/fgdf ljleGg :yfgaf6 zfSo k'qx?
cfO{ ljleGg k]zf, Joj;fo ckgfO a;f]af; ul//x]sf 5g\ . w/fgnfO{ r]tgzLn, af}l4s, z}lIfs,
:jf:Yo Pj+ :jfjnDaL zx/sf] ?kdf lrgfpgdf zfSo j+zsf] klg d'Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
k"jf{~rnaf;L zfSo s"n k'qx?sf] r'8fsd{ ug{ /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F wfpg' kg]{ ;fy} ljleGg
;d:ofx? em]Ng' kg]{ afWotfnfO{ dWo gh/ u/L w/fg–!@ l:yt rt/f nfOgdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfpg' ePsf
:j= /Tgk|;fb tyf :j= lji0f'dfof, :j= clUgk|;fb tyf k'tnLdfof zfSo, :j= ;fg'sfhL tyf :j=
b]jLdfof zfSo Ho"x?n] k"jf{~rn el/sf zfSo s'nk'qx?sf] r'8fsd{ oxL w/fgaf6 u/fpg ;s'F eGg]
p2]Zon] cfkm\g} 3/ k5f8Lsf] hUuf bfg lbg' eO{ lj=;= @)@& ;fndf ">L :joDe' r}To dxfljxf/"
gfdfs/0f u/L ljleGg wd{k|]dL bftf dxfg'efjx?sf] ;xof]u tyf ;s[otfdf ljxf/ lgdf{0f ug'{ eO{
xfn;Dd k"jf{~rnsf ljleGg :yfgdf 5l/P/ /x]sf zfSo s'n k'qx?sf] r'8fsd{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
o; ljxf/n] >L k"0f{sfhL zfSosf] cWoIftfdf r'8fsd{ ;ldlt v8f u/L # aif{df ! k6s tyf
;do kl/l:ylt cg';f/ @ k6s klg r'8fsd{ ug]{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{n] dfq
ljxf/sf] k|ult ug{ c;Dej ePsfn] o; ljxf/sf] cem pGglt k|ultsf nflu y]/jfb cg';f/ eujfg
a'4sf] g}lts lzIff cg';/0f u/L k|To]s dlxgfsf] ci6dL, k'l0f{df, cfF}zLdf a'4k"hf, zLn k|fy{gf, Wofg
efjgf, wd{b]zgf cflb sfo{qmd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljxf/df ljleGg eGt] u'?dfx? kfNg' eO{ j}zfv
k"l0f{df, u'Fnfkf?, Wofg efjgf, kl/olGt lzIff, wd{b]zgf h:tf ljleGg wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs sfo{qmdx?
klg ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
xfn o; ljxf/df r'8fsd{ ;ldlt, ;Dos lzIff ;d"x, zfSo sNof0f ;+:yf, bfkmf ehg vn M
;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /xb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ljxf/n] ljleGg wd{k|]dL bftf dxfg'efjsf ;fy;fy}
;Dk"0f{ pkf;s pkfl;sfx?sf] ;fy / ;xof]u kfO{ cfh $% aif{ k'/f u/L ;s]sf] 5 .
cGTodf o; pnf{af/Ll:yt >L :joDe' r}To a'4 ljxf/sf] @%cf}F jif{sf] /ht hoGtLsf] cj;/df
k|sflzt :dfl/sf @)&$ df xfd|f] ljxf/ >L :joDe' r}To dxfljxf/ w/fg–!@ sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro u/fpg]
cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ ePsf]df To; ljxf/sf ;Dk"0f pkf;s pkfl;sfx?k|lt ;wGojfb;lxt xflb{s cfef/
k|s6 ub}{ To; ljxf/sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf;lxt gjjif{ @)&$ sf] d}qLd+un z'esfdgf JoQm ug{
rfxfG5' .
ejGt' ;Aa+ d+un .
;'>L ljBf zfSo
;lrj
ljGb'k|;fb zfSo
sf]iffWoIf
b]j/Tg zfSo
cWoIf
ldlt M @)&$÷!÷@
39

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
40

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
jt{dfg hGdsf] /x:o
n]vs M dxLZj//fh ah|frfo{
Ps ljj]rgf
af}4 bz{gcg';f/ xfd|f] o; hGdsf b'O6f kIfx? 5g\ . Psflt/ of] hLjg k"j{hGdsf] ;Gtfg xf] eg]
csf]{lt/ of] k'gh{Gdsf efUo ljwftf x'g\ . k"j{hGdsf] ;Gtfg o; lglDt xf] ls of] hGd k"j{hGdaf6
k|jflxt eO cfPsf] 5 . clg k"gh{Gdsf] efUoljwftf o; lglDt xf] ls o; hGdn] k'gh{Gd s;/L lgjf{x
ug]{, ;'vn] ls b'Mvn] eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof]{n u5{ .
o;/L lsg eof] eGg] s'/fsf] lg?k0f ug{ ;aeGbf klxn] a'em\g' k¥of] ls of] hGd lsg eof] < /
o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
af}4 bz{gcg';f/ hGdsf] sf/0f sd{ xf] . sd{sf] cy{ xf] sfd . xfdL lbgx'F sfd u5f}{, h'g sfd
xfd|f] tg, dg / jrgaf6 x'g] u5{g . hLjgdf xfdLx?af6 /fd|f] klg sfd eO/xG5 / g/fd|f] sfd klg
eO/xG5 . xfdLaf6 x'g] oxL /fd|f] / g/fd|f] sfd cyf{t\ sd{cg';f/ xfd|f] hGd eO/xG5 . t;y{ of] sd{
hGdsf] aLh xf] . h:tf] k|sf/sf] aLh /f]lkG5 To:t} k|sf/sf] kmn kmNg]5 . ;'Gtnf /f]k] ;'Gtnf kmN5,
Hofld/ /f]k] Hofld/ g} kmN5 . ;'Gtnf /f]k]/ Hofld/ kmNg] ub}{g / Hofld/ /f]k]/ ;'Gtnf kmNg] ub}{g .
To:t} /fd|f] aLpn] /fd|} kmn lbG5, g/fd|f] aLpn] g/fd|} kmn lbG5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] h:tf] tl/sfn] xfdL sfd
u5f}{, kl/0ffd klg To:t} k|sf/sf] lg:sg] 5 . /fd|f] sfdsf] glthf /fd|} x'G5 / g/fd|f] sfdsf] glthf
g/fd|} x'G5 . ct M h'g sfd cfh xfdL ;DkGg u5f}{ ToxL g} sd{ xf] / o;af6 pTkGg x'g] k|ltlqmofx?
sd{kmn x'g\ . h'g sd{kmnn] xfd|f] jt{df hLjgnfO{ k|efljt t kf5{ g} o;sf] ;fy} afFsL kmn ef]u ug{
k"gh{Gdsf] lgdf{0f x'g hfG5 . o;y{ xfd|f] jt{dfg hLjg k"j{h{Gdsf] sd{af6 k|jflxt eO{ cfOPsf] xf] /
o;n] k'gh{Gdsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/tf sfod ug]{5 . o; cy{df xfd|f] jt{dfg hGd ljut hGdsf] ;Gtfg xf]
eg] cfut hGdsf] efUoljwftf xf] .
ca oxfF Pp6f s] k|Zg p7\5 eg] sd{cg'?ksf of] hGd ;Gtlt k|jfx :jrflnt 5 cyjf o;sf] s'g}
;~rfns /x]sf 5g\ . of] Pp6f o:tf] k|Zg xf] h;sf] pQ/ clt g} uDeL/ Pj+ /x:odo /x]sf] 5 .
of] /x:o pb\3f6g ug]{ qmddf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg JolQm, bfz{lgs, wdf{lwsf/L Pj+ dxfk'?ifx?n]
cf–cfkm\g} 9+un] cg]s lrGtg dgg Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L tb\cg'?ksf l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . o;
;DaGwdf eujfg\ a'4sf] JofVof s] xf] t < eGg] s'/f :ki6 ?kdf yfxf kfpg ;j{k|yd cfTdjfb Pj+
ef}ltsjfbsf s'/fx? yfxf kfpg' ;fGble{s x'g]5 ., cfTdjfb k'0f{tof j}lbs wd{df cfwfl/t l;4fGt xf] .
sfnfGt/df of] wd{ lxGb'wd{df ?kfGt/ x'g uof] .
lxGb' wd{–bz{gcg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx?sf] x[bodf ;d:t hLj hutsf efUoljwftfsf] ?kdf /x]sf
k/da|x\d k/dfTdfsf] tkm{af6 lg;[t eO/x]sf] Pp6f Hof]ltdo{ lgTo tTj /x]sf 5g\, Tof] xf] cfTdf .
ha;Dd k|f0fLx?sf] z/L/df o; cfTdfsf] lgjf; eO/xG5 ta;Dd z/L/ hLljt eO/xG5 . ha of]
cfTdf z/L/af6 lgu{dg x'G5 ta To; b]xsf] cj;fg x'G5 cyf{t p;sf] d[To' x"G5 . t;y{ d[To'sf] cy{
lxGb' wd{sf cg';f/ k|f0fLx?sf] b]xaf6 cfTdf cnu x'g' xf] . of] cfTdf z/L/af6 lg:sg] a]nfdf To;
JolQmn] ;DkGg u/]sf k'0o ck'0o sd{sf kmnx? lnP/ hfg] u5{g / Tof] sd{kmn ef]u u/fpg To;
41

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
cfTdfn] km]/L csf]{ b]xdf k|j]z u5{ . o;k|sf/ k|f0fLx?sf] d[To'kl5 km]/L csf]{ hGd x'g hfG5 . of]
lqmof ;k{n] sfFr'nL km]g]{ h:t} xf], xfdLn] k'/fgf] n'uf 5f]8L cfkm\gf] uR5]cg';f/sf] gofF n'uf nufpg] h:t}
xf] . o;k|sf/ cfTdfsf] dfWodaf6 k|f0fLx?sf] d[To'kl5 k'g M csf]{ hGd x'g hfG5 . oxL qmdaf6 xfd|f]
of] jt{dfg hLjg klg k"j{hGdaf6 lg;[t eOcfPsf x'g\ .
oxfF Pp6f pNn]vgLo s'/f s] 5 eg] lxGb' wd{ bz{gcg';f/ k|f0fLx?sf] sd{sf] kmn k/a|x\d
k/dfTdfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;j{ zlQmdfg O{Zj/n] lgwf{/0f u/L k7fpg] ePsf]n] of] sd{kmn csfTo /x]sf]
5 . lsgeg] o;sf] lj/f]w ug'{ O{Zj/sf] km};nfsf] lj?4 x'g hfG5 . t;y{ b'MvLhgx?n] sd{kmnsf]
?kdf b'Mv ef]u ug'{ afx]s pgLx?;Fu csf]{ ljsNk x'Fb}g . o;af6 d'Qm x'g] o; wd{cg';f/ Pp6} dfq
pkfo 5 / Tof] xf] O{Zj/sf] eQmL ug'{ .
of] xf] lxGb' wd{cg';f/ cfTdjfbLx?sf] k'gh{Gdsf] cjwf/0ff . h;cg';f/ cfTdf k|f0fLx?sf] k'0o
ck'0o sd{kmn lnP/ hfg] ef/jfxs xf] . of] ef/jfxs O{Zj/Lo lgTo tTj ePsf]n] of] cljgfzL 5 .
t;y{ ha;Dd o; cfTdfnfO{ k/da|x\d k/dfTdfn] cfkm\gf] z/L/df cfTd;ft u/L lnFb}g . ta;Dd
Pskl5 csf]{ u/L lg/Gt/ ?kdf hGd eO/xg] u5{ .
k/Gt' cfTdjfbLx?sf] o; cjwf/0ff;Fu ef}ltsjfbLx? ;xdt 5}gg\ . pgLx?sf cg';f/ obL cfTdf
5 eg] To;nfO{ k|ToIf ?kn] b]Vg jf cg'ej ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{ . h'g j:t' k|ToIf ?kn] b]Vg ;lsb}g,
cg'ej ug{ ;lsb}g, To;nfO{ 5 egL s;/L dfGg] < ctM O{Zj/, cfTdf, k/dfTdf cflb cnf}lss
cfWoflTds Pj+ kf/nf}lss s'/fx? ;a} sfNklgs x'g\ . pgLx?sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ O{Zj/ klg 5}g, cfTdf
klg 5}g . o;y{ d/]kl5 km]l/ csf]{ hGd ;'wfg]{ gfddf bfg wd{ cflb ug'{ ;a} jflxoft s'/f x'g\ . of] t
6f7faf7fx?n] clzlIft lgd'vf u/Lax?nfO{ 7Ug] pkfo dfq xf] .
oyfy{tM of] ef}ltsjfbL l;4fGt cfTdjfbLx?nfO{ r'gf}lt lbg] clek|foaf6 lg;[t ePsf x'g\ . eujfg\
a'4sf] cfudg x'g' cl3sf] ;dfhsf] cWoog u/L x]¥of] eg] To;a]nfsf] ;dfh g}ltstfsf] b[li6sf]0fn]
clt g} c:tJo:t /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . kfln af}4 ;flxTo lbwlgsfo cGtu{t a|x\dhfn ;'qcg';f/
To;a]nfsf] ;dfhdf hDdf ^@ k|sf/sf ljljw wfld{s ;Dk|bfox? /x]sf lyP . To;dWo] ;a}eGbf lj:t[t
Pj+ zlQmzfnL ;Dk|bfo xf] a|fx\d0fjfb . ;dfhsf] Pp6f 7"nf] lx:;f pgLx?s} xftdf lyof] / To;
;dfhsf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ wfld{s Joj:yf pgLx?sf] clwgdf lyof] . ;dfhdf cfkm\gf]
k|e'Tj sfod /x]sf] sf/0f pgLx?n] wd{nfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{cg'?k JofVof ug{ yfn] . kl/0ffd:j?k wd{sf]
gfddf afx\o cf8Da/n] el/Psf] ljljw sd{sf08 Pj+ o1df kz'aln lbg] h:tf csd{0osf k|yfx? ;'?
x'g nfUof] . o;n] ubf{ lxF;fn] wfld{s dfGotf kfpg yfNof] .
To;a]nf bf;k|yf r/d pTsif{df lyof] . tL wfld{s g]tfx?n] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu ;dfhsf]
pRr ju{nfO{ xftdf lng] clek|fon] "tL bf;bf;Lx?n] b'Mv kfPsf] sf/0f pgLx?sf] k"j{hGdsf]
sd{kmncg';f/ ePsf x'g\ . of] sd{kmn ;j{zlQmdfg\ O{Zj/n] lgwf{/0f u/L k7fPsf] x'gfn] o;sf] lj/f]w
ug'{ O{Zj/sf] lj?4 x'g uO{ o;af6 cem a9L b'Mv ef]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ o;af6 aRg] Pp6} dfq
pkfo 5 Tof] xf] cfkm'df cfPsf] b'MvnfO{ ;xif{ cfTd;ft u/L O{Zj/sf] elQm ug'{" egL sd{kmnsf] JofVof
ug{] ug{ yfn] .
42

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
tL wfld{s g]tfx?sf] o; cjwf/0ffn] ubf{ wgL / ul/asf] lje]b a9\b} hfg yfNof] . o;af6 tL
bf;bf;Lx?sf] hLjg emg\ g/sLo x'Fb} uof] . o;/L b'Mvaf6 cft{gfb ePsfx?sf] /f]bg qmGbgsf]
lj/f]w:j?k wfld{s :j]R5fr/Ltfsf] lj?4 s]xL r]tgzLn JolQmx?n] cfjfh p7fpg yfn] . o; qmddf
pgLx?n] tTsflng wd{sf] d"n cfwf/tTj cfTdf k/dfTdfsf] cl:tTjnfO{ gsfb}{ b]x;'v g} hLjgsf] cfwf/
xf], o;sf] cnfjf c? s]xL 5}g . O{Zj/, cfTdf, k/dfTdf cflb ;a} cfNt'kmfNt' s'/f dfq} x'g\ eGb} tL
wfld{s g]tfx? lj?4 jsfnt ug{ nfu] . o; ljrf/k|lt qmdzM hgcf:yf a9\b} uof] / o;k|sf/
ef}ltsjfbL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg x'g uof] . pgLx?sf] d'ndGq o;k|sf/sf] lyof] .
ofjt\ hLj]t\ ;'v+ hLj]t\ C0f+s[Tjf 3[t+ lkj]t\ .
eidL e"t:o b]x:o k"g/fudg+ s'tM ..
efjfy{ M
hltklg afFRg' 5, ;'vn] afFRg', To;}n] C0f lnP/ ePklg £o" eft vfg] ug'{ . of] b]x lrQfdf
eidLe"t ePkl5 kms]{/ cfpg] g} s;/L <
of] l;4fGt kl5 rfjf{s l;4fGtsf] gfdn] k|Voft x'g uof] . s;} s;}sf] egfO cg';f/ of]
ef}ltsjfbL l;4fGt rfjf{s gfdsf] s'g} JolQmn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g\ . To;}n] g} o;sf] gfd rfjf{s
l;4fGt /xg uPsf] xf] . t/ w]/}h;f] lj4fgx? o; s'/f;Fu ;xdt 5}gg\ . pgLx?sf] egfO{cg';f/
rfjf{s gfdsf] s'g} dflg; /x]s} 5}g . of] rfjf{s zAb ;F:s[t zAb 'r/' wft'af6 ag]sf x'g\ . o;sf]
cy{ xf] krfpg] . o; l;4fGtn] To;a]nfsf] wfld{s dfGotfnfO{ lgNg] krfpg] ePsf]n] tL wfld{s
g]tfx?n] o; l;4fGtnfO{ cjx]ngf ug]{ dg;fon] o;nfO{ rfjf{s l;4fGt egL gfdfs/0f u/]sf x'g . @
of] egfO{ ;Totfsf] glhs /x]sf] 5 . lsgeg] cfh;Dd rfjf{s gfdsf] s'g} JolQm /x]sf] s'/f
Oltxf; l;4 ePsf] b]lvFb}g .
rfjf{s l;4fGtcg';f/ ;d:t ;[li6sf] d"n cfwf/ rt'd{xfe"t cyf{t\ k[YjL, hn, t]h / jfo' x'g\ .
t;y{ hLjfTdfsf] z/L/ klg oxL rt'd{xfe"tsf] plrt ;ld>0fsf] kl/0ffd xf] . hLjleq /x]sf k|f0fjfo',
o;nfO{ rfx] cfTdf eg"g\ rfx] r}tGo eg'g\ cyjf c? s'g} eg'g\ of] klg rt'd{xfe"taf6} lg;[t ePsf x'g\
. rt'd{xfe"t :jo+ r}tGo xf]Ogg\ . t/ To;sf] plrt cg'kftdf x'g] ;ld>0fn] hLj leq r}tGo pTkGg
x'g hfG5 . h:t} ls /S;L agfpFbf k|f/Dedf o;df k|of]u x'g] rfdn, Ro'/f, ;v/, ux'F cflb ljleGg
kbfy{x?dWo] s'g}df klg dfbstf x'Fb}g\ . t/ ha oL j:t'x?nfO{ ljz]if k|lqmofaf6 plrt kl/df0fdf
;ld>0f u/L tof/ kf5{ ta To;df dfbstf pTkGg x'g] u5{ . o:t} kfg sTyf, r'g / ;'kf/LdWo] s'g}df
klg nflndf x'Fb}g . t/ ha ltgLx?nfO{ plrt tl/sfn] ldnfP/ vfg] ul/G5, ta To;df nfnL pTkGg
x'g] u5{ . Pj+ k|sf/n] rt'd{xfe"tsf] plrt ;ld>0faf6 z/L/df r}tGo pTkGg x'g hfG5 . t;y{ o;
hLjsf] z/L/leq cfTdf, k/dfTdf cflb gfdsf s'g} klg ljz]if tTj /xg] u/]sf] 5}g . ha;Dd z/L/
hLljt /lx/xG5 ta;Dd To;df r}tGo k|fb'ef{j eO/xG5 . ha of] r}tGo nf]k eP/ hfG5 ta hLljt
z/L/ leq ;dfg'kflts ?kdf Pslqt eO{ a;]sf rt'd{xfe"t klg Ps cfk;df ljsif{0f eO{ 5'l§P/ hfG5
/ o;k|sf/ hLljt z/L/sf] cl:tTj nf]k eP/ hfG5 . lsgsL o;a]nf rt'd{xfe"tn] ag]sf] of] z/L/sf]
cj;fgkl5 o;df ;dflxt eO{ a;]sf] k[YjL wft' k[YjL ;d"xdf ldNg hfG5 eg] hnwft' hn ;d"xdf,
43

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
t]hwft' t]h ;d"xdf / jfo'wft' jfo' ;d"xdf ldNg hfG5 . o;kl5 d[tsf] kfly{j z/L/ lrtfdf eid
ePkl5 p;sf] hLjgnLnf ;bf ;bfsf nflu ;dfKt x'G5 . o;y{ of] hLjg k"j{hGdaf6 cfPsf] / o;kl5
km]l/ csf]{ hGd x'G5 eGg] s'/f lgtfGt lg/fwf/sf s'/f x'g\ .
o; rfjf{s l;4fGtn] cfTdjfbsf] v08g t u¥of] k/Gt' o;n] g}ltstfsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ klg
lgNg] sfd u¥of] . o;n] ubf{ tTsflng ;dfhdf g}lts d"No / dfGotfdf ¥xf; cfO{ cGof]n Pj+ e|fds
kl/j]zsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g uof] .
o;k|sf/ O;fk"j{ 5}7f}F ztflAblt/sf] ;dfhdf s'zn kyk|bz{ssf] cefjn] ubf{ csd{af6 pRkGg
cwd{sf] laulauL x'g uof] . o:tf] c:ki6, cGof]n Pj+ e|fds kl/j]zsf] t'jfFnf] d8fl//x]sf] a]nf eujfg\
a'4sf] pbo eof] . h;n] lbUe|ldt eO{ cGwsf/df ?dlnO/x]sfx?nfO{ oyfy{ 1fgsf] Hof]lt afnL
cGwsf/af6 k|sfzdf NofOlbg'eof] .
eujfg\ a'4 cgfTdjfbL x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] cfTdfsf] cl:tTjnfO{ k"0f{tof OGsf/ ul/lbg'eof] . o;
cy{df pxfF klg ef}ltsjfbL x'g\ ls eGg] efg kg{ cfpF5 . lsgeg] ef}ltsjfbLx? klg cfTdfnfO{ dfGg]
ub}{gg\ . k/Gt' ef}ltsjfbLx?n] cfTdfnfO{ gdfg]sf dfq xf]Og ls pgLx? of] jt{dfg hGdafx]s c?
s'g} klg hGd 5}g, To;}n] afr'~h]n ;s];Dd ;f+;fl/s ;'v ef]udf e'ln/xg] s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{
g}lts d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ltnf~hnL lbof] eg] eujfg\ a'4n] o;sf] ljk/Lt ;f+;fl/s ljifo j:t'x?
c;To Pj+ e|fds ePsf]n] o;df e'ln/xg' g} b'Mvsf] d"n sf/0f xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ 3fdem}F 5n{ª\u kf/L
o;af6 kf/ x'g] d'lQm dfu{ b]vfOlbg' eof] .
of] cj:o klg xf] ls xfdLn] u/]sf] sd{cg';f/sf] kmn kmNg] u5{g\ . h;/L ;'Gtnf /f]k]/ ;'Gtnf g}
kmNg] xf] / Hofld/ /f]k]/ Hofld/ g} kmNg] xf] . To;/L g} xfdLn] u/]sf sfd cg';f/sf] kmn kmNg] u5{ .
k/Gt' a'4 wd{cg';f/ of] sd{sf] kmn k'/:sf/ jf b08 ;hfosf] ?kdf s'g} O{Zj/af6 lgwf{/0f eO cfpg]
xf]Og . o;y{ ef]Ug} kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5}g . h;/L Pp6f lbzfaf6 cfPsf] jf0fnfO{ To;sf] ljk/Lt
lbzfaf6 5f]8]sf] jf0fn] cfsfzd} e]bg ul/lbg] xf] To:t} g} k"j{hGdaf6 cfPsf] sd{kmnnfO{ jt{dfg
hGddf u/]sf] ljk/Lt sfdn] gi6 eOhfG5 . ct M sd{sf] kmn ef]u ug'{ jf gug'{ cfkm\g} xftdf /x]sf]
x'G5 . t;y{ af}4 bz{gcg';f/ cN5Lsf] nflu g/fd|f] sd{kmn b'Mvsf] vf8n xf] eg] ;r]t JolQmsf] nflu
Tof] kmn ef]Ug] jf gef]Ug] eGg] s'/f cfkm\g} xftdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
ca oxfF s] k|Zg p7\5 eg] eujfg\ a'4sf cg';f/ obL cfTdf 5}g eg] k"j{hGdsf] sd{kmn ef]u ug]{
of] jt{dfg hLjg sxfFaf6 s;/L cfof] < Pj+ k|sf/n] o; hGdsf] k'0o ck'0o sd{sf] kmn ef]u ug{ km]l/
csf]{ hGd s;/L x'g hfG5 < cfTdf xfd|f] k'0o / ck'0o sd{ af]s]/ hfg] ef/jfxs xf], obL ef/ jfxs
g} 5}g eg] Pp6f hGdsf] sd{kmn csf]{ hGddf s;/L hfG5 <
a'4wd{nfO{ /fd|/L ga'em\g]x?n] o:tf] k|Zg ug'{ :jefljs g} xf] . k/Gt' cfZro{sf] s'/f] s] 5 eg]
cfkm'nfO{ a'4wd{sf lxdfotL 7fGg] sltko af}4x? ;d]tn] o;/L k|Zg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;f] x'g'sf] d"n
sf/0f xf] s]jn hGdn] dfq af}4 /xL sd{n] caf}4 x'g' . a'4 wd{nfO{ oyfy{ ?kdf ga'em]kl5 o:tf] x'g'
:jefljs} xf] .
44

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
k/Dk/fb]lv xfdLdf Pp6f cgf}7f} :jefj /xL cfPsf] 5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] obL s'g} s'/f jf
;d:ofnfO{ a'em\g ;s]g eg] To;nfO{ O{Zj/n] u/]sf] egL kG5fpg' . o;nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ Pp6f pbfx/0f
lnpF, cfsfzaf6 kfgL k/]sf] xfdL a/fa/ b]Vg] u5f}F{ . t/ Pp6f lh1f;f s] pTkGg x'G5 eg] o;/L
;do ;dodf s;/L kfgL k/]sf] xf]nf < o;sf] pQ/ xf] ;"o{sf] ls/0fn] k[YjLdf k/]sf] kfgLnfO{ lvRg]
u5{ . of] kfgL afbnsf] ?kdf dfly cfsfzdf uO{ ToxL /lx/xG5 . afbnsf] ?kdf p7]sf] Tof] kfgL
dfly cfsfzdf xfjfsf] k|efjn] k/:k/df 3if{0f eO{ cyjf To:t} c? s'g} sf/0faf6 lr;f] eO{ km]l/
k[YjLd} emg]{ u5{ . of] xf] kfgL kgf{sf] sf/0f . j}1flgs lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/n] ubf{ cfh of] s'/f w]/}n]
a'lem;s]sf 5g\ . t/ klxn]sfx?n] of] s'/f ga'emL b]ptfn] kfgL kf/]sf] egL 7fGg] ub{y] . clxn] klg
sltko 7fpFdf kfgL gkg]{ a]nf b]ptf;Fu kfgL kf/L b]pm eg]/ dfUg] rng /x]sf 5g\ . Pj+ k|sf/n]
rGb|u|x0f, ;"o{u|x0f, lxdkft, pNsfkft, OGb|wg'if, cltjiff{ cflb ;a} s'/fx?nfO{ b]ptfn] u/]sf] egL
klxn]sfx?n] dfGg] uy]{ . ca cfP/ oL s'/fx?nfO{ O{Zj/af6 ePsf xf]Ogg\ egL w]/}n] a'lem;s]sf 5g\ .
xfd|f] hGd / sd{sf s'/fx? klg o:t} /lxcfPsf 5g\ . hGdsf] /x:onfO{ a'em\g g;s]sf]n] cfTdf /
k/dfTdfsf] sf/0faf6 xfdL k"j{hGdaf6 jt{dfg hGddf cfpg] u/]sf] / To:t} jt{dfg hGdaf6 k'gh{Gd
x'g] egL dfGg] ul/cfPsf lyP . k/Gt' eujfg\ a'4n] o; e|dnfO{ h/}b]lv pv]lnlbg'eof] .
af}4 bz{gcg';f/ o; ;+;f/df hlt klg j:t'x? 5g\ ltgLx?sf] lgdf{0f O{Zj/af6 ePsf xf]Ogg\ . of]
s]jn sfo{sf/0fsf] lgodcg';f/ dfq ePsf x'g\ . j:t' lgdf{0f x'g] cf–cfkm\g} sf/0fx? 5g\, k/Gt' Tof]
sf/0ftTj O{Zj/ xf]Ogg\ . o;nfO{ eujfg\ a'4n] "k|tLTo–;d'Tkfb" egL gfdfs/0f ug'{eof] .
eujfg\ a'4n] h'g j}zfv k'l0f{dfsf] lbg a'4Tj k|fKt ug'{eof] Tof] oxL k|tLTo ;d'Tkfbsf] 1fg xf] .
t;y{ of] k|ltTo;d'Tkfb ;Dk"0f{ af}4 bz{gsf] s]Gb|ljGb' /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf eujfg\ a'4 cfkm}F
eGg'x'G5–"o M k|tLTo ;d'Tkfb+ kZolt ; wd{ kZolt, oMwd{ kZolt ; a'4+ kZolt" # cyf{t h;n]
k|tLTo–;d'TkfbnfO{ b]Vg]5 p;n] wd{nfO{ b]Vg]5, h;n] wd{nfO{ b]Vg]5 p;n] a'4nfO{ b]Vg]5 . o;y{ af}4
hut\df o;sf] cy{ clt g} uDeL/, Jofks, /x:odo Pj+ cyfx /x]sf] 5 . ;f/f+zdf eGg] xf] eg] o;sf]
cy{ k|Tooaf6 pTkfb cyf{t\ sf/0faf6 pTkGg xf] .
k|tLTo–;d'Tkfbsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ k|To]s j:t' lgdf{0f x'g'df Pp6f sf/0f /x]sf] x'G5 . ljgfsf/0f
s'g} klg j:t'sf] lgdf{0f x'g] ub}{g\ . k/Gt' Tof] sf/0ftTj O{Zj/ xf]Og .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu uld{ofddf xfdL zLtntfsf] nflu ?vsf] 5fofdf a:g] u5f}{ . Tof] 5fof s]
O{Zj/af6 lgld{t xf] < pQ/ :ki6 5 ls Tof] 5fofF s'g} klg O{Zj/n] agfPsf] xf]Og . ;"o{sf] ls/0fnfO{
?vn] 5]s]sf] sf/0f Tof] 5fof pTkGg ePsf] xf] . ctM Tof] 5fof x'g'sf] sf/0ftTj O{Zj/ geO{ ?v xf] .
Tof] ?v x'g'sf] sf/0f klg ToxL ?vaf6 kmn]sf] kmnaf6 pTkGg aLh xf] . aLhdf kl/jt{g cfO{ 6';f
knfpF5 . 6';faf6 kft lg:sG5, kftaf6 sf08 pTkGg x'G5 / Tof] sf08 klg kl/jt{gsf] qmddf
qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} ?vdf kl/0ft x'G5 . Tof] ?vdf km"n km'N5, km"naf6 kmn lg:sG5 / kmnaf6 k"gM
aLpsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . oxfF ?v x'g'sf] sf/0f sf08 xf], sf08sf] sf/0f kft xf], kftsf] sf/0f 6';f xf],
6';fsf] sf/0f aLp xf], aLpsf] sf/0f kmn xf], kmnsf] sf/0f ToxL ?v xf] . o;/L kl/jt{gsf] qmddf
?vsf] hLjgrqm 3'ld/x]sf] x'G5 . oxfF Tof] aLp O{Zj/af6 lgdf{0f ePsf] xf]Og, g t Tof] ?v g}
45

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
O{Zj/af6 lgld{t xf] . obL ?vsf] lgdf{0f O{Zj/af6 x'g] u/]sf] eP Psnf}6L n6/Dd kmnkm"n ePsf]
?vsf] pTklQ x'g'kg]{ lyof] . t/ To;f] geO{ k/:k/sf] ck]Iffaf6 ?vsf] lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
Pj+ k|sf/n] ;Dk"0f{ j:t' ;[li6 x'g'sf cf–cfkm\g} sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\ . h'g sf/0faf6 j:t'sf] lgdf{0f
x'g] u5{, To;sf/0fsf] klg csf]{ sf/0f /x]sf] x'G5 . To:t} csf]{ sf/0fsf] klg km]/L csf]{ sf/0f
eO/xG5 . cf–cfkm\gf] sf/0f ;fdu|Lx? ha ha ldNg cfpF5g\ ta ta gofF gofF kbfy{x? pTkGg x'Fb}
hfg] u5{g\ . t;y{ ;Dk"0f{ j:t'sf] lgdf{0f k|tLTo–;d'TkGg cyf{t\ cf–cfkm\gf sf/0fx?af6 pTkGg x'g]
u5{g\ . csf]{ zAbdf o;nfO{ 'x]t'k|Too' elgPsf] 5 .
dfly plNnlvt pbfx/0fdf ?v pd|g'sf] sf/0f To;sf] aLp xf] . k/Gt' s]jn aLp x'Fb}df dfq ?v
pd|g] ub}{g . o;sf]nflu c? pk–sf/0fx?sf] klg cfjZos /xG5 Tof] xf] if8wft' cyf{t k[YjL, hn,
t]h, jfo', cfsfz / Ct' . obL of] if8fwft' gePsf] eP s]jn aLpsf] sf/0fn] dfq ?v pTkGg x'g]
lyPg . t;y{ Tof] ?v pd|g'sf] sf/0f aLp xf] eg] if8wft' o;sf pksf/0f x'g\ . oxfF ?vsf] aLp x]t'
xf] eg] if8wft' To;sf] k|Too xf] . o;k|sf/ x]t'k|Toosf] cfwf/df j:t'sf] lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5 . cyf{t ha
ha sf/0f ;fdu|Lx? ldNg cfpF5g\ ta ta j:t'sf] lgdf{0f x'Fb} hfg] ub{5g\ .
oxfF a'em\g' kg]{ Pp6f s'/f s] 5 eg] aLhaf6 6';f lg:sbf To; 6';fn] "ca d lg:sg] a]nf ef]"
eg]/ :jtM lg:sg] xf]Og . Pj+ k|sf/n] To; aLhn] klg "ca d 6';f lgsfN5'" eg]/ lgsfNg] klg xf]Og .
cyf{t\ Tof] 6';f lgdf{0f ePsf] :jt\ klg xf]Og k/tM klg xf]Og . To:t} :jtM k/tM ldn]/ ePsf] xf]Og .
Pj+ k|sf/n] s'g} cfsl:ds 36gf jf s'g} O{Zj/n] To;nfO{ lgsfn]sf] klg xf]Og . of] t s]jn x]t'–
k|Toosf] sf/0fn] dfq lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
Pj+ k|sf/n] ;Dk"0f{ ;f+;fl/s ljifoj:t'x? :jt M pTkGg x'g] klg xf]Og / To:t} peotM pTkGg x'g]
klg xf]Og . s]jn x]t'–k|Toosf] cfwf/df pTkGg x'g] xf] . x]t'–k|Toocg';f/ ha ha sf/0f ;fdu|Lx?
ldNg cfpF5g\ ta ta a:t' lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5g\ .
To:t} g} xfd|f] hGd d/0fsf] rqm klg s]jn x]t' k|Toosf] cfwf/df g} x'g] xf] . ca yfxf kfpg' k¥of]
hGdsf sf/0fx? s] x'g\ t < Tof] sf/0fsf] d"n h/f xf] cljBf .
;fwf/0ftM cljBfsf] cy{ lg/Iftf xf] . k/Gt' a'4wd{df of] zAb Pp6f ljlzi6 cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf]
5 . y]/jfb a'4wd{ cg';f/ cljBfsf] cy{ rt'cfo{;TonfO{ ga'em\g' / cfo{ci6flª\us dfu{sf] 1fg gx'g'
xf] eg] dxfofg a'4wd{df o;sf] cy{ xf] ldYof1fg . Pp6f j:t'nfO{ csf]{ j:t'sf] ?kdf b]Vg' jf a'em\g'
ldYof1fg xf] . xfdLn] hltklg j:t'x? b]lv/x]sf 5f}F, cg'ej ul//x]sf 5f}F tL ;a} ldYof1fg x'g, oyf{y
xf]Ogg\ .
ci6flª\us dfu{sf] 1fg gx'g' xf] eg] dxfofg a'4wd{df o;sf] cy{ xf] ldYof1fg . Pp6f j:t'nfO{
csf]{ j:t'sf] ?kdf b]Vg' jf a'em\g' ldYof1fg xf] . xfdLn] hltklg j:t'x? b]lv/x]sf 5f}F, cg'ej ul//x]sf
5f}F tL ;a} ldYof1fg x'g, oyf{y xf]Ogg\ .
eujfg a'4sf cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ nf}lss j:t'sf b'O{6f ?k 5g\ Pp6f To; j:t'sf] oyfy{?k / csf]{
To;sf] e|dfTds ?k . j:t'sf] oyf{y ?knfO{ ed|n] 5f]lkPsf]= 5, h;n] ubf{ j:t'sf] oyf{y?k cnk
ePsf 5 . t;y{ xfdLx? j:t'nfO{ 5f]lkPsf] e|dsf] cfj/0fnfO{ x]/L To;df e'ln/x]sf 5f}F . h:t} ls
46

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
v]tdf pd|]sf cGgafnLx? kz'kIfLaf6 arfpg ls;fgx?n] 7fpF 7fpFdf dfgjcfs[ltsf] ?kdf h'n'ª\uf]
78\ofO /fv]sf] x'G5 . kz'kIfLx? o; cjf:tljs dfgj cfs[lt h'n'ª\uf]nfO{ ;fRr}sf] dflg; ple/x]sf]
7fgL ToxfFleq k:g 8/fpg] u5{g . oxfF kz'kIfLsf] cfFvfdf Tof] h'n'ª\uf] ;fRr}sf] dfG5] xf] . oyfy{tM
Tof] cjf:tljs dflg; xf] . o;k|sf/ e|dhfndf cNemL Pp6f j:t'nfO{ csf]{ j:t'sf] ?kdf b]Vg' jf a'em\g'
ldYof1fg xf] .
o; s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ Pp6f csf]{ pbfx/0f lnpF . xfdL lbgx'F cfsfznfO{ b]Vg] u5f}F{ . t/ s]
cfsfz eGg] sxL 5 < oyfy{t M cfsfz eGg] sxL klg 5}g . cfsfz eg]sf] z'Go dfq xf] . z'GonfO{
e|dn] 5f]lkPsf] sf/0f xfdLnfO{ cfsfz 5 eGg] cfef; eO/x]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ xfdLx? gePsf]
cfsfznfO{ klg ePsf] 7fgL To;sf] cg'ej ug]{ ub{5f}F . Pj+ k|sf/n] xfdL slxn]sfxL cfsfzdf
OGb|wg'if b]Vg] u5f}{, To;sf] cg'ej ug]{ u5f}{F t/ oyf{ydf of] s]jn sfNklgs wg'if dfq} x'g\ . ;fRr}
ePsf xf]Ogg\ . xfjfsf kfgLsf s0fx? ldl;Psf] sf/0f To;df 3fdsf] ls/0f k/]sf] a]nf To; ls/0fdf
/x]sf ljleGg /ª\ux? wg'ifsf] cfsf/df b]lvPsf] dfq xf] . obL xfdLx? To; 7fpFdf uP/ x]¥of} eg]
ToxfF OGb|wg'if /x]sf] x'Fb}g . t;y{ OGb|wg'if b]vfk¥of] eGg' s]jn ldYofb[li6 dfq xf], oyfy{ xf]Og .
obL xfdLn] cfkm\g} z/L/nfO{ /fd|/L Wofg lbP/ x]¥of}F eg] yfxf x'g]5 ls of] z/L/ eGg' s]j
dnd'qsf] y}nf] dfq xf], h;nfO{ xf8, df;' / 5fnfsf] cfj/0fn] 5f]lkPsf] 5 . xf8, df;' / 5fnfsf]
k[ys k[ys cfj/0fnfO{ lnP/ xfdLx? gf/L / k'?ifsf] ?kdf ljeQm eO/x]sf 5f}F . s'g} vf]n /fd|f 5g\,
s'g} vf]n g/fd|f 5g\ . oxL /fd|f / g/fd|f cfj/0fx?nfO{ x]/L xfdLx? Ps cfk;df cfsif{0f / ljsif{0f
eO{ /;/ª\udf e'Ng] u5f}{ . o;y{ o; z/L/sf] oyf{y ?k eg]sf] dnd'qsf] y}nf] xf] eg] o;sf] e|fds?k
xf] xfdLn] 7fGg] u/]sf /fd|f / g/fd|f ?kx? .
Pj+ k|sf/n] ;Dk"0f{ ;f+;fl/s j:t'sf b'O6f ?k /x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f To;sf] oyfy{ ?k xf] eg]
csf]{ e|dfTs?k . j:t'sf] oyfy{ ?knfO{ klxrfg ug{ g;sL o;sf] e|dfTds ?kdf clNemg' ldYof1fg xf]
. oxL ldYofqfgsf] kof{ojfrL zAb xf] cljBf . t;y{ cljBfsf] cy{ xf] j:t'sf] oyfy{ 1fgnfO{ klxrfg
ug{ g;sL e|d hfndf clNem/xg' . j:t'sf] of] oyfy{ ?k / e|dfTds ?knfO{ lnP/ dxfofg af}4 bz{gdf
eujfg\ a4n] ;To b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ egL cf1f ug'{ ePsf] 5 . Tof] xf] Pp6f ;+a[lt;To / csf]{
k/dfy{;To . j:t'sf] e|dfTds ?knfO{ oyfy{ egL b]Vg' cyf{t ldYof1fgdf e'ln/xg' ;+a[lQ;To xf] eg]
o;sf] oyfy{ ?knfO{ b]Vg' k/dfy{;To xf] . t;{ya'4 wd{df k/dfy{;Tosf] cy{ cfTdjfbLx?n] eGg]
u/]h:tf] O{Zj/ l;4 ;To geO{ ;+;f/sf] oyfe"t 1fgbz{g xf] . ctM af}4 bz{gcg';f/ k/dfy{;To
lgjf{0fsf] dfu{ xf] eg] ;+j[lt;To Jojxf/df clNemg] af6f] xf] . xfd|f] Jojxfl/s hLjg oxL ;+j[lt;Todf
cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] of] Jojxfl/s ;To xf] . y]/jfbL af}4 bz{gcg';f/ rt'cfo{;TonfO{ lrGg
g;sL cfo{ci6flª\us dfu{cg';f/ hLjgofkg gug'{ cljBf xf] .
t;y{ cljBfsf] cy{ y]/jfbL af}4 bz{gcg';f/ rt'cfo{;TonfO{ ga'emL tgcg'?k hLjgofkg
gug'{ xf] eg] dxfofg af}4 bz{gcg';f/ ;+j[lt;Todf e'Ng' xf] . h;n] ubf{ j:t'sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ lrGg
g;sL ;TonfO{ c;To / c;TonfO{ ;To h:tf] b]lvg] e|d pTkGg x'g hfG5 . oxL b[li6e|dsf] sf/0f
k|f0fLx? t[i0ffsf] hfndf clNemg k'U5g\ .
47

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
ctM cljBf Ps o:tf] c1fgtf xf] h;n] ubf{ k|f0fLx?n] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"lt{sf] nflu OR5f
cfsf+Iffo'Qm sfd ug]{ u5{g\ . of] xf] ;F:sf/ / o;sf] csf]{ gfd xf] sd{ . xfdL h'g k|sf/n] sfd u5f}{
To:t} k|sf/sf] kmn pTkGg x'g] u5{ . h;/L ;'Gtnf /f]k]/ ;'Gtnf kmNg] u5{, Hofld/ /f]k]/ Hofld/ g}
kmNg] u5{ .
To:t} xfdLaf6 ;DkGg sd{ cg';f/sf] kmn pTkGg x'g] u5{ . xfdL cfkm}Fn] /f]k]/ pd|]sf] of]
sfo{kmn ef]u ug'{ x]t'k|Toosf] lgodcg';f/ Ps hGdaf6 csf]{ hGd x'g]u5{ .
x]t'k|Toosf] oxL lgodcg';f/ k"j{hGdsf] sd{kmn ef]u ug{ d[To' kZrft k'gM k'gh{Gd x'g] u5{ .
of] k'gh{Gd /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] x'g] eGg] s'/f o; hGdsf] sd{df cfwfl/t x'g]5 . To;}n] of] jt{dfg hGd
k"gh{Gdsf] efUoljwftf klg xf] .
a'4 wd{cg';f/ sd{ Pp6f cb[Zo zlQm xf] / xfdLx? o; cb[Zo zlQmsf] b[iodfg ?k xf}F .
h;/L cb[Zo ljB't zlQmaf6 k|sfz pTkGg x'g] u5{ To;/L g} cb[Zo sd{ zlQmaf6 ;b[Zo hLj pTkGg
x'g] u5{ . of] s;/L x'g uof] eg] ;+;f/ k|jfxdo 5 . h;/L gbL alu/xg] u5{ To:t} g} o; ;+;f/sf
k|To]s j:t'x? k|jflxt eO/x]sf] 5 . h;/L alu/x]sf] gbLdf cl3sf] kfgL / clxn]sf] kfgL Pp6} geO{
cs}{ eO;Sg] xf] To:t} g} ;Dk"0f{ ;f+;l/s ljifoj:t'x? k|ltIf0f Ps cj:yfaf6 csf]{ cj:yfdf k|jflet
eO/x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfdLn] cfkm\g} b}lgs hLjgnfO{ x]/]k'U5 . xfdL h'g ;dodf /xL/x]sf
5f}F Tof] ;do slxNo} l:y/ eO /xg] ub}{g . h:t} ls laxfgL x'G5, dWofx\g x'G5, a]n'sL x'G5, /ft k5{
clg km]/L laxfgL x'G5 . o;k|sf/ ;do lg/Gt/ k|jflxt eO/xG5 . o; qmddf ljxfgLsf] cj:yf t ;w}F
cfpF5 t/ lxhf]sf] laxfgL / cfhsf] laxfgL Pp6} geO{ cs}{ eO;s]sf] x'G5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] xfdLx? klg
afNofj:yfaf6 x's{b} hjfg x'G5f}F, a'9f] eOG5 / d[To' x'G5 . t/ oxfF a'e\mg' kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] aRrf
x'Fbf xfdL h] h:tf ?kdf lyof}F hjfg x'Fbf cs}{ eO;s]sf] x'G5f}F / a'9];sfndf emg cs}{ eO;s]sf] x'G5f}F
. obL xfdLx? jfNofj:yfb]lv a'9];sfn;Dd klg Pp6} xf}F eg] afns 5Fbf xfd|f] h'g ?k lyof]
a'9];sfndf klg ToxL ?k eO/xg' kg]{ xf] . t/ To;f] geO{ xfd|f] ?k km]l/ ;s]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] dtnj
afNofj:yfaf6 hjfg x'Fbf xfdL pxL klg xf]Ogf}F / cs}{ klg xf]Ogf}F . pxL xf] eg'F eg] xfd|f] ?k km]/L
;s]sf] 5, cs}{ xf] eg'F eg] xfd|f] hLjg/]vf Pp6} /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] xfdLx? gbLdf kfgL alu/x]
h:t} Pp6f cj:yfaf6 csf]{ cj:yfdf k|jflxt eO/x]sf 5f}F . oxL k|jfxsf] qmddf ;hLjx?sf] d[To'kl5
km]l/ csf]{ hGd x'g hfG5 . h;/L ;do laxfg, lbpF;f] / a]n'sf x'Fb} /ftdf kl/l0ft x'g] xf], To:t} xfd|f]
hLjg klg afNofj:yfaf6 hjfg / a'9f] eO{ dg]{ u5{ . clg k]ml/ csf]{ afNofj:yf cfO{ hjfg / a'9f] x'g]
lqmof ;'? x'G5 . k/Gt' d[To'kl5 cfpg] hLjg /]vf cs}{ eO;s]sf] x'G5 . of] Pp6f kl/jt{gsf] lgoldt
k|lqmof xf] . oxL lgoldt k|lqmofcg';f/ xfd|f] hGdd[To'sf] rqm lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 .
oxfF a'em\g' kg]{ Pp6f s'/f s] 5 eg] jt{dfg hGdsf] afNofj:yf, o'jfj:yf / a[4j:yfsf] b]x
Pp6} /x]sf] 5 eg] d[To'kl5sf] csf]{ hGddf b]x km]l/ ;s]sf] x'G5 . of] b]x km]g]{ sfd s;/L x'g uof] <
hals o;sf] ;~rfns sf]xL klg 5}g .
a'4wd{cg';f/ s'g} klg j:t' rnfodfg x'g o;sf] ;~rfns x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . gbLdf kfgL
alu/xG5, To;sf] ;~rfns 5}g . xfjf Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf alx/xG5, To;sf] klg ;~rfns 5}g
48

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
. To:t} xfd|f] hLjg k|jfxdf klg s'g} sf]xL ;~rfns /x]sf 5}gg\ . of] Pp6f x]t'k|Toosf] lgoldt
k|lqmof dfq} xf] . h;/L anL /x]sf] d}gaQLaf6 csf]{ csf]{ d}gaQLdf aQL ;/]/ hfg] ub}{g t/ klg csf]{
d}galQ aNg] u5{, To;/L g} ;/]/ hfg] s]xL geP klg xfd|f] hLjg Ps hGdaf6 csf]{ hGddf uO/xg]
u5{ .
of] s'/f :ki6 kfg{ Pp6f pbfx/0f lnpF M s'g} Pshgf dflg;n] cldnf] vfof] jf c? s'g} ld7f]
lrh vfof] eg] c?x?sf] d'vdf tb\cg'?ksf] :jfb\sf] y's lg:sg] u5{ . oxfF Pshgfn] vfPsf] j:t'
c?sf] d'vdf ;/]/ uPsf] 5}g . t/ klg c?nfO{ o;sf] cg'ej x'g hfG5 . o;/L lsg eof] < ha ls
Tof] a:t' ;/]/ uPsf] 5}g . oyfy{tM oxfF Pp6f lrh k|jflxt eO uPsf] 5 . Tof] xf] :d[lt . Ps
7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf :d[lt k|jflxt eO{ uPsf] sf/0f Pshgfn] vfPsf] j:t'sf] :jfbsf] cg'e'lt c?nfO{
klg x'g uPsf] xf] . Pj+ k|sf/n] xfd|f] d[To'sf] ;dodf xfdLn] klxn] u/L cfPsf] ;F:sf/?kL :d[lt k|jflxt
eO{ cfdfsf] ue{df k|lt;lGwt x'g hfG5 .
egf}F ls s'g} Ps JolQm d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . To;a]nf pgsf ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts OlGb|ox?
lzlyn eO;Sg] x'gfn] p;n] cfkm\gf OlGb|oaf6 afx\o hut\sf gofF ljifoj:t' u|x0f ug{ ;lsb}g . o;
cj:yfdf pgsf k"j{:d[ltx? hfu[t eO cfpF5 . kmn :j?k pgn] cfkm\gf] hLjg sfndf ;DkGg u/]sf
dxTjk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf ;F:d/0fx? pgsf] cuf8L rnlrq em}F k|s6 x'g yfN5 . h:t} ls kz'jw ug]{
JolQmsf] xsdf df/ xfGbf k|of]u x'g] s'g} 3ft xltof/ v'F8f, v's'/L cflb / To:t} d/0ff;Gg kz'kIfLn]
b'Mvsi6af6 56\kl6g uO{ s/fPsf] lrTsf/ cflb ljeT; b[iox? b]vf kg{ cfpF5 . To:t} Pshgf c;n
lrlsT;ssf] xsdf lj/fdLsf] ;]jf z'>'iff h:tf k/f]ksf/L lqmofsnfkx?, lgM:jfyL{ bftfsf] xsdf cfkm"n]
u/]sf bfg efjgfsf lrqx?, wd{u'?sf] xsdf cfkm'n] u/]sf wd{ b]zgfsf dw'/ jf0fLx?, eQmsf] xsdf
b]jfnodf ahfOPsf 306Lsf cfgGbbfoL u'~hgx?, k'hf cf/fwgf Pj+ pkf;gfsf b[Zox?, k|fygfsf
jf0fLx? k|s6 eO{ cfpF5 eg] s[t£g JolQmx?df cfkm"n] u/]sf 5nsk6sf b[Zox?, em'7d'7sf ckzAbx?,
cfkm\gf dgsf sn'lift efjgfx? cflb OTofbL cf–cfkm\gf k"j{ ;+:sf/ cg'?ksf ?k, zAb, uGw, /;,
:kz{sf efjgf Pj+ b[Zox? qmdzM lg:sg] u5{ . o:tf j}rfl/s If0fx? h:tf];'s} cfsl:ds d/0fsf]
;dodf klg pTkGg x'g] ub{5 .
o;k|sf/ k"j{:d[ltsf] ?kdf pTkGg x'g] dgsf r]tgfx? z/L/af6 lgu{dg ePkl5 pgsf] d[To'
x'g hfG5 . o;kl5 aflxl/Psf tL :d[ltsf nx/x? hLjg k|jfxnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cfwf/ r]tgfsf]
?kdf cfdfsf] To; ue{df k|j]z x'g hfG5 hxfF cfdfsf] /h / afa'sf] z'qmf0f'sf] ;ª\udaf6 lgld{t
ef}lts z/L/ ljBdfg /x]sf] x'G5 . o;k|sf/ hLjgsf] clGtd If0fdf xfd|f k"j{ ;F:sf/x? k'g?Tyfg eO{
tb\cg'?k xfd|f] k"gh{Gd x'g] ePsfn] xfdLx? cfk\mgf] sd{af6 cnu x'g ;lsb}g . k/Gt' o:tf ult
lgldQx? obL v/fa 5g\ eg] pgsf] j}rfl/s If0fdf kl/jt{g NofO{ To;nfO{ /fd|f] ultdf kl/l0ft ug{
;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu d/0ff;Gg JolQmsf] cuf8L wfld{s lrqx?, k|fy{gfsf dw'/ jf0fLx?, bfg wd{sf
b[Zox? Nofpg] ug'{ kb{5 .
o;k|sf/ af}4 bz{gcg';f/ xfdLx? Pp6f hGdaf6 csf]{ hGddf hfg'sf] cy{ cljBfsf] sf/0f
xfdLn] ;DkGg u/]sf ;F:sf/x?sf] lgoldt k|jfx dfq xf] . t;y{ xfd|f] of] jt{dfg hLjg xfdLn]
49

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
k"j{hGddf ;+j[lt;Tosf] cfwf/df u/]sf ;F:sf/x? d[To'sf] If0fdf k|jflxt eO{ cfwf/ r]tgfsf] ?kdf
cfdfsf] ue{df k|lt;lGw eO{ cfPsf x'g\ . Pj+ k|sf/n] o; jt{dfg hLjgdf u/]sf sd{sf] kmn rfVg of]
hLjg km]/L hLjfTdfsf] ?kdf ;/]/ hfg] sf]xL gePsf]n] h;/L xfdL aRrfaf6 jo:s x'Fbfsf] z/L/ pxL
klg xf]Og cs}{klg xf]Og, To:t} k"j{hGdaf6 cfPsf] of] z/L/ pxL klg xf]Og cs}{ klg xf]Og . Pp6} xf]
eGgnfO{ of] b]x km]l/ ;s]sf] 5 . cs}{ xf] eGgnfO{ k"j{hGdsf] sd{kmn ef]u ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .
ca oxfF Pp6f lh1f;f pTkGg x'G5, obL k"j{hGdaf6 cfTdf jf k/dfTdf cflb s]xL klg r}tGo
;/]/ cfPsf] 5}g eg] pQm hGdsf] sd{kmn o; hGdf lsg ef]u ug'{kof]{ < oxL k|Zg ldlnGb gfds
Pshgf u|Ls bfz{lgs /fhfn] gfu;]g eGt]nfO{ ;f]w]sf lyP . To;a]nf gfu;]g eGt]n] o;sf] pQ/df
Pp6f pkdf lbP/ eg]sf lyP–dxf/fh egf} ls s'g} Pshgf JolQmn] c?sf] au}Frfdf kmn]sf cfFk rf]/]/
vfP5 . To;a]nf pQm au}Frf dflnsn] To; rf]/nfO{ ;dft]/ OG;fkmsf] nflu tkfOsxfF NofP/ eg]5–
"dxf/fh! o; rf]/n] d]/f] au}Frfdf kmn]sf] cfk rf]/]/ vfP5 . o;y{ dxf/fh! o;nfO{ b08 u/L kfpF
." o;sf] hjfkmdf Tof] rf]/n] eg]–"dxf/fh! d}n] cfFk rf]/]/ vfPsf] kSs} xf] . t/ d}n] rf]/]/ vfPsf]
p;sf] xf]Og . lsgeg] p;n] /f]k]sf cfk cs}{ xf], d}n] vfPsf] cfFk cs}{ xf] . To;}n] Tof] cfFk p;sf]
gePsfn] d ;hfoFsf] eflubf/ x'g ;lSbg . o; cj:yfdf tkfO{ s;/L OG;fkm ug'{x'G5

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
clx+;f lbj; ljhof bzdL
n]vs M dxLZj//fh ah|frfo{
rGb|df;cg';f/ ldNg cfpg] cflZjg z'Sn bzdLnfO{ ljhof bzdL eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . lxGb'
wd{zf:qcg';f/ of] lbg n+sfsf /fhf /fj0fnfO{ eujfg\ /fdrGb|n] jw u/]sf] lbg xf] .
n+sflwklt /fj0f b}Tox?sf /fhf lyP . pgn] dfgj hfltnfO{ cgfxsdf b'Mv lbPsf lyP .
To;}n] pgL cGofoL b}To/fh lyP . pgnfO{ eujfg\ /fdrGb|n] jw u/L e/t v08df ;'v km}nfPsf lyP
. t;y{ o; lbgnfO{ c;Todfly ;Tosf] ljho ePsf] lbg egL kfjg kj{sf] ?kdf clt xiff]{Nnf;k"j{s
rf8kj{ dgfpg] k|rng /xL cfPsf] 5 .
ljhof bzdLsf ;DaGwdf lxGb' wd{zf:qcg';f/ Psflt/ of] syg /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/
o;nfO{ b}To/fh dlxiff;'/ jwsf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf] 5 .
lxGb' wd{zf:qdf elgPcg';f/ k/fk"j{sfndf kftfndf /x]sf b}Tox?n] af/Daf/ dTo{nf]s Pj+
:ju{nf]sdf lgs} g} b'Mv lbg] u/]sf lyP . o; qmddf dlxiff;'/ gfd Ps hgf clt zlQmzfnL Pj+
dfofjL b}To kftfn nf]sdf /fhf eO/x]sf] ;dodf pgn] :ju{sf /fhf OGb|flb ;sn b]jtfx?nfO{ o'4df
k/flht u/L :ju{ dTo{ kftfndf Ps5q /fHo rnfPsf lyP . To;a]nf pgn] u/]sf cGofo Pj+
cTofrf/af6 ;Dk"0f{ dfgj Pj+ b]jtflbx?n] clt g} b'Mv kfPsf lyP . To; eok"0f{ b'Mvaf6 qf0f kfpg
dftf b'uf{ ejfgLn] b]jtfx?sf] kIfdf To; b}To;Fu o'4 u/]sf lyP . o; o'4nfO{ ;'/f;'/ ;Fu|fd elgPsf]
5 . o; ;Fu|fddf ;Dk"0f{ b}Tox?sf] gfdf]lg;fg gx'g] u/L pgn] jw ul/lbPsf lyP . t;y{ To; lbgb]lv
o; dTo{nf]s Pj+ :ju{nf]sdf b}Tox?af6 eO{ /x]sf] cGofo cTofrf/ ;bfsf] nflu cGt x'g uof] . of]
36gf To; wd{zf:qcg';f/ oxL ljhof bzdLsf] lbg ePsf] lyof] . To;}n] of] lbg ljhof bzdLsf]
gfdn] lxGb' hut\df k|Voft /x]sf] 5 .
o; ;Fu|fddf b}Tox? k/flht ePkl5 b]jtfx?b]lv eolet eO{ b}Tox? oqtq efUg yfn] . o;
qmddf pgLx? cfkm\gf] Hofgsf] ;'/Iffy{ cg]s kz'kIfLx?df k|j]u u/L n'Sg yfn] . To;}n] b}Tox?
n'ls/x]sf] ;DemL dftf ejfgLnfO{ v';L kfg{ cg]s v;L, af]sf, /fFuf, xfF;, s'v'/f cflb kz'kIfLx? b'uf{
ejfgLnfO{ aln r9fO{ clt xiff]{Nnf;k"j{s ljho pT;j u/L eJo ?kdf of] kj{ dgfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 .
x'g;S5 s'g} Ps ;dodf b]jtf / b}Tox?sf] aLrdf o'4 eof] . t/ oxfF a'em\g' kg]{ s'/f s] 5
eg] To; wd{zf:qcg';f/ b}To elgPsfx? sf] sf] x'g\ < b}To egfpFbfx? bfgj dfq} ls dfgj klg x'g <
pgLx?sf] lgjf;:yfg kftfn dfq} x'g] ub{5g\ ls cGoq klg <
lxGb' hut\df clt k|l;4 ePsf wd{zf:qx? dWo] Pp6f xf] eljio k'/f0f . To; k'/f0fsf] k|lt;u{
$, cWoof @) df b}To ;DaGwL Pp6f k|;+u o;k|sf/ pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
Ps ;dodf bfgj/fh alnn] b}Tox?sf] ;+Vof a9fpg o; dTo{d08ndf Ps hgf dxfg\ dfof
k|jt{s b}TonfO{ k7fP . To; dfofjL b}To dTo{d08ndf zfSol;Fxsf] gfdn] k|Voft eP . pgnfO{ uf}td
cfrfo{ klg eGg] ul/of] . To; uf}tdn] b}Tox?sf] ;+Vof j[l4 ug{ oxfFsf ;Dk"0f{ tLy{x?df cfkm\gf] ;+3
:yfkgf u/] . pgsf] l;4fGtdf nfUg]x? hgfO{ gnufpg] eP . o;af6 pgLx? gLr ultdf k'u] . tL
51

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
gLr ultsf dflg;x? af}4sf] gfdn] k|Voft eP . o;k|sf/ bz s/f]8 cfo{ -lxGb'_x? af}4dfu{df nfu] .
lxGb' wd{zf:qsf] k|l;4 u|Gy eljio k'/f0fdf plNnlvt o; sygcg';f/ af}4 elgg]x? ;a}
b}Tox? eP . olb o;f] xf] eg] ljhof bzdLsf] lbg b]jtfx?n] b}Tox?sf] ;d'n gi6 ug{ df/]sfx? dWo]
af}4x? klg /xg uof] . cyf{t ljhof bzdLsf] cy{ b]jtfx?n] af}4x?nfO{ ;+xf/ u/]sf] lbg x'g uof] .
a'4e"ld g]kfnsf clwsf+z af}4x?n] of] ljhof bzdL kj{ dflgcfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] cy{
pgLx?n] cfkm"nfO{ dfg{ cfPsf] kj{ klg xif{ a9fO{ u/L dfGg] u/]sf /x]5g\ .
crDd 5! oxfFsf af}4x?n] cfkm'nfO{ dfg{ sf6\g cfPsf] kj{ klg lsg dfGg] u/]sf xf]nfg\ <
o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] clwsf+z af}4x?df cfkm\gf] wd{sf] oyfy{ af]w /x]g5 . clg lxGb'wd{sf] 1fg
klg /x]sf] 5}g . obL 5 eg] s]jn tfd;L 1fg dfq} /x]5 . t;y{ oxfFsf clwsf+z af}4x? s]jn hGdn]
dfq af}4 /xL sd{n] caf}4 /x]sf 5g\ . cGoyf pgLx?n] cfkm'nfO{ ;+xf/ ug{ cfPsf] lbgnfO{ kfjg
kj{sf] ?kdf hd/f pdf/L xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy dfGg] ug'{ gkg]{ xf] .
lxGb'–wd{zf:qcg';f/ hd/f pdf/L k"hf ug'{ eg]sf] bfgjx? jw ug{sf] nflu zlQm k|fKt ug'{ xf] .
t;y{ cfkm"nfO{ g} ;+xf/ ug{ af}4x?n] hd/f /f]kL zlQmsf] cf/fwgf ug]{ k'hf lsg ul//x]sf 5g\ < s:tf]
crDd <
of] s'/f lgZro klg ;To xf] ls ljhof bzdL eg]sf] c;To dfly ;Tosf] ljho ePsf] lbg xf] .
xTof lx+;fn] /fIf;L k|j[ltnfO{ hGdfpF5 . o;y{ /fIf;L k|j[ltnfO{ obL 5f]8\g] xf] eg] ;j{k|yd lx+;f
sfo{nfO{ 5f]8g' k¥of] . a'4 wd{cg';f/ ljhof bzdL eg]sf] xTof lx+;f cflb lx+;|s k|jltnfO{ kl/Tofu
ug]{ lbg xf] . lsgeg] o; lbg Pshgf clt lgb{oL q'm/ /fhfn] xTof lx+;fsf] sfo{af6 jfSs eO{
z:qc:q kl/Tofu u/L dfgj ;]jfdf cfk'mnfO{ ck{0f u/]sf] lbg xf] . Tof] /fhf xf] a'4wd{sf dxfg\
/fhsLo ;+/Ifs Oltxf; k|l;4 ;d|f6 czf]s .
;d|f6 czf]ssf] gfd g;'Gg] g]kfnLx? ;fob sd} xf]nfg\ . lsgsL dlGb/} dlGb/sf] b]z egL
sxlnPsf] o; ljZjk|l;4 g]kfnsf cg]sg\ r}Tox? pxL czf]sn] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . kf6gsf k|l;4
rf/j6f :t'kx? pxL czf]sn] g} agfPsf x'g\ . pgsL 5f]/L rf?dlt g]kfndf cfO af}4 laxf/ agfO{
ToxL a;]sf lyP, h'g laxf/nfO{ rf?dlt laxf/ elgPsf] 5 . cfh ef]ln of] laxf/ rfjlxnsf] gfdn]
k|Voft /x]sf 5g\ .
eujfg\ zfSod'lg a'4sf] ;dodf duw /fHodf ljlDa;f/ gfdsf] /fhf /x]sf lyP . pgL lgs}
a'4eQm lyP . eujfg\ zfSod'lg a'4nfO{ ;aeGbf klxn] ljxf/ bfg ug]{ /fhf pgL g} lyP . pgn] bfg
u/]sf] ljxf/ j]0f'jg ljxf/sf] gfdn] af}4 Oltxf;df k|l;4 /x]sf 5g\ . kfln af}4 ;flxTo
;dGtkf;flbsfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ pQm lalDa;f/ /fhfsf] ub\bLgl;gx?df afx|f} /fhf lyP ;d|f6
czf]s .
P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fcg';f/ eujfg\ zfSod'lg a'4 lgjf{0f ePsf] b'O{ ztflAb kl5 O;fk'j{ @^( df
;d|f6 czf]sn] duw /fHosf] zf;g ;Dxfn]sf lyP . /fhf ePsf] rf/ aif{kl5 pgsf] /fHoleif]s ePsf]
lyof] . pgL cToGt} lgb{oL tyf qm'/ :jefjsf lyP .
52

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
To; ;dodf pgsf] /fHosf] /fhwfgL kf6nLk'q lyof], h'g ls cr]n k6gfsf] gfdn] k|l;4
/x]sf 5g\ . To;a]nf kf6nLk'q Pp6f eJo gu/ lyof] . cfkm\gf] /fHosf] l;dfgf a9fpg]
dxTjfsfª\Iffaf6 clek|]l/t eO{ /fhf czf]sn] cfkm\gf cf;kf;sf /fHox?;Fu o'4 u/] . To; o'4dWo]
Pp6f xf] sln+u o'4, h'g Oltxf; k|l;4 /x]sf] 5 .
O;fk"j{ @%& df ;d|f6 czf]sn] sln+udf xdnf u/]sf lyP . pQm sln+u /fHo cfhsn
pl8;fsf] gfdn] k|l;4 /x]sf] 5. o; o'4df xhf/f}+ xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf dflg;x? xtfxt ePsf lyP eg]
c;+Vo dflg;x? 3fon ePsf lyP .
o; o'4df ;d|f6 czf]sn] ljho xfl;n u/]sf t lyP, k/Gt' o'4e"lddf Psflt/ d/]sfx?sf]
cgluGtL nfz oqtq 5l/g uO{ eofjx b[io eO/x]sf lyP eg] csf]{tkm{ xhf/f}+ ;+Vofdf 3fon eO/x]sf]
/ ltgLx?sf cfkmGtx?sf] /f]bg qmGbgaf6 jftfj/0f ljeG; eO/x]sf] lyof] . o; b[ioaf6 To; qm'/ Pj+
lgb{oL /fhf czf]ssf] x[bo kUng uof] . o'4e"ldsf] o; x[bo ljbf/s b[ion] b|jLe"t eO{ pgn] ca
pk|fGt s'g} klg k|sf/sf] o'4 ug]{ 5}g / s;}sf] klg xTof lx+;fdf ;+nUg x'g] 5}g egL b[9 k|lt1f
ug'{sf] ;fy} cfkm\gf] z:q c:q kl/Tofu u/L pgL a'4wd{df k|j]z eP . of] lbg xf] ljho bzdLsf]
lbg .
a'4wd{ u|x0f ul/;s]kl5 ;d|f6\ czf]sn] k|f0fLdfqsf] bof s?0ffaf6 clek|]l/t eO{ wd{ ljho
ug]{ sfddf pgL nfuLk/] . pgn] yfxf kfP ls a'4wd{sf] dfWodaf6 dfq pQd hLjg ofkg ug{
;lsg]5 . t;y{ pgn] zflGt sfdgf u/L a'4wd{sf] Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ sfddf cfkm'nfO{ ;dk{0f u/]
. o; qmddf pgn] cfkm\gf] b/af/df ef]hgsf] lgDt kz'k+IfL jw ug]{ sfd /f]lslbP, hasL To;eGbf
cl3 pgsf] b/af/df ef]hgsf] lglDt k|To]s lbg c;+Vo kz'k+IfL jw x'g] ub{Yof] . o;kl5 pgn] cfkm\gf]
/fHodf wd{sf] gfddf kz'k+IfL aln lbg] sfd /f]lslbP . o;sf] cnjf pgn] 7fpF 7fpFdf Ogf/ agfO{ lbP
. ofq'x?sf] zLtntfsf] nflu af6f]sf] b'j}lt/ bfofFafofF ?v /f]Kg nufP . 7fpF 7fpFdf 3fOt] Pj+ lj/fdL
kz'x?sf] pkrf/ ug{ kz' lrlsT;fnosf] aGbf]a:t ul/lbP . oxfF pNn]vgLo s'/f s] 5 eg] pgsf] o;
sfdsf] b]vfl;sL u/]/ pgsf cf;kf;sf /fHox?n] klg o;sf] cg's/0f u/] . o;sf] ;fy;fy} pgn]
zflGt sfdgfy{ a'4wd{sf] Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ u/] . o; qmddf pgn] cf;kf;sf cg]s b]zx?df
a'4wd{sf] k|rf/sf] nflu wd{b'tx? k7fOlbP . o; l;nl;nfdf pgsf 5f]/f dx]Gb| / 5f]/L ;+3ldqf
>Ln+sf;Dd k'u] . %
o;k|sf/ eujfg\ a'4n] cfkm\gf] wd{ hlt k|rf/ u/]sf lyP To; eGbf klg a9L ;d|f6\ czf]sn]
a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ u/] . o;n] ubf{ ;d|f6\ czf]s wd{ ljhoL /fhfsf] gfdn] k|Voft eP . pgsf] o;
sfo{af6 ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ sfddf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g uof] .
t;y{ a'4 wd{sf cg'ofoL af}4x?sf] nflu ljhofbzdL eg]sf] kz'jlnsf] gfddf xTof lx+;f u/L
dgfpg] kj{ geO{ clxF;f lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpg] zflGtkj{ xf] . o;y{ ;Dk"0f{ af}4x? hGdn] dfq af}4
53

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
geO{ sd{n] klg af}4 x'g l;Sg'k¥of] / ljhof bzdLnfO{ clx+;f lbj;sf] ?kdf dfGg] k|lta4tf
x'g'k¥of] . c:t' .
kfb l6Kk0fL
!_ k]8f];L b]zf]s] ;fy :g]x–;DaGw n]v–;Togf/fo0f uf]oGsf, k|sfzs–g]kfn ljkZogf s]Gb|, wd{>[+u,
sf7df8f}F, g]kfn, k[i7–!%
@_ a'4 / a'4kl5 -g]kfnL efiff_, n]vs–k|sfz ah|frfo{, k|sfzs–;fg'/Tg :yflkt, Hof7f, sf7df8f}F,
k|yd ;F:s/0f–@)$*, lj=;= k[i7–*%
#_ czf]s h'h', -g]kfn efiff_, n]vs–cfrfo{ leIf' cd[tfgGb, k|sfzg–cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L, k|yd
;+:s/0f @)$^ lj=;= k'i7–@$_
$_ a'4 / a'4kl5 -g]kfnL efiff_, n]vs–k|sfz ah|frfo{, k|sfzs–;fg'/Tg :yflkt, Hof7f, sf7df8f}F,
k|yd ;F:s/0f–@)$*, lj=;= k[i7–*@
%_ P]hg P]hg P]hg, k'i7–*@–*$
54

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
zfSod'lg a'4nfO{ lrGg k|of; u/f}F
n]vs M 8f= nId0f zfSo
nujxfn, sf7df8f}F
ljifo k|j]z
a'4 a'4wd{sf] k|jt{s x'g'x'G5 . a'4 wd{sf] d"n u|GynfO{ lqlk6s elgG5 . lqlk6s, kfnL,
;F:s[t, c+u|]hL nufot ;+;f/sf ljleGg efiffx?df cfhef]ln kfpg ;lsG5 . ;'?df lqlk6sdf *$ xhf/
wd{:sGwx? ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ egL dflgG5 . ;+lIfKtdf eGg'kbf{ lqlk6sdf a'4n] lbg'ePsf pkb]zx?
/ kfng ug'{kg]{ lgodx? tyf To;sf] cfwf/ ePsf] af}4bz{gsf ljifox? ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . s;}n]
eGg] u/]sf 5g\ ls a'4jrg ;a} /fd|f] jrg x'g\ / ;a} /fd|f jrgx? klg a'4jrg;/x g} x'g\ .
To;sf/0f a'4wd{sf] kl/lw Jofks eP/ uPsf] 5 . o;df clxn] cfP/ a'4jrg tyf cGo af}4cfrfo{ /
bfz{lgsx?sf] egfO{ klg ;dfj]z ePsf] kfOG5 . a'4nfO{ lrGg af}4u|Gy lqlk6ssf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg
/ cEof;sf] ;Vt h?/t kb{5 .
lqlk6sdf a'4
kljq af}4u|Gy kfnL lqlk6sdf a'4nfO{ ljBf / cfr/0fn] k"0f{ ePsf] dfgjsf] ?kdf lrq0f
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . km]l/ sfn;dosf] cfwf/df cltt a'4, jt{dfg a'4 / cgfut -eljiosf]_ a'4 u/L
ljleGg a'4nfO{ dfGg] rng klg 5 . zfSod'lg uf}td a'4eGbf klxn]sf bLk+s/ cflb @& a'4x?nfO{
ctLtsf pNn]v ePsf a'4x? eg]/ dflgG5 eg] uf}td a'4 jt{dfg a'4 / d}q]o tyf cGo cgluGtL
a'4x?nfO{ eljiodf k|s6 x'g] a'4x?sf] ?kdf lng] rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . a'4x? dxfk'?if nIo0fx?n]
o'Qm x'g] ub{5g\ .
km]l/ a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ :jefjsf] b[li6sf]0fn] a'4x?nfO{ tLg ;d'xdf ljeflht u/]sf klg 5g\ .
tL x'g'
!_ >4flws a'4– >4f ljsl;t u/]/ !^ c;+Vo Ps nfv sNkkl5 a'4 x'g] .
@_ jLof{lws a'4–k|oTg u/]/ c;+Vof Ps nfv sNkkl5 a'4 x'g] .
#_ k|1flws a'4–k|1f ljsl;t u/]/ $ c;+Vof Ps nfv sNkkl5 a'4 x'g] . -;aeGbf sd ;dodf
kf/ldtf k"0f{ u/L a'4 x'g]_
O;fk"j{ ^@# df jt{dfg g]kfnsf] kljq n'lDagL au}Frfdf P]ltxfl;s a'4sf] ?kdf hGdg'ePsf]
zfSod'lg uf}td a'4 eGg] Ps} k|sf/sf 5g\ . tL x'g–;Aa kfk:o cs/0f+–s';n:; pk;Dkbf .
;lrQ kl/of]bk+g–Pt+ a'4fg';f;g+ .. wDdkb !@#
cy{–;a} k|sf/sf kfkx? g ug'{, s'zn sd{x? k"0f{ ub}{ hfg", cf–cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ kl/z'4 kfg'{–oxL
a'4x?sf pkb]z x'g\ .
55

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
g]kfndf a'4–
g]kfn Plzof dxfåLksf] lxdfnosf] sfvdf /x]sf] Ps kljq b]z xf] . :joDe'k'/f0fdf pNn]v
ePcg';f/ g]kfn d08ndf pTkGg ePsf] :joDe' Hof]lt?k bz{g ug{ ljk:;L, l;/vL, j];e", s|s'5Gb,
sf]0ffudg, sf:ok / uf}td u/L ;ft dfgja'4x?n] kfOnf /flv;s]sf] kljq a'4e"ld jf pkTosf
sf7df8f}F xf] . To;sf/0f sf7df8f}F pkTosf g]kfnL af}4x?sf nflu af}4wd{sf] s]Gb| klg xf] . kl5
:joDe' Hof]lt?knfO{ 5f]k]/ To;dfly :joDe" dxfr}To lgdf{0f u/L sfnfGt/df cIff]Eo, cldtfe, j}/f]rg,
/Tg;Dej / cdf]3l;l4 dflgg] % WofgL a'4x?sf d'lt{x? oyfof]Uo :yfgdf lj/fhdfg ul/P . ;fy}
tf/fx? / af]lw;Tjx?sf] pkl:yltnfO{ klg dfGotf lbg yfn] . k~r WofgL a'4x?sf] j0f{g /
To;;DaGwL bz{g ;fx}| /f]rs / 1fgj4{s /lxcfPsf] 5 t/ uf}td a'4h:tf dfgja'4n] P]ltxfl;s
dxTjnfO{ cfhsf] j}1flgs o'udf a9L dxTj lbg' / phfu/ ug'{ g} ;fGble{s / lgikIf?kdf
hgdfg;aLr k|:t't ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . cfh g]kfndf hGd]sf] a'4sf] pkb]z /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
:t/df ;To / zflGtsf] k|ltssf] ?kdf ljZjel/ km}ln/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL af}4x?n] of] jf:tljstf
/fd|/L a'lemlng' / To;af6 nfe k|fKt ug'{ clt cfjZos b]lvG5 . af}4;Dk|bfocg';f/ :yl/jfb, dxfofg
/ jh|ofg lgsfox? g]kfn d08ndf k|rlnt /lxcfPsf] eP klg jt{dfg cj:yfdf zfSod'lg a'4åf/f
lgb]{lzt pkb]zx? a9L k|efjzfnL / dfgjLo ;+j]bzLn ljifo e};s]sf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt g} 5 . zfSod'lt
a'4sf] hoGtL dfGg' af}4x?sf] enf] x'g] ljifo xf] .
d}n] e|dn] a'em]sf] a'4–
d ;fgf] 5Fbf cfkm\g} 6f]ndf /x]sf] d~h'>Lgs dxfljxf/ hxfF d u[x:y a'4fg'ofoL eP+ ljxf/sf]
ToxfF :yflkt d'lt{nfO{ dxfdfgj a'4sf] d'lt{ g} ;Demg] u/L cfO/x]sf] lyP . cf–cfkm\gf] kfnf]cg';f/
lgTok"hf kf7 klg ub}{ cfPsf] lyP . w]/}kl5 clxn] cfP/ yfxf kfOof] ls Tof] k~ra'4dWo]sf] Ps a'4
egL dfGg] u/]sf] /x]5 . ha a'4hLjgL k9\g] cj;/ kfPF clg a'4 k|ltdfk|lt a9L >4f a9\g yfNof] .
uf}td a'4 k"0f{ dfgj /x]5 eGg] a'lemof] . O{Zj/ / j/bfg lbg] b]jtfx?eGbf km/s /x]5 eGg] a'lemof] .
hlt a9L k9\b} uP Tolt g} dgdf cfZro{ nfUb} uof] ls a'4sf] e]b yfxf kfPF . s'g} ;do o'js
cj:yfd} af}4 leIf'sf] ?kdf yfONof08, ef/t, >Ln+sf cflb b]zdf a'4wd{ cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf hfFbfsf]
cg'ejn] dfgja'4 / jxfFsf] zLn, ;dflw / k|1f;DaGwL uxg lzIff kfpg] cj;/af6 cfkm' lgs}
k|efljt ePsf] cg'ej dnfO{ 5 . ;fy} cGo wd{sf k|jt{sx?b]lv zfSod'lg a'4 slt km/s /x]5 eGg]
af/]df klg hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] . 5f]6f]df eGg'kbf{ uf}td a'4 dfu{lgb]{zs Ps dxfg\ g}lts u'?sf] ?kdf
:jLsfg{ of]Uo /x]sf] / To;}df ;Gtf]if klg ePsf] 5' . a'4;DaGwL cnf}lss j0f{gx? s]jn
s'znf]kfodfq xf] h:tf] klg nfu]sf] 5 . h] xf];\ a'4wd{ eGgfn] dfgj sNof0f wd{ /x]sf]df ljjfb} /x]g,
56

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
otflt/ ;xif{ :jLsf/]sf] 5' . cfkm\gf cfkmGthgn] klg o;/L g} :jLsf/ ug'{ ePdf e|ddf kg]{ a'4 ljifo
cjZo 5}g eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .
jf:tjdf a'em\g'kg]{ a'4–
g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] ;Gbe{df a'4nfO{ dxfdfgjsf] ?kdf :jLsfg'{ dfq eP klg ;Dk"0f{ ;dfh /
b]zsf] enf] x'g] b]lvG5 . dfgja'4 / WofgL a'4aLr ePsf] km/saf/] uxg cWoogsf] ljifo agfpg
;lsG5 . uf}td a'4sf df}lns pkb]zx? h:t} M !_ rf/ cfo{;To @_ k|tLTo;d'Tkfb l;4fGt tyf #_
clgTo, b'Mv cgfTd lqnIf0f l;4fGtaf/] Jofks cWoog / cWofkg ug]{ u/fpg] ePdf cjZo klg
dfgjsNof0f x'g] g} b]lvG5 . ;Dk"0f{ b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g] pkfo o; a'4wd{df kfpg ;lsG5 .
zfSol;Fx a'4nfO{ dfGg' g} a'l4dfgL x'g' xf] . o;df ?l9jfbL / cGwljZjf;nfO{ :yfg 5}g . of]
cfw'lgs lj1fg;Dd ePsf] wd{ xf] . To;}n] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;d]t uf}td a'4sf] hoGtLsf] lbg
;fj{hlgs labf lbP/ xif{pNnf;sf ;fy kj{ dgfpg yfn]sf] 5 . a'4sf] hGd g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf ePsf]
;To tYonfO{ x[boudg u/L a'4 lzIffg's'n n'lDagLsf a[xQ/ ljsf; u/]/ g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s,
cfly{s / /fhg}lts cj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjdfglrqdf zflGtsf] k|lts b]z g]kfn aGg
;lsG5 .
57

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
58

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
dgnfO{ ;xL dfu{df n}hfcf} .
uf]j4{g zfSo
xfd|f] ufpFdf, ahf/df, zx/df /fi6« e/L g} wfld{s :ynx?, b]j:ynx?, dlGb/x?, u'Dafx?,
rr{x?, dl:hbx?, ljxf/x? guGo ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . of] uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] . dlGb/, u'Dafx?,
ljxf/x? :yfkgf ug'{sf] p2]Zo ;'v zflGt xf];\ cfkm\gf] sfo{x? ;kmn xf];\, pGglt xf];\, dgf]sfdgf k'/f
xf];\ OToflb p2]Zo /fvL :yfkgf ul/Psf x'G5g\ . To;kl5 dflg;x? cfkm\gf] ;'v zflGtsf] nflu
dlGb/x? k"hf u5{g, k|fy{gf u5{g\ lbgx' 9f]U5g, ljGtL o1 dxfo1 u5{g\ . cfkm\gf] dgf]sfdgf k"/f xf];\
egL cem} st} st} d}n] lrtfPsf] sfd k"0f{ xf];\ egL, 5f]/f5f]/L xf];\ egL b]jtfnfO{ v';L kfg{ jnL klg
lbg] u/]sf 5g\ .
t/ o;/L dflg;x?n] k"hf cfhf o1 dxfo1 u/]/ anL k"hf u/]/ cfkm\gf cfsf+Iff, clenfiffx?
k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ t < cjZo klg 5}g . lsgeg] b]jb]jLx?sf] k"hf ug"{ eg]sf] cfkm' eGbf 7"nf
JolQmx? 1fg k|fKt JolQmx?, 1fgLx?, CifLx?, TofuLx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ xf], cfb/ ug'{ xf], jxfx?sf /fd|f
u'0fx? c;n sfo{x?sf] :d/0f ug'{ xf] / jxfFx?nfO{ pRr :yfgdf /fVg' xf] . jxfFx?n] b]vfpg' ePsf]
s'zn sd{x? k5\ofpg' xf], jxfFx?sf] pkof]uL 1fgsf] vf]hL ug'{ xf], cWoog ug'{ xf] . jxfFx?n] cWoog
ug'{ ePsf] 1fg, jxfFx?n] Jojxf/df k|of]u ug'{ ePsf] 1fg, jxfFx?n] b]zgf ug'{ ePsf] 1fgnfO{ x[bou+dg
u/L cWoog u/L a'emL cfTd;fy u/L cfkm\gf] dg dl:tisn] :jLsf/L Jojxf/df k|of]u u/L dgg u/L c?
JolQmx?nfO{ cfkm'n] hfg]sf] ;'g]sf] k|of]u u/]sf], 1fg l;sfpg', a'emfpg' g} xfd|f] k|d'v st{Jo xf] . oL
;a} sfo{x? g} wd{sf] nflu ul/g] sfo{ x'g\ .
cfhsf] jt{dfg o'udf klxn]sf] o'ueGbf cg}lts sfo{, xTof, lx+;f, rf]/L, cGofo, cTofrf/,
e|i6frf/, a]OdfgL sd{x? k|Zf:t eO/x]sf 5g\ . h:sf] lgoGq0f k|zf;g, k|x/L / Gofofno eP/ klg
;kmn eO/xsf] 5}g . lsg t eGg] k|Zg ;w}F cfO/x]s} 5 . of] k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg sf] vf]hgLlt sfo{
cjZo klg xfdL ;a}n] ug}{k5{ . o;k|sf/n] ;dfhdf ljs[lt, lj;+utL a9\g'sf] sf/0f c1fgtf xf] .
o;/L elg/xFbf ef}lts 1fgLx? w]/} 5g\ t/ cWoflTds 1fgsf] v8]/L ePsf] sf/0fn] dflg;x? eo/lxt
eP/ a:g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] ;dfhn] /fi6«n] cfWoflTds 1fg lbg], lbnfpg], cWofkg u/fpg], lrGtg
u/fpg] cfjZostf 5 .
o;/L cfWoflTds 1fg s] xf] t < eGg] s'/ftkm{ hfbfv]/L ;dfhdf h] hlt emu8f, ljjfb,
n8fO{, sf6df/ rf]/L, 8s}tL, cGofo, cTofrf/, b'/frf/ / e|i6rf/ x'G5g\ . ;a} dflg;n] u5{ jf
dflg;sf] k+r:sGwn] ub{5 . oL kfFr OGb|Lox? cfFvf, gfs, sfg, lhj|f] / z/L/nfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ k|d'v
lhDd]jf/L dgn] k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] dg jf ljrf/n] oL c+ux?nfO{ h] h:tf] sfd ug]{ cf1f lbof],
ToxL u5{ . cfFvfnfO{ /fd|f] :yfgdf dfq b[i6L nufp eGbf ToxL u5{ . g/fd|f] sd{df b[li6 nufpg'eGbf
ToxL u5{ . To;/L g} gfsn] ;'uGw dfq jf;gf n]p eGbf ToxL u5{ . b'u{Gwlt/ hfp eGbf ToxL u5{ .
59

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
sfgnfO{ klg ;To / ;xL s'/f dfq ;'Gg' jf cGoq nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] zAb g;'Gg' jf ;'g]kl5 k|of]udf
gNofpg' eGof] eg] ToxL u5{ . lhj|f]n] z/L/nfO{ kmfObf x'g] dfq vfg] / j]kmfObf x'g] gvfg] / cd[th:tf]
jrg af]Ng] / cgy{s s6' jrg gaf]Ng] eGbf dgn] h:tf] cf1f u/\of] ToxL u5{ . z/L/nfO{ klg dgn]
cfkm\gf] OR5fg';f/ ;+rfng u5{ . o;/L s'zn sd{ ug]{ klg dg xf] / cs'zn sd{ ug]{ klg dg g} xf]
. dgg} k|d'v sfo{stf{ xf] . dgg} lhDd]jf/ c+z xf] .
wDd kbdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, dgf]k'0j+udf wDdf, dgf];]67f dgf]dof
dgf];fr] kb'7]g df;lt jf s/f]lt jf.
ttf] g+ b'V:dGjlt, rSs j jxtf] kb+ ..
dg;f r] k;Gg]gt, ef;lt jf s/f]lt jf .
ttf] g+= ;'vdGj]tL, 5fof j cgkfoLgL ..
cyf{t dgsf] cu'jf x'g] dd{, dgg} >]i6 dgf]do .
dgnfO{ b'lift u/L, af]Ng] tyf ug]{ u/]df .
r§fn] ef/L af]s]em}F, b'Mv k5L kl5 cfpF ..
dgnfO{ k|;Gg u/L, af]Ng] tyf ug]{ u/]df .
k5L nfUg] 5fofh:t}, ;'vkl5 k5L cfpF5 ..
To;}n] dgnfO{ cfk\mgf] clwgdf /fVg'kb{5 . dgnfO{ zLnkfngf ug{ 8f]¥ofpg'k5{ . xfdL rfx]
a'l4i6, lxGb', h}g, lqmlZrog, O{Znfd h] ;'s} wdf{jNaL leqsf eP klg lgDg lzn kfng ug{ cfkm\gf]
dgnfO{ ;dflwi6 ug{ ;Sof}F eg] cjZo klg ;dfhdf zflGt :yfkgf x'G5 . To;}n] lx+;f, rf]/L, Jolerf/
gu{g dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg gug{, z/L/nfO{ lgoGq0f u/f}F . em'7f] jrg, r'lSn jrg, s6' jrg / cgy{s
jrg gaf]Ng jrgnfO{ lgoGq0f u/f}F . k/ ;DklQ nf]e, k/ xfgL qmf]w / ldYof wf/0ffx? gu{g dgaf6
lgoGq0f u/f}F . dgnfO{ v';Ldf /Dg bp . bfg, zLn, efjgf, k/;]jf, ;Tsf/, k/ d+un sfdgfnfO{
c+lusf/ u/f}F . c?sf] k|ultdf v';L xf]pm . wd{ b]zgf ;'gf}F / Jojxfl/s hLjgdf k|of]u u/f}F oxL g} wd{
xf] . oxL g} dfgjsf] hLjg /x];Dd ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo xf] . of] clgTo hLjgdf xfdLn] ;fy} n}hfg] ;DklQ
oxL dfq xf] . c? ;a} 5f8]/} hfg' kg]{ xf] . xf]; ;bwd{ lr/:ofO{ nf]sf] xf]t' ;'vL ;xt .
wDd kb
!_ hL0f{ eP/ hfg] of] z/L/ /f]usf] 3/ eO{ /fv]sf] of] z/L/ s'lxP/ eUg eP/ hfg] of] z/L/nfO{ wf/0f
u/L/xg] hf] sf]xL JolQm klg Ps lbg d/0f kl5 cGt x'g' kg]{ xf] .
@_ xf8sf] gu/ agfO/fv]sf] 5, To;dfly df;' / /utn] n]kg ul/Psf] 5, h'g :yfkgf d[To', cleofg /
sk6 cflb n'ls/fv]sf] x'G5 .
#_ kfksf] kmn ef]u ug'{ gk/];Dd d'v{n] cfkm'n] u/]sf] v/fasd{nfO{ dxhft] 7fGb5 t/ kfksf] kmn
ef]Ug' kbf{ b'Mlvt x'G5 .
$_ d]/f] 5]/f 5, wg 5 egL c1fgLdf cb\dt/ x'G5 . cfkm\g} b]xg} cfkm'n] eg] h:t} 5}g eg] 5f]/f eP/
s] < wg eP/ s] ug]{ <
60

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
%_ e/;s cfkm' eGbf u'0fL dflg;sf] ;+ut ug'{, geP cfkm' ;dfgsf];Fu ;T;+ut ug'{ t/ cfkm'eGbf
b'u'{0fLsf] \;T;+ut slxNo} gug'{ . o:tf ;+ut ug'{eGbf ;[b[9 dg /fvL PSn} lx8\g' hflt x'G5 .
^_ c?sf] bf]if / c?n] s] u/\of] s] u/]g egL r]jf rrf{ u/L /xg'eGbf cfkm\gf] bf]if / cfkm"n] s] u/L
/x]sf] 5' s] u/] elg x]g'{ a'l4dfgL x'g]5 .
&_ d'v{ JolQmn] dfq xfdL Ps lbg dg'{k5{ egL ljrf/ ub}{g . t/ xfdL Pslbg dg{sf] nflu g} hGd]sf
xf}F egL ljrf/ ug]{ ljlQs} snx zfGt x'g]5 .
*_ d'v{x?sf kfFrj6f nIf0f M
3d08L x'g', lrQ b'Vg] u/L s'/f ug'{, cfkm\gf s'/f dfq 7Ls egL lhb\bL x'g', c?nfO{ dg gkg]{ s'/f
ug'{, c?sf] cjx]ngf ug'{ oL kfFrj6f d'v{x?sf nIf0f x'g\ .
(_ h;n] zLn -wd{_ a'em]sf] 5 t/ k|of]udf Nofpb}g, pm Tof] dfG5] h:t} x'G5, h;n] aQL afN5 / cfFvf
lrlDnG5 .
!)_ c;+odL b'/frf/L eO{ b]zsf] cGg vfg'eGbf cfuf]em} /ftf] / tft]sf] kmnfdsf] 8Nnf] vfg' j]z 5 .
!!_ b'/frf/L / c;dflxt dflgPsf] ;o jif{sf] hLjg eGbf ;bfrf/L / WofgL k'?ifsf] Ps lbgsf] hLjg g}
j]z 5 .
!@_ c;Gt[i6 dgnfO{ ;Gt[li6 lbg czfGt dgnfO{ zfGt kfg{, sdhf]/ dgnfO{ alnof] t'Nofpg, sn'lift
dgnfO{ kl/z'4 agfpg xfdL eujfg\ a'4sf] k"hf ub{5f}F . j/bfg dfUgsf] nflu xf]Og .
61

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
62

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
@%^! cf} a'4 k'l0f{dfsf] z'esfdgf
nIdL zfSo
pnf{af/L
gdf] t:; eujtf] c/xtf] ;Ddf ;Da'Wb; M–
;d:t zflGtk|]dLx?,
cfh ':jfFof–k'GxL–a'4 k'l0f{df' dxfg\ lq;+of]uk"0f{ kljq lbj; xf] . cfhs} lbg
n'lDagLdf af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/ l;4fy{sf] hGd ePsf] lr/:d/0fLo hGd lbj; xf] . pxfFn] a'4uofdf
;'vzflGt k|fKt ug]{ d'xfg ;j{1 a'4Tj ;Daf]lw1fg nfe ug'{ePsf] lbg xf] eg] *) aif{sf] pd]/df
s'zLgu/df tyfutsf] dxfkl/lgjf0f{ ePsf] kljq lr/;+j]ubflk lbj; klg xf] . cfh z'ekfjg lbgsf]
cj;/df zflGt sfdgf u/L b]ze/L xiff]{nf;k"0f{ jftfj/0fdf a'4k"l0f{df -a}zfv k'l0f{df_ dgfpg' ;'vs/
ljifo ePsf] 5 . ;j{k|yd @%^! cf}F a'4 k"l0f{dfsf] pknIodf ;d:t g]kfnL cfdfa'af, bfh'efO{ tyf
lbbLalxgLx?df xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . eujfg\ a'4 eGg'x'G5–';'vf] a'4fg pKkfbf]' nf]sdf
a'4sf] k|fb'efj{ x'g ;'vs/ 5 . cfheGbf @^)) aif{ cuf8L j}zfv k'l0f{dfsf lbg l;4fy{s'df/ g]kfnsf]
n'lDagLdf hGdg' eO{ #% aif{sf] pd]/df a'4Tj k|fKt u/L a'4 x'g'eof] / *) aif{sf] pd]/df
dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g'eof] . cfhsf] kljq lbg ljZjsf] ;Dk"0f{ af}4 nufot ;d:t zflGtufdL hgdfg;
ldn]/ @^$! cf}F a'4holGt, :jfFof–k'GxL jf j}zfv dxf]T;j zflGtk"j{s dgfO/x]sf 5f}F . ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3 nufot ;f/f ljZjn] a'4 k'l0f{dfnfO{ cToGt k'gLt tyf kljq lbj;sf] ?kdf cf–cfkm\gf] cf:yf
ljZjf; Pj+ >4f cg'?k dgfpg] u/]sf] g]kfns} nflu uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] .
ljZj zflGtsf nflu uf}td a'4 ct'ngLo zflGt gfos, kykb{zs x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn]
b]vfpg'ePsf] dWod dfu{df k"0f{ ?kn] k|ltli7t x'g;s] ;'vzflGt k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] 5 . pxfFsf] zflGt
;Gb]znfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L :jJojxf/df ptfg'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
o;/L g} eujfg\ a'4 eGg'x'G5–'g k/];+ ljnf]dfly, g k/];+ stf st+. cQgf] j cj]vKk stfgL
cstflg r' cy{ M csf{sf] bf]if s]nfpg' / csf{n] s] u¥of], s] u/]g egL x]g'{eGbf cfkm'n] s] u/], s]
ul/g egL x]g'{ j]z x'G5 . ha;Dd xfdLn] cfkm\gf] bf]if :jLsfb{b}gf}, st{Joaf]w ub}{gf}, ta;Dd xfd|f]
dgdf zflGt 5fpFb}g . t;y{ ;'v zflGt k|fKt ug{ cfkm\gf] bf]if :jLsfg]{, cfTdnf]rgf ug]{, st{Joaf]w u/L
cf–cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ jftfj/0f to ePdf /fi6«df zflGt 5fpg]5 . cem} xfd|f] ;dfhdf
:jfy{ut dfgl;stf xfjL e}/x]sf] 5 . c?sf] bf]ifdfq vf]tNg] h;/L x'G5, c?nfO{ lu/fpg], cfkm'dfq
rf]vf] eO{ cfkm\gf] uNtL c:jLsf/ ug]{ ;?jf /f]uh:t} JofKt eO/x]sf] lj8Dagfsf] ljifo xf] .
ljZj;fd' ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf] wgL b]zsf ?kdf h;/L k|Voft 5, To;/L g}
zflGtgfos eujfg\ a'4sf] kljq hGde"ld ePsf]n] g]kfnnfO{ zflGte"ld, a'4sfo{ / ljZjeft[Tj e"ldsf]
?kdf klxrfg agfpg' xfd|f] st{Jo ePsf] 5 .
63

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
wDdkbsf eujfg a'4n] eGg' ePsf] 5 M "gxL a]/]g j]/fgL ;DdGtLB s'bfrg cj]/]g r ;DdlGt
P;wDdf] ;gGtf]" cy{ M a}/efjn] a}/efj slxNo} zfGt x'Fb}g\ . ca}/efjn] dfq a}/efjnfO{ zfGt kfg{
;lsg] x'G5 . zfGt / ;r]tgfk"j{s hLjgofkg ug'{k5{ . htftt} a}dg:otf, pTkL8g, a}/efj, lxF;f–
cft+s, ;Qfsf] xf]8afhL, eo / qf; cflbn] xfdL dfgj ;Gq:t 5f}F . :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / eft[Tjsf]
efjgfnfO{ cufNb} ;x–cl:tTjsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ckgfpFb} zflGtufdL dfu{ cjnDag ub}{ hfg a'4sf]
pkb]znfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
xfdL zflGtufdL ;a}n] cfkm'df ljBdfg dltei6«, :jefj, sn'lift ljrf/wf/f ;+s'lrt efjgf
tyf :jfy{ut dgf]efjnfO{ Tofu]/ :j:Yo dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; u/L cuf8L a9f}F, o:t} sbdn] lhDd]jf/L
af]w ub}{ lbuf] zflGtsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{k5{ . a'4e"ld g]kfnnfO{ ;'v–zflGtk"j{s pGgt Pj+ ;kmn
/fi6«df kl/l0ft ub}{ hfg JolQmut / blno :jfy{eGbf dfly p7L /fli6«o lxtsf] ;'vsf] p2]Zodf ;dflxt
eO{ ;xdltsf /fhgLlt ljsfzdf pBg /xg' cfhsf] k|d'v bfloTj xf], o;df ;a}sf] Wofg s]Gb|Lt xf];\ .
cGtdf, @%^! cf}F a'4 k"l0f{df :jfFof k'lGxn] a'4hGde'dL /fi6« g]kfn–g]kfnL hgtf tyf ;Dk"0f{
zflGtufdLx?sf] hLjg ;'vdo, zfGtdo Pj+ pGgtdo xf];\, ;a}sf] sNof0f xf];\, oxL d]/f] xflb{s
d+nudo z'esfdgf 5 .
64

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
ljBfyL{ afnaflnsfx?nfO{
Wofgsf] cfjZostf
–lbgf zfSo
xfdLx? jfNofj:yfb]lv g} ;w}F afx\o hutsf af/]df ;r]t x'g l;sfOG5, cfGtl/s hut\ xfd|f]
z/L/ leq x'G5 t/ lsg o;sf] Vofn /flvb}g . ;fob of] b]Vg g;lsg] ePsfn] xf]nf .
s]xL efUodfgL jo:s JolQmx?dWo] ;+of]un] / w]/} h;f]n] hLjgsf tgfjx?sf] ;fdgf ug{
c;dy{ ePsfn] afWojz+ Wofg ug]{ df}sf kfpF5g\ . sd efUodfgL afFsL c? JolQmx?n] WofgnfO{
sdhf]/ JolQm jf wfld{s JolQm ;+nUg x'g] ultljlwsf ?kdf k/ kG5fO{ lbG5g\ . afnaflnsfx? ;fg} /
;lhn} ltgLx?dfly k|efj kg{ ;Sg] pd]/ x'Fbf g} cfdfafa' tyf ljBfnoaf6 pgLx?nfO{ ;lqmotfsf ;fy
Wofg ug{ l;sfOPdf of] clt /fd|f] sfo{ x'g] lyof] xf]nf . ;fgf] pd]/df g} Wofgsf] hu a;flnlbg'xf];\,
o;n] ubf{ pm hjfg ePkl5 o;sf kmfObf lng ;sf];\ s'g} klg ljifodf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ dltisdf
;lDemg' kg]{ s'/fx? ;lhn} ;Demg ;sf];\ . Wofg ug{ jo:s JolQmx?n] x'ls{;s] kl5 kfpg ;Sg]
Wofgsf c? kmfObfx? p;n] p7fpg ;sf];\ .
Wofg eg]sf] s] xf] <
Wofg To; ;dodf x'G5 ha xfdL zfGt x'gsf nflu / gs/fTds ljrf/x? ;kmf ug{sf nflu
s'g} j:t'dfly cfkm\gf] Psfu|tf s]lGb|t u5f}{ . Wofg ug{ ;dodf xfdL cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ otfplt 3'Dg
lbb}gf}F . Wofgn] cfkm\gf] jf:tljs dfgjLo Ifdtfdf k'Ug xfdLnfO{ ;Ifd agfpF5 .
ha xfdL Wofg u5f}{ ta dgnfO{ lj>fd lbG5f}F . xfdL ;r]tgfsf] To:tf] cj:yf k|fKt u5f}{ hf]
;fdfGotof xfdL hfu]sf] ;dosf] ;r]tgf eGbf w]/} g} km/s x'G5 . ;r]tgfsf] o:tf] cj:yfdf ePsf]
a]nf xfdL cfkm\gf ;a} txx? a'em\g ;Ifd x'G5f}F / cfkm}F leq /x]sf] z;Qm pmhf{ pTkGg ePsf] dx;';
ug{ ;S5f}F . Wofg lj1fg xf] . s'g} klg wd{df of] k|ltalGwt 5}g . of] lj1fg ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{
o;df vf; qmdsf] cg';/0f ul/G5 . o;sf :ki6 l;4fGtx? 5g\ . o;af6 kl/df0fx? lg:sG5g\ . tL
kl/0ffdx?nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . Wofgsf] kl/0ffd leqL txdf k5{ . o;n] ljrf/x?nfO{ df}g
agfpF5 . ha dg df}g x'G5 . c? s'/fx?af6 Wofg eª\u x'b}g ta Wofg cem uxg x'G5 .
afnaflnsfsf nflu Wofgsf kmfObf M
Wofgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ v';L agfpF5 . ha p s'g} s'/fdfly cfkm\gf] Wofg s]lGb|t u5{, ta p;n]
cfkm\gf c? ;a} ;d:ofx? lj;{G5 . ljut tyf eljiosf af/]df ;f]Rg aGb u5{ / p jt{dfgdf
/dfpF5 .
Wofgn] /rgfTds ljrf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt u5{ . o;n] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cfTdfg'e"lt lt/ 8f]¥ofpF5 .
cfk\mgf] dgn] s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] a'em\g p;n] ;'? u5{ .
65

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
Wofgn] afnaflnsfsf] dgnfO{ tLI0f / :ki6 agfpF5 . o;n] ubf{ p;n] cWoogtkm{ /fd|f] ug{ ;S5
. cem /fd|f];Fu hLjg lhpg l;S5 . p;n] ;fyLx? tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:o / klxnf] k6s e]6 ePsf
JolQmx?;Fu ;d]t s;/L s'/f ug]{ eGg] s'/f l;Sg ;lsG5 . p;n] nfh ;ª\sf]rsf] cg'ej ub}{g .
p cWoogsf ;fy ;fy} x/]s s'/fx? a'em\g / ;Demg l56} elg /fd|f];Fu ;Demg ;d]t d2t ub{5 .
Wofgn] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ c;n dfG5] agfpF5 . p;sf] dg :ki6 x'G5 . To;}n] cfkm'nfO{ dg
gk/]sf] s'/f ;d]tdf p l/;fpFb}g . cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] j:t'df ;d]t nf]e ub}{g . cfkm';Fu h] 5 pm
To;}df ;Gt[i6 x'G5 . pgLx? s'g} klg s'/fdf bf]wf/df kb}{g . s'g} j:t'k|lt klg p cf;Qm x'Fb}g .
cfkm' jl/kl/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ p;n] a'em\5 . kmn:j?k p;sf] lg/fzfdf pNn]vgLo sdL cfpg]5
/ lg/fzfsf] kl/0ffd:j?k pgLx?n] kZrftfk klg ug'{ kb}{g .,
k|f}9x?sf nflu Wofgsf kmfObf
tgfj eufpF5 .
o;n] SofG;/, d'6'sf] ;d:of / pRr /Qmrfk nufotsf tgfj;DaGwL /f]u sd u5{ .
dfgl;s tgfjaf6 pTkGg ;a} /f]ux? lgsf] kf5{ .
s]xL s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ tyf l;Sgsf nflu dl:tissf Psbd} leqL IfdtfnfO{ k|of]udf
NofpF5 .
Wofgsf] kmn:j? gofF :gfo' ;DaGwx? hfu[t x'G5g\ .
dl:tissf s]xL If]qx?sf] ?kfGt/0f x'G5 .
Psfu|tfdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 .
:d/0f zlQmdf cfd"n ;'wf/ x'G5 .
l;Sg] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ x'G5 .
Wofgn] s'g} kl/l:yltnfO{ zfGt / j:t' lgi7 eP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ xfd|f] Ifdtfdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 .
Wofg ug'{kg]{ sf/0fx?
xfd|f ljrf/df cfpg] gs/fTds cjwf/0fx?nfO{ k/ x6fpg, j[xt ;+;f/ tyf a|x\df08;Fu
cfkm"nfO{ hf]=8\g cem a9L s?0ffdo aGg, a'4 bz{gsf cf:yfx?sf] cg';/0f ug{, cem a9L ;fjwfg x'g,
/fd|f;Fu ;f; km]g{, :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg, zflGt k|fKt ug{, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf c?
klg y'k}| sf/0fx?
5g\ . h;/L Pp6} uGtJodf k'Ug] y'k|} ;8sx? x'g ;Sb5, To;} u/L Wofg ug]{ tl/sfx? klg km/s
km/s 5g\ . tkfO{sf] afnaflnsfsf] nflu s'g ljlw pQd x'G5, Tof] 5fGg'k5{ . r]tgfsf] ljlw k|of]u
u/]/ ul/g] Wofgn] xfdLnfO{ ;t{s (alert) /xg / xfdLn] cfkm\gf] hLjgdf ug]{ k|To]s s'/fdf ;r]t
ljrf/ tyf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ l;sfpF5 . o:sf] k|ltkmn clt g} w]/} k|fKt x'G5g\ t/ ;do eg] nfU5 .
lbgf zfSo
lzIfs–kz'klt cfj;Lo df=lj=
Pjd\ ;lrj–zfSo af}4 ;dfh ;]jf
pnf{af/L–^, df]/ª
66

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
n3' syf
;lrj
lbgf zfSo
zfSo af}4 ;dfh
pnf{af/L
Pslbg hª\unsf] Pp6f cfFksf] ?vd'lg uf}td a'4 cf/fd ul//xg' ePsf] lyof], To;a]nf Ps
x'n s]6fs]6Lsf] ;d"x cfP/ cfFksf] ?vdf 9'ª\uf xfGb} cfFk emfg{ nfu] .
b'ef{Uoj+z pgLx?n] xfg]sf] Pp6f 9'ª\ufn] a'4sf] 6fpsf]df nfUof] / /ut lgl:sg yfNof] . ca
a'4n] xfdLnfO{ ufnL ug]{ eP eg]/ tL afnsx? 8/fpg nfu] t/ a'4 l/;fpg'sf] ;§f ;Demfpg lt/
nfUg' ef] . clg tL afnsx?n] a'4sf] kfp ;dfTb} pgLx? dflkm dfUg yfn] .
pgLx?dWo] Ps afnsn] eg]– "x] dxfk'?if! xfdLaf6 7'nf] e'n eof], xfdLnfO{ Ifdf ug'{; .
xfd|f] sf/0fn] xh'/nfO{ rf]6 nfUof] ."
To;kl5 a'4n] eGg'eof]–"x] afns dnfO{ 9'ª\ufn] nfu]/ d b'Mlvt ePsf] xf]Og, d b'Mlv 5' ls
ltdLx?n] cfFksf] ?vnfO{ 9'ª\uf xfGof} / To;n] ltdLx?nfO{ ld7f] kmn lbof] t/ dnfO{ 9'ª\ufn] xfg] kl5
d}n] ltdLx?nfO{ s]jn 8/ lbg ;s] . dnfO{ Ifdf u/ afns .
lgisif{–of] kf7af6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5 eg], xfdLn] h] sfd u/]klg To;sf] kmn cj:o ldN5, rfx] Tof] /fd|f]
xf];\ of g/fd|f] . csf]{ s'/f eg]sf] xfdLn] obL s'g} e"n u/]sf 5f}F eg] 8/fpg' x'Fb}g, To;sf] v'n]/ ;fdgf
ug'{kb{5 / obL e"n uof]{ eg] klg xfdLn] dfkm dfUg] afgL a;fNg' kb{5 .
67

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
sn'lift dg;fo lj/f]w u/L ;'wfg'{ k¥of]
–nf]saxfb'/ zfSo
;Gb]x, ljlrT;f of ljk/Lt a'l4 gePsf], ;w}F cfgGb / k|]d Pj+ ;f}dg:o w]/} eO/x]sf] w}o{tfo'Qm
cfb/ / uf}/jo"Qm, s'sd{ / zLn;+j/ cflbsf] q'l6k|lt nHhf ePsf], r'lsG5 ls eGg] 8/o'Qm zfGt ofg]
OlGb|ox? lgoGq0fdf ePsf] ;Tjx?sf] cf/fwgf -;]jf_ ug{df k|oTgzLn ePsfx? lgjf{0fsf] af6f]df
cu|;/ x'g ;dy{ x'G5g\ . o; k|sf/sf dxfg'efjx?n] ;w}F k|s[lt cjbo / k|1lKt cjbo sd{ -b'j}
y/Lsf kfksd{_ af6 /lxt eO{ k'0o ljifodf k"0f{ ?kdf :jflwg eP/ rof{ ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . clg lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] j:t'h:t} ;a}lt/af6 ldNg] u/L lg/ledfg cyf{t dfg/lxt ePsf] lrQnfO{ wf/0f ul//xG5 .
;Tsd{ u/]/ k|fKt ePsf] pQd If0fnfO{ dgdf /fv]/ km]/L km]/L klg Tof] lrQnfO{ /fd|f];Fu l:y/
agfO/fVb5 . h;/L kj{t/fh ;'d]?nfO{ jfo', cfFwLh:tf s'/fn] xnrn u/fpg ;Sb}gg\ To;}u/L cfkm';Fu
pTkGg ePsf] lrQ/TgnfO{ klg sfd cflb ljt{s?kL jfo'x?n] xNnfpg g;Sg] u/L l:y/ /fVb5 . o;/L
zLn / ;dflwåf/f lrQsd{sf] kl/lgiklQ x'G5 cyf{t l;l4 x'G5 . oL zLn / ;dflw Ps cfk;df
a9fjf lbg] vfnsf x'G5g\ . lrQ kl/sd{nfO{ g} af]lw;Tj lzIff elgPsf] xf] . lrQ kl/sd{ eg]sf]
lrQnfO{ cwLgdf kfg'{ xf] .
z/L/sf] cfkm\gf] ;fdYo{ x'Fb}g . lrQaf6 h;/L c¥xfpF5 To;/L rNg] dfq xf] . cgfTd ePsf]n]
d d]/f] eGg] 5}g . dg'iosf] z/L/ sd{ ;fwg ePsf]n] To;sf] l;l4sf lgldQ ofg] pQd sd{åf/f cfkm\gf]
/ c?sf] lxt l;4 ug{sf] nflu g} o;sf] arfj6 ug'{kg]{ xf] .
z/L/ eg]sf] k|j[lt / lgj[ltsf] ?kdf ;+;f/df cfO/fVg] / ;+;f/af6 kf/ nfUg] ofqfsf]
cfwf/e"t ;fwgh:tf] xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ ;+;f/af6 tfg]{ 8'Fufh:tf] dfq ;Dem]/ ;Tjx?sf] lxtsf] lgldQ
cfk\mgf] OR5fcg';f/ 8'FufnfO{ htf nfg'kg]{ xf] To}t}lt/ hfg;Sg] kfg'{k¥of] . o;/L sfo k|Toj]Iffåf/f
To;sf] :jefj / pkof]u ljrf/ u/L sfosf] k|of]hg lglZrt u/]/ k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . sfo / lrQnfO{
j+zdf /fv]/ ;w}F cfkm\gf] d'xf/nfO{ k|zGg /fVg'k5{ . cfkm\gf] ;Dks{df cfpg] ;a}nfO{ :jfut
enfs';f/Lk"j{s ;Gtf]if ug]{ lj;{g' ePg . cfkm' ;Dk"0f{ huts} csf/ldq ofg] ljgf s'g} sf/0f klg
c?sf] lxt ug]{ sNof0fleq aGg ;Sg'k¥of] .
c?sf z+sf–pkz+sf x6fO{, kZrfQfknfO{ zfGt kfb}{ pkb]z / lzIff ljgo cflb a'emfpg /
k|]/0ff lbg ;Sg] Pj+ c?n] ljGtL gub}{ klg ltgLx?sf] pksf/ ul//fVg] :jefj ePsf k'?ifx?sf] lxt}ifL
jrgnfO{ ;w}F zL/n] wf/0f ug{ la;{g' ePg . pgLx?k|lt cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ sn'lift u/fpg of ckdfg
ug]{ sfd slxn] klg ug'{x"Fb}g . ;a} ;Tjx?df u'?sf] uf}/j b]v]/ ;a}af6 ;a} pQd s'/f l;s]/ rof{
ug'{kb{5 . csf{sf] u'0f a9fpg] / lxt ug]{ vfnsf jrgnfO{ ;'eflift eGb5g\ . s;}n] To:tf jrgx?
af]Nof] eg] p;n] /fd|f] af]Nof], wGo xf], ;fw' ;fw' egL To;sf] cg'df]bg ug]{ zAbx? lbnb]lv g} pRrf/0f
ug'{kb{5 . To:t} s'g} s'znsd{ ug]{nfO{ b]lvof] eg] klg tkfO{ wGo x'g'x'G5, /fd|f] ug'{eof] egL p;sf]
k|z+;f / :t'lt u/]/ p;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ pQd lzi6frf/ eof] .
68

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
cs'zn sfd s'/f] gu/L ;Tjx?sf] ;]jfdf k|oTgzLn x'g'kb{5 . pQdIf0f dgdf /fv]/ lrQnfO{
l:y/ u/L clwgdf /fVg' klg kb{5 . d'Vo s'/f] t cfkm\gf] / c?sf] lxt l;4 ug]{ pQd pkfo xf] .
s'zn sd{ ug]{ dxfg'efjx? b]v]kl5 /fd|/L sfds'/f] ug'{eof] k|+z+;f ug'{ z'elzi6frf/ xf] . sxL
gldn]sf] c;To sn'lift dg;fo b]v]kl5 lj/f]w u/]/ ;'wf/ ug{ cu|;/ x'g' kb{5 . @)^(÷*÷@@ df
ePsf] wdf]{bo ;efsf] Ps /fhg}lts kf6L{n] g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fi6« ug]{ dg;fon] hgsk'/af6 kz'klt;Dd
/yofqf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljleGg 7fpFdf wd{b]zgf ug]{ p2]Zo ePsf]df n'lDagL klg pNn]v ePsfn]
To:tf] /yofqf n'lDagL ljsf; If]qleq nfg lbg gx'g] ePsf]n] /f]Sgsf] nflu Joj:yf ldnfpg kg]{ s'/f
o; n]vsn] af]n]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL ;efdf ef/tsf czf]s l;+unn] g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fi6« agfpg] af]n]sf]
5 eGg] s'/f klg ;'lgof] . xfn ljleGg 6fFl;/fv]sf] kf]i6/df Ps /fhg}lts kf6L{n] /yofqf ug]{ cfof]hgf
u/]/ g]kfnnfO{ ;j{wd{, ;defj, k'0f{wfld{s, :jtGqtf ;fk]If ug{ n]lv/fv]sf] 5 eg] ToxL krf{df lxGb'
/fi6« 3f]if0ff u/f}F eg]/ klg pn]Vv ul//fv]sf] kfOG5 . b]znfO{ Ps wd{sf] /fi6« agfpg] dg;fo ePkl5
;j{wd{ ;dfg s'g} xfntdf klg x'g ;Sb}g, wd{ :jtGq eGg] sNkgf ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] of] t /fhgLlt
kf6L{n] wd{df klg b'lift /fhgLlt v]n]sf] :ki6 eof], g]kfn ;dfrf/ kqn] t cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts cl:tTj
/Iffsf] nflu /yofqfsf] ;xf/f lnPsf] ljZn]ifsx?n] atfPsf 5g\ egL n]lvPsf] 5 .
oxfF o; s'/f klg pNn]vgLo 5 ls /fHon] wd{ dfGg] xf]Og JolQmn] wd{ dfGg] s'/f ;j{JofkL
e}/x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg Ps wd{sf] /fHo agfpg] eg]sf] clwgfosjfb tyf lg/+s'ztf gelg ePg, o;}sf]
Vofn u/L /yofqfnfO{ n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if If]qleq x'Ng glbg] cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpgsf] nflu
;DalGwt af}4;+3;+:yfx?n] cfjZos sbd sfofy{ n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ kqfrf/ ug'{ ;sf/fTds
b]lvG5 . @)%^ ;fnlt/ lxGb' wdf{nDaL Ps ;d"xn] n'lDagLdf ;Dd]ng u/L a'4 wd{nfO{ lxGb' wd{sf]
zfvfsf] ?kdf kl/l0ft ug]{ nIon] ;lqmo ePsf] cj:yfdf wdf]{bo ;efsf] tTjfwfgdf sfo{bn u7g u/]/
;lqmo lqmofsnfkaf6 k|:tfljt ;Dd]ng n'lDagLdf ug{ glbPsf] / ;Dd]ngsf] lglDt ef/taf6 /yofqf
NofPsf]df n'lDagLdf Nofpg glbO{ kmsf{Psf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld :d/0fLo 5 .
a'4wd{ wd{ xf]Og, lxGb" wd{ wd{ xf]Og, lqmlZrog wd{ wd{ xf]Og, d'l:nd wd{ wd{ xf]Og, wd{ wd{
g} xf] eGg] cfrfo{ ;Togf/fo0f uf]oGsfHo"sf] syg pNn]vgLo 5 . uf]oGsfHo'sf] pRr:t/sf] sygaf6
cWofTd If]qåf/f ljZjzflGtsf] lgldQ of]ubfg e}/x]sf] ;¥xfgLo 5 . b]zgfsf] p2]Zo eg]sf] Ps dfq
wd{df cfzQm eO{ c? wd{nfO{ ;dfg b]Vg g;s] ;fDk|bflos efjgf k|s6 x'g] eof] . ljZjdf b]vf k/]sf
;a} wd{sf] nIo eg]sf] s'zndª\un ;]jfsf] sfd ug]{, d}qL–s?0ff ;defj ljsl;t ug]{, g}ltsjfg
rl/qjfg eP/ ljj]s a'l4 k|of]u u/]/ /fu, å]if, df]x, cx+sf/, ddsf/ lgjf/0f ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . To;}n]
wd{sf] oyfy{ dg;fo af]w u/]/ wd{sf] gfddf sn+s gu/L wd{;dGjog sfod u/L ;d'Gg tyf
zflGtk"0f{ ;dfh l;h{gf ug]{lt/ cu|;/ x'g ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ ;r]t x'g cfx\jfg ub{5' .
-;Gbe{ ;|f]t M cfo{ zflGtb]j lj/lrt af]lwrof{jtf/, cg', gf/fo0fk|;fb l/hfn ;fy} ;fGble{s
ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 ._
69

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
70

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
qmf]wn] lxt ub}{g
–sf]80o
xfdL hlta]nf wfld{s If]q k|ltlglwTj x'g] ljxf/ jf s'g}klg, dlGb/df k'lu/x]sf x'G5f}F, ToxfF x'g]
ljljw wfld{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg eO/x]sf x'G5f}F, slxn]sfxL ljleGg ultljlwnufot Wofg lzlj/df
Wofg/t cj:yf jf c? s'g} ljz]if :yfgdf x'Fbf xfdL zfGtbfGt x'G5f}F, g/defj;lxt ljlwJojxf/
ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . cg's"n ljlwJojxf/ lg/Gt/ rln/xFbf qmf]wefj ;'if'Ktfj:yfdf k'lu/x]sf] x'G5 . t/
hlta]nf xfdLnfO{ plrt nfUg], /fd|f] jf cfkm\gf] rfxgfcg'?ksf] ljlw Jojxf/ ePsf x'Fb}gg\, Tolta]nf
eg] t'?Gt} sGr6 tfTg] x'G5, tTsfn} xfdL qmf]lw d'b|fdf kl/0ft x'G5f}F . An8k|]z/ xfO{, xfOk/6]G;g
cflbsf sf/0f t'?Gt} xfd|f] ;'Gb/–/fd|f] cg'xf/ Ps}l5gdf cg'xf/ g bg'jf/h:tf] b]vL czfGt / lxF;|s
efjdf kl/0ft x'G5 .
b}lgs Jojxf/nfO{ uDeL/ eP/ lrofpg] xf] eg] jf:tjdf /L;/fu jf qmf]wnfO{ pTkGg ug'{ s'g}
sl7g sfo{ g} xf]Og . hlta]nf xfdL /fun] /+lht, å]ifn] b'lift , df]xn] d'l9t cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf x'G5f},
Tolta]nf xfd|f] dfgjLo :jefj k|ltIf0f, k|ltknd} bfgjtfdf kl/l0ft x'g vf;} ;do nfUb}g, Ps
r'6\sLsf] e/df zfGtdg czfGtdf kl/0ft eO;S5 . dfgjdf ;'if'Kt /L;/fu hfu[t eO{ hlta]nf
bfgjLotf pln{P/ af9L cfpg] x"G5, Tolta]nf klg p;n] of] Tof] s]xL dfkg g} ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb}g, pm h] ug{
klg tof/ x'G5, h:tf];'s} lxF;fTds ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g tTk/ x'G5, Tolta]nf g}lts–cg}ltstfdf
Vofn ug]{ dgl:ylt k"0f{tMw/fkdf kg{ ;S5 . xfdLleq u'lD;P/ /xg] qmf]w slta]nf ljikmf]6 x'g] xf], Tof]
xfdL cg'dfg g} ug{ ;Sb}gf} . qmf]wn] pd]/ eGb}g, lnª\u eGb}g, leIf' / u[x:y eGb}g, :yfgsf] e]b u/]sf]
x'Fb}g, ;do lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sb}g, hxfF ;fx|f] ToxfF cK7\of/f] eg]h:t} ;f]Rb} g;f]r]em}F qmf]w–/L; hfu[t
x'g;S5 . wfld{s pkb]z–wd{sd{nuQ} :d[lt 6'6\bf u'? g} ePklg pgdf /L; ;jf/ gx'g] eGg] x'Fb}g .
d'Vos'/f ;hu ;t{stf xf], To;nfO{ 7Dofpg ;s]g eg] hf] sf]xL lrlKnP/ tLg aN8\ofª\u n8\g;S5 .
xf], xfdLn] IfdfzLn x'g'k5{ g} elg/x]sf 5f}, t/ /L; knfpFbf To;nfO{ ;dod} lgld6\ofGg kfg{
;s]sf x'Fb}gf}F . cfkm\gf] uf]?sf] afx|} 6Ssf eg]h:t} hf] s;};Fu ljlwJojxf/ ubf{ pmeGbf d s] sd eGg]
k|j[lt xfjL x'G5 / lsg g/d x'g], lsg ;xg], abnf lnP/} 5f]8\5' eGg] dfgl;stf xfdLdf ;jf/ x'Fbf
To;nfO{ 7Dofpg ;lsPg eg] pxL dflQPsf] xfQLh:t} ;w}F qmf]wn] /fh ul//xg] x'G5 . obL dfgl;s
zflGtsf] rfxgf ug]{ g} xf] eg] xfdLn] ;xg'k5{, w}o{ wf/0f ug}{k5{ .
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, a'4nfO{ zflGtjfbL elgG5 . pgn] w]/} Tofu–tk:of u/]/ a'4Tj1fg;lxt
hgdfg;df wd{k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ ;kmn eP . pgn] xd];f /L;/funfO{ zfGt ug{ JolQm :jo+ zfGt
x'g;Sg' kg]{ pkb]z ;+k|]if0f u/]sf lyP . $% aif{;Ddsf] wd{k|rf/k|;f/sf] qmddf pgsf] k/LIff ug]{
dg;fo /fvL w]/}n] p208 ljlwJojxf/ u/]sf lyP . pgn] lbPsf ljleGg pkb]z z}nLdWo] /L;nfO{
zfGtbfg ug{ ;s] :jo+ cfkm}nfO{ zflGt k|fKt x'g] cGoyf /L;–qmf]wn] :jo+nfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ egL cToGt
l/;fn' cfqmf]zs ef/åfhnfO{ lbPsf of}6f /dfOnf] syf k|;ª\u dggof]Uo 5, h;leq hf] s;}nfO{
k|efljt ug{;Sg] g}lts u'0f cGtlg{lxt ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . -;o'Qmlgsfo, cSsf];–;'Q_
71

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
s'g}a]nf eujfg\ a'4 /fhu[xl:yt j]0f'jgsf] snGbs lgjfk -ljxf/_ df x'Fbf "ef/4fh uf]q–
a|fx\d0f >j0f uf}td sxfF 3/af/ 5f8L cgufl/s eO{ k|j|lht eP" eGg] ;dfrf/ ;'gL cfqmf]zs -
cfqmf]z ug]{ ef/åfh uf]qsf_ a|fx\d0f v'a l/;fP . /L;sf] emf]Fsdf a'4nfO{ c;Eo-k?if_ efiff k|of]u u/L
cfqmf]z JoQm u/], lgGbf u/] .
/L;cfj]u Pj+ cfqmf]zdf tyfgfd lgGbf–pkxf; u/]sf] ;'gL a'4n] a|fDx\0fnfO{ ;f]w]– "x] a|fx\d0f!
s] ltd|f] 3/df s'g} ldq, 1fltaGw' tyf cltly cfkmGtx? ;fyLefO{ cfpF5g\ ls cfpFb}gg\

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
d}qL / pk]Iff
wd{lslt{
jif{ #@ c+s ^ af6
eujfg\ a'4sf] u'0f ck/Dkf/ 5 . pxfFdf ePsf pQd Pj+ kl/z'4 u'0fx? o;/L 5g\–d}qL, s?0ff,
d'lbtf / pk]Iff, a'4df ePsf] d}qL zlQmsf] rdTsf/ xfdL h:tf ;fwf/0f dflg;n] a'em\g ;Sb}gf} .
lsgeg] xfdLdf ePsf d}qL, s?0ff Tolt z'4 5}gg\ . o;df :jfy{ / kIfkflt efj n's]sf] x'G5 .
a'4n] lbg'ePsf] d}qL ljifos pkb]z cfhsf] ljZjnfO{ clt pkof]uL 5 . lsgeg] cfhsf] o'u
j}dg:otfk"0f{ o'u eGbf cTo'lQm x'g] 5}g . htftt} if8oGq / k/:k/ cljZjf;k"0f{ jftfj/0f JofKt
b]lvG5 . a'4sflng ;dodf eujfg\ a'4n] zflGtsf] nflu cTofjZos d}qLo'Qm u'0fwd{ ljifodf pkb]z
lbg] ug'{x'GYof] . d}qLlrQ k|an ePsf] JolQmn] c?sf] xfgL / clxt ug]{ efjgfnfO{ dgb]lv kmfn]sf] x'G5
t/ bofdfof /fVg] eGb}df cfkm'nfO{ dgkg]{ JolQm / cfkm\gf gftfs'6'Da ePsf] sf/0fn] ul/Psf]
d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ z'4 d}qL eGg ldNb}g . lsgeg] ToxfF dg k/]sf] / gftf ;DaGw hf]l8Psf] df]x /
kIfkft ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . jf:tjdf qmf]wo'Qm / 3[0ff efjgsf] wf/0fn] pTkGg x'g] k|ltzf]w o'Qm
efjgfnfO{ lgd'{n kfg{ ;Sg] afgLnfO{ g} d}qL elgG5 . c?sf] xLtf]ksf/ ;f]rL dgnfO{ zfGt / cfglGbt
agfO{ ljgd| af]nL / Jojxf/ k|of]u u'g{nfO klg d}qL elgG5 . d}qL k"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ ;lhnf] gePklg
c;Dej eg] 5}g . o;nfO{ cEof; / cg'ej u/L a'em\g' kg]{ ljifo xf] .
d}qL ljifonfO{ cEof;df 9fNg slt sl7g x'Fbf] /x]5 / z'4 d}qL ePsf] JolQmn] o;nfO{ s;/L
Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;Sbf] /x]5 eGg] ljifodf a'em\gsf] nflu xfdLn] o; 36gfnfO{ cfbz{sf] ?kdf lng
;S5f}F–sNof0f ldq ;Togf/fo0f uf]oGsfn] agf/;df ljkZogf Wofg lzlj/ ;~rfng ul//xg' ePsf]
lyof] . of] lj=;= @)@* ;fn lt/sf] 36gf xf] . To;a]nf ToxfF ;dfhjfbL /fhg}lts g]tfx? uf]oGsf
u'? ;dIf cfO{ o;/L cfIf]k nufpg cfP–"tkfO{n] s] ul//fVg' ePsf] of] < Wofg u/fpg] eGb}
dflg;x?nfO{ cfFvf aGb ug{ nufO{ lgsDdf agfO/fv]sf] 5 . o;/L dflg;x?nfO{ lgsDdf agfP/ b]z
ljsf; s;/L x'G5 < sfd gu/L ;a} o;/L cfFvf lrDn]/ a:g yfNof] eg] b]z aaf{b x'Fb}g

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
To;nfO{ xf]z /fvL hfGg / a'em\gsf] nflu Wofg efjgf ug]{ ljlw l;sfO/x]sf] 5' . cfkm'nfO{ ;'wfg]{ xf]
eg] df;'n] ag]sf] cfFvfn] c?nfO{ x]l//xg' eGbf cyf{t\ csf{sf] bf]if s]nfP/ a:g' eGbf klxnf cfkm\gf] bf]if
b]Vg' clt pQd 5 . OdfGbfl/tf / st{Jok/fo0f u'0f b]z agfpgsf] nflu geO{ gx'g] cfwf/x? x'g\ .
tkfO{n] klg ljkZogf Wofg cEof; u/L cg'ej ug'{xf];\ . cfkm}Fn] cg'ej u/L x]g'{kg]{ sfo{ xf] of] .
uf]oGsf u'?sf] o; k|Tof]Q/n] tL k|Zgstf{x?sf] z+sf slt lgjf/0f eP pgLx?n] g} hfg'g\ . t/
uf]oGsf ;xL ljkZogf cfrfo{ ePsf]n] pxfFnfO{ unt cf/f]k / nf~5gf nufpg] unt wf/0ffn] o'Qm
JolQmx?sf] x[bo kl/jt{g ePsf] pNn]v 5 . o;/L oxfF uf]oGsf u'?sf] c;n d}qLsf] pRr pbfx/0f
k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F .eujfg\ a'4 eGg'x'G5– "leIf'x? cfkm\gf ldqx?;Fu s'/f ubf{, sfd ubf{ / dgn] lrGtg
ubf{ ;d]t cfkm\gf] lrQ d}qLk"0f{ x'g cTofjZos 5 . obL ;Fu} a;L hLjg latfpg' kg]{ JolQmx?sf]
:jefj /fd|f] 5}g eg] xfdLn] pgsf] cju'0f xf]Og ;s];Dd pgsf] ;fgf] dfqfdf g} ePklg s]xL u'0fnfO{
;Demg' pQd x'g]5 . obL cju'0f la;{g g;s] To; JolQm k|lt pk]Iff efj /fvL pQm JolQmnfO{ b]v] klg
gb]v] h:t} / p;n] af]n]sf s7f]/ jrgnfO{ ;'g] klg g;'g] h:t} u/L cnUu /xg' pQd x'g]5 . p;sf]
h:tf] v/fa afgL cfkm"df klg 5 jf 5}g o;nfO{ Wofg lbP/ x]/L obL 5 eg] To:tf] v/fa afgLnfO{
lgd"{n klg cEof; ug]{ . o:tf] afgLn] xfd|f] d}qL cem b¥xf] agfpg d2t ldNg]5 .
dfly pNn]lvt a'4 lzIffnfO{ kfng ug{ ;s]df dfq xfdLn] cfkm\gf] hLjg ;'vdo agfpg
;Sg]5f}F .
74

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
a'4 wd{ / :joDe" r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
pnf{af/Lsf] Ps emns
lx/fnfn zfSo
zfSo s'n a+z /fh3/fgfdf hGd eP/ u[xTofu kl5 a'4Tj k|fKt ug'{ eO{ nf]sdf
;j{>]i7 ;tk'?if sxlnPsf zfSod'lg eujfg uf}td a'4sf] k|fb'{efj ePkl5 nf]sdf w]/}
zflGtsf] cfefif emlNsof]. nf]sdf ePsf ;a} k|f0fLx?nfO{ lxtf]ksf/ ug]{ p2]Zo lnP/ $%
aif{;Dd wdf]{kb]z ub}{ ;a}nfO{ d'lQmsf] dfu{ klxNofOlbg' ef]. pxfFsf] dfu{df lx8]/ w]/}
JolQmx?n] ;'v, zflGtsf] cg'ej dx;'; ug{ yfNof]. pxfFsf] dfu{bz{g Pjd\ ky k|bz{gaf6
w]/} JolQmx? c/xGt x'g'sf] ;fy} b'vL hLjgaf6 pGd'Qm klg eP. clx+;f, zLn, ;To /
Gofosf] kIfdf pleP/ wd{ k|rf/ ub}{ *) aif{sf] pd]/df s'zLgu/df pxfFsf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f
eof] / cfh @^ ;o aif{ kl5 klg pxfFn] b]vfpg' ePsf] cd'No lzIff / ;Gb]z hgdfg;df
al9/x]sf], km}ln/x]sf] 5.
cfh a'4 wd{ g]kfn, ef/t, adf{, yfONof08, >Ln+sf tyf blIf0f Pl;ofdf dfq geO{
ljZjsf] x/]s b]zdf a}1flgs wd{sf] ?kdf km}ln/x]sf] 5g\. Ps hgf k|l;4 a}1flgs cNj6{
cfOG:6fOgsf] egfO{ 5 –æolb ;+;f/df s'g wd{ :jLsfo{ elg 5gf]6 ug'{ kbf{ a'4 wd{nfO{
c+lusf/ u5'{ elgÆ eGg' ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg a'4 wd{ jf lzIffnfO{ ;a} eGbf al9
dxTj ePsf] a'em\g cfpF5.
o; a'4 bz{gnfO{ ulxl/P/ cWoog, dgg gu/];Dd o;sf] ;f/ tTj kfpg d'l:sn
k5{, lsgeg] dflg;sf] :jefj g} /fd|f] / lk|o a:t'df e'Ng] :jefj ePsf]n] ubf{ l56f] 1fg
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g. t;y{ o; bz{gnfO{ ;a}n] leqL x[bob]lv wf/0ff, kfngf ugf{n] zfGt, ;'v
k|fKt x'g'sf] ;fy} b'Mvaf6 kf/ kfpg ;lsG5.
a'4 wd{ tyf a'4 lzIff k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ qmddf :joDe" r}To a'4 dxfljxf/sf
;+:yfks cWoIf :j= eQmaxfb'/ zfSon] o; pnf{af/L If]qdf ljxf/ :yfkgf ;fy} a'4
lzIffnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg w]/} of]ubfg ug'{ePsf] 5. pxfF s} cys k|of; / k|]/0ffn] ljxf/
lgdf{0f gx'Gh]n;Dd pxfFs} 3/df a'4 k'hf cfof]hgf u/]/ ;a}hgf e]nf eO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'
eof].
75

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
o; :joDe" r}To a'4 laxf/ lgdf{0f ug{ :j= z'lznf cgfufl/sf u'?dfsf] klg
dxTjk"0f{ b]g /x]sf] 5. pxfFs} cg'/f]wdf o; pnf{af/L If]qdf laxf/ lgdf{0f ug{ k|]/0ff
ldn]sf] xf]. ;fy} :j= z'lznf u'?dfn] o; laxf/nfO{ lbuf] ljsf; / ;+/If0f ug{ sldl6
u7g ug]{ ;Nnfx lbg'eof] / t\t kZrft :j= eQmaxfb'/ zfSosf] cWoIftfdf laxf/ ;'/Iff
;+rfng ;ldlt elg ( hgfsf] sldl6 u7g ul/of]. ;f]xL sldl6sf] dftxtdf ;Dk"0f{
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/b} cfPsf] ;fy} wdf]{bo ;efsf] klg zfvfsf] ?kdf /x]/ sfd u/]sf]
/ ;do ;dodf wdf]{bo ;efsf] s]lGb|o :t/df x'g] ;Dd]ngdf efu lnP/ a'4 lzIffnfO{
k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/b} cfPsf] 5.
x/]s k"l0f{df, ci6dL / cf}zLsf] lbg a'4 k'hfsf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'GYof] / x/]s
a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg leIf' lemsfO{ a'4 holGt dgfpg] sfdn] klg o; laxf/sf] dlxdf
a9]sf] lyof]. ! dlxgf uF'nf kj{df klg wdf]{kb]z sfo{qmd x'g] x'gfn] o; lbg ;a} pkf;s
pkfl;sf e]nf eO{ wd{>j0f sfo{df Jo:t x'GYof]. o; k|sf/ s]lx xb;Dd a4 lzIff a'em\g]
k|of; eof] . a'4 lzIffnfO{ cem Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ / o; lzIffnfO{ ;a}n] dgg / lrGtg
u/]/ hfgsf] nflu o; laxf/df leIf'sf] cfjZostf eP cg';f/ o; laxf/sf cWoIf >L
uf]j4{g zfSosf] ;s[otfdf leIf' k|f0fk'qnfO{ cfu|x u/L lemsfof}+. leIf' k|f0fk'q o; laxf/df
a:g\ eP/ a'4 lzIffnfO{ Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ eof]. ;fy} pxfFsf] wd{b]zgfaf6 a'4
lzIffnfO{ a'em\g] ;'cj;/ k|fKt eof].
o; a'4 lzIffnfO{ ;lx?kdf a'em]/ kfngf wf/0ff u/]/ uPdf cjZo klg hLjgdf
;a}nfO{ ;'v zflGt cjZo g} ldNg] 5 . ;do ;dodf o; laxf/df wfld{s 5nkmn / leIf'
leIf'0fLx?nfO{ lemsfP/ wd{b]zgf u/fpg ;s]sf] v08df o; pnf{af/Lsf afl;Gbfx? / o;
laxf/sf] dlxdf cem a9g] lyof] eGg] cfzf / ljZjf;sf ;fy k|ltIff ub}{ o; laxf/sf]
pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub}{ ;a}sf] enfO{, ;'vfo' / lb3f{o'sf] d}qLk"0f{ sfdgf ub{5' .
ejt' ;Aa d+und\ .
76

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
d]/f] cg'ej
d}lxo"sf] sfvdf /x]sf] ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] klZrd aLrdf /x]sf] ufpF l;4]Zj/ bfjfdf
hGd e} df]/ª lhNnfsf] bf]>f] gu/L pnf{af/L–%, :s'n8fF8fsf] pQ/ tkm{df @)%^ ;fnb]lv
a;fO{ ;/fO{ cfO{ 3/hd u/L a:b} cfPsf] 5'. d]/f a/fh' lhh' afh]x? g]kfnsf] vf]kf;Laf6
lj:yflkt e} sfdsf] vf]hLdf aflx/Lg' kbf{ o; 7fpFdf /x]sf kj{t]x?;Fusf] ;+utn] lxGb'
wd{sf] ;fy} ;fdfGotf hGd d[To' ;+:sf/sf] s]lx sfo{ ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf]df ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf]
lznlznfdf lhNnf emfkfsf] bdsaf6 af;:yfGt/ ubf{sf] avt o; pnf{af/L :joDe" r}To
a'4 dxfljxf/df ;+:yfks :j= eQmaxfb'/ zfSo / >L uf]kfn zfSo Ho"x?sf] ;+3;+utn]
k|]/0ff kfO{ a'l4:6 aGg] k|]/0ff ldNof]. jxfF eujfg ;Dos ;Da'4n] ;+;f/ e/Lsf] k|f0fLx?sf]
/Iffsf] nflu $ cfo{ ;To k|ltkfbg ug'{ ePsf] k~rzLnsf] af/]df eGt]x?af6 wd{b]zgf
>j0f ug]{ cj;/ ldln a'4 jrg sd{ ug{ lzn l;Sg' st{Jo kfng ug'{ gr'sg' eGg]
pkb]zsf] wd{b]zgf o;} pnf{af/Lsf] a'4 laxf/df /xg' ePsf eGt] k|f0fk'q ;Dos
;Daf]wLaf6 s]xL 1fg pknAw ug]{ df}sf :joDe" r}To a'4 laxf/af6 kfPF . gf}nf] 1fg pbo
ePsf] lbg a}zfv k"l0f{df l;4fy{n] b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g] dfu{ vf]Hgsf] nflu /fhb/jf/nfO{
TofUg' eof], prlgr e]befjaf6 la/Qm e} /x'g' ePsf] l;4fy{n] ;f]Rg' eof] æo; b/jf/df
ef/ /x'Gh]n b'Mvaf6 d'Qm /xg ;lsGg To;}n] pxfFn] b'Mv s]xL b'Mvsf sf/0f s]xL b'Mvaf6
d'Qm /xg s] s:tf dfu{ ckgfpg' kb{5< elg 1fgsf] vf]hL ug{ /fhkb, ;'v;on Tofu u/L
5 aif{;Ddsf] s7f]/ b'Mv ;xL cg';Gwfg ug'{ eof]. 5 aif{ kl5 a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg b'Mv,
b'Mvsf] sf/0f / b'Mv lgd{"n ug]{ pkfox? kQf nufpg' eO{ eujfg a'4 aGg ;kmn x'g'
eof].
Ps aif{df !@ k"l0f{df, !@ cf}zLsf] ;fy} @$ ci6dL / $*, %) j6f zlgaf/ kg{
;Sb5. To; dWo] ;a}eGbf al9 dxTj rflx a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbgnfO{ k|To]s ;fnsf] #^%
lbg dWo] ;a}eGbf al9 ! aif{ leqdf nfdf] lbg klg olx k"l0f{dfsf] lbg xf] eujfgn]
;a}eGbf k"l0f{dfnfO{ plQs} dxTj lbg'sf ;fy} h]i7 k"l0f{dfsf lbgnfO{ >L nsfnL af;Lx?n]
cfkm\gf] ;Eotfsf] yfngL ePsf] ?kdf dfGb5g\ . >L n+sfsf wd{ /fhf czf]s -;d|f6_sf]
k'q dx]Gb| :yfaL/n] a'4 zf;g k|lt:yfkgsf] lzIff lbg' ePsf], wd{ 1fgsf] af/]df ef}lts
77

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
;'v / ;'ljwfdf /dfpg x'b}g eg]/ dxf;do ;'Qmsf] wd{b]zgf ug'{ ePsf] lyof]. eujfg
a'4n] af]wL 1fg kfPsf] , cx{Gt >fjsx? nfO{ wd{ k|rf/fy{ cf1f ug' { ePsf] lyof].
ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfo egL cyjf ax'hgsf] lxt, ax'hgsf] ;'vsf] nflu dfgj
hfltnfO{ af]w -1fg_ åf/f hfu|t t'Nofpg] k|of;sf] klxnf] kfOnf xf]. a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO
eGbf h]i7 k'l0f{dfnfO{ a9tf dxTj lbg] u/]sf] /x]5. >Ln+sfsf] af}4 hgtf ;/sf/n] o;
h]i7 k"l0f{dfnfO{ 6f]n6f]ndf / b]z} el/df a'4sf] d'lt{nfO{ ;hfO{ k'hf u/]sf] b]Vg kfOG5.
eujfg a'4n] af]lw 1fg k|fKt ug'{ePsf] ;fy} jxfF kl/lgjf{0f x'g' ePsf] @)) aif{ k5f8L
/fhf czf]s k'q dx]Gb| :yflj/ >Ln+sf k'\Ug' x'bfF eujfg kl/lgjf{0f x'g' ePsf] @#^ aif{
eO{;s]sf] lyof]. To;sf/0fn] of] h]i7 dlxgfsf k"l0f{dfnfO{ xfdL klg dxTjk"0f{sf ;fy
Vofn / ;Demgf ul/ /fVg' pRrtd ;kmn xf]. To;}n] jxfFn] b\Mv s] xf]< b'Mvsf] sf/0f s]
xf]< b'Mvaf6 d'Qm /xg s] s:tf dfu{ ckgfpg' kb{5< 1fgsf] vf]lh ug{nfO{ pxfFn]
/fhb/jf/ g} Tofu ug'{ eof]. ^ aif{sf] s7f]/ b'Mv ;xL cg';Gwfg ug'{ eof]. ^ aif{ kl5
a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg b'Mv, b'Mvsf] sf/0f / b'Mv lgd"{n ug]{ pkfox?nfO{ kQf nufpg' eO{
eujfg a'4 aGg ;kmn x'g' eof]. eGg] k9g kfp5f}. o;/L l;4fy{ s'df/n] a}zfv
k"l0f{dfsf] lbg b'Mvsf] sf/0f t[i0f –hlt eP klg gk'Ug]_ nf]eLkg elg ;+;f/nfO{ a'emfpg'
eof]. gf}nf] 1fgnfO{ of] eGbf klxnf s'g} klg dxfTdfn] kQf nufpg ;s]sf lyPgg\.
b'Mvsf] sf/0f d'Vot t[i0ff g} xf] eg]/ eujfg a'4n] a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg 1fg lbP/ jxfF
kl/lgjf{0f x'g' eof]. ctM eujfg a'4n] agfP/ hfg' ePsf] cf7f}+ a6f dfu{x? cg'udg ug{
;sf}+. clgTo 5, xfd|f] rf]nf lgTo 5}g, ;+;f/e/L ;[li6 ePsf] k|f0fLx? ;a}n] d[To' j/0f u/L
5f8]/ hfg} kg]{ k|fs[ltssf] lgod xf]. hGd x'G5, a'9f] x'G5, /f]u nflu dl/G5. eujfgaf6
k|ltkfbg cj:yfnfO{ c+ufn]/ nf]e, nfnrf, OZof{, 8fxf / t[i0ff / c?sf] s'enf]nfO{ Tofu]/
l;ldt ?kdf Jojxf/ rnfpb} uPdf xfdL ;a}sf] sNof0f / enf] x'g]5 eGg] laifodf d}n]
o; :joDe" r}To a'4 ljxf/af6 1fg k|fKt u/], cem afFsL 5, cj d}n] eujfg a'4n] lbg'
ePsf] wd{b]zgf ;'g]/ a'em\gnfO{ d t ;fg} afd] ;g]{ s]6fs]6L aRrf g} 5'. xfdL dflg;x?n]
kfk u/L /x]sf kfpF5f}+. lsg xf]nf< Tof] :ki6 tl/sfn] ;f]emf] af6f] / To;df nfUg] oyfy{
1fgsf] cefjn] dflg;x? cndnL c1fgtfn] 5]sL wd{ u/]sf] eGbf eGb} kfk ug{ k'uL z'4
wd{sf] ;Dks{df hfg] cj;/ af6 ;d]t al~rt eO{ /x]sf]n] xf]. eujfg a'4n] !) j6f kfk
cs'zn sd{af6 afr]/ a:g' g} wd{ xf] cyjf wd{ s'zn sd{ xf]. k~rzLn, ci6zLn,
bz{zLn klg kfngf u/L a:g wd{b]zgf ug'{ ePsf] 5. eujfg a'4n] eGg' ePsf] 5 hf]
JolQm c;n s'zn sd{ u5{, Tof] JolQm ;w}sf] nflu cd/ /xg] 5 . hf] JolQm v/fa sd{
78

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
u5{ cyjf cs'zn sd{ u5{, To:tf JolQm slxNo} klg cd/ /xg] 5}g. To;sf/0f w]/} dWo]
s]lxnfO{ xfdL ;a}n] eujfgsf] ?kdf :d/0f ul/G5. cfbz{ JolQmnfO{ ;a}n] k'hlgo ul/g]
pRrf/0f u/L ;bf ;bf hlk/xG5f}+, :d/0f /xf]; xfdL klg o:t} u/L c;n sd{ u/f}+. c?sf]
enf] x'g] sd{ ug]{ afgL a;fnf}+ / c?sf] enf] lrtfp. cGTodf eujfgn] eGg' eof]
æleIf'x?nfO{ d k|lt ltdLx?n] klg :g]x / >4f /fVg l;Sg'Æ
æuGwdf nfbLxL k"h{ s/f]Gtlkg]jd{ k"h]lGtÆ æh;n] uGw dfnf cflbaf6 dnfO{ k'hf
u5{, To;nfO{ d}n] ;xL dflGbgÆ wDdfg'wDdåf/f k|ltkfbg ug]{ JolQm eGg dnfO{ l7s
tl/sfn] k'hf u/]sf] x'G5 elg eGg' ePsf] 5. c:t' M
ejt' ;Aa d+und\
cfkm\gf] cg'ej n]Vg]
ldg axfb'/ etfh' –k|wfg_
pnf{af/L–%, :s'n8fF8f, df]/ª
79

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
80

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
dfgl;s ljsf; / a'4 wd{
n]vs M cd[tsfhL zfSo
Go'/f]8, sf7df8f}
dg / dfgl;stf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] a'4 wd{ OZffk"j{ 5}7f}F ;tfAbLdf ha /fhs'df/
l;4fy{n] a'4Tj k|fKt u/], tab]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf dfgj sNof0fsf] nflu k|rngdf cfO g}/x]sf] 5 .
efjgf gu/]sf] dgdf /fu, å]if, df]x h:tf ljsf/x? lg/Gt/ ?kdf pTkGg eO g} /xg] x'G5 . xfd|f]
ef}ltsz/L/, hGdd/0fsf] lg/Gt/tf, xfd|f] pGglt, cjglt, ;a} of] dg;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx? xf] .
;+;f/df JofKt s'/fx?sf] ;DaGw xfdLeGbf aflx/ st} geP/ xfd|f] cfkm\gf] dg;Fu kf] /x]5, dgdf JofKt
/fu, å]if / df]x cflb dfgl;s lasf/x?nfO{ lgld6ofGg kfg{ ;lsof] eg] dfgl;stfsf] ;sf/fTds
ljsf;sf] cfwf/ lnP/ o; b'Mv rqmaf6 d'Qm x'g ;lsg] /x]5 eg]/ ha l;4fy{ uf}tdn] kQf nufP pgL
a'4 jg] / Tof] k|ljlw pgn] hgdfg;df klg afF8] . cgluGtL dflg;x?n] pgsf] of] k|ljlwnfO{ ckgfP/
z'4 / d'Qm cj:yfsf] k|ToIf cg'ej u/] dfgl;s ljsf/nfO{ gi6 u/]/ pRrtd dfgl;s ljsf;sf]
l:yltdf k'u] .
wd{ / ;Dk|bfos} ?kdf /x] tfklg a'4 wd{ ;+;f/df Pp6f o:tf] wd{ xf] h;df dfgl;s
ljsf;sf] pRr ;Defjgfsf] k|ToIf cj;/sf] cEof; ug{ cGo ;Dk|bfosf cg'ofoLx? / wd{u'?x? ;d]t
klg ;lDdlnt x'G5g\ . ;lxi0f'tfsf] o;eGbf 7"nf] pbfx/0f cGo s'g wd{, ;Dk|bfodf kfpg ;lsG5 / <
h]g]ef l:yt wfld{s tyf cWoflTds k|ultsf] nflu cGt/ /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ICARUS n] xfn;fn} a'4
wd{nfO{ ljZjs} ;j{>]i7 wd{sf] pkflw k|bfg u/]sf] 5, h'g pkflwsf] kIfdf dtbfg ug]{x? ax';+Vos
wd{g]tf / u'?x? cGo dtfnDaLx? g} lyP . a'4 wd{sf] dfgl;s ljsf;;Fusf] ;d'w'/, zzQm /
k|efjsf/L ;DaGwsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} jxfFx?n] o; wd{sf] kIfdf dtbfg ug'{ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . dfgl;s
ljsf; / a'4 wd{sf] ;DaGwdf hfGg oxfF dg, dfgl;stf, o;sf] ljsf;qmd, a'4 wd{ / logLx? aLrsf]
cGt/;DaGwnfO{ qmda4 ?kdf hfGg cfjZos x'G5 .
dg g} dflg;df ;dflxt ;aeGbf ;+j]bgzLn tTj xf] . dgs} u'0f, wd{, :jefjsf] cj:yf
cg'?k g} dflg;sf] :t/nfO{ d"Nofs+g ul/g] ul/G5 . oxL dgnfO{ cfTd;ft ul;/fv]sf]n] g} dflg; eGg]
zAb aGof] . hlt k|efjzfnL dg dflg;n] kfof] zfob} s'g} hGt' hgfj/x?n] kfPg xf]nf . aLh /fd|}
eP klg df6f]sf] u'0f, aflx/L jftfj/0fsf] k|efj cflbn] To;sf] pTkfbsTjdf ljljwtf cfPh:t} :jefj}n]
ljz'4 dg klg aflx/L jftfj/0fsf] ;Dks{df cfPkl5 km/s km/s dfgl;stf k|s6 ug]{ :jefjsf] aGg
hfg] x'G5 . ;+;f/ dgs} pkh xf] . /fd|f] dfgl;stfn] /fd|f] ;+;f/sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 eg] g/fd|f]
dfgl;stfn] g/fd|f] . b'lgux:;f] nx'gf] oTysfd lgkfltgf], -wd{kb_ If0f If0fdf pTkGg x'g] htftt} bu'{g]
:j]R5frfl/ x'g] dgnfO{ O{uLt ul/Psf] 5 . dflg;x? k|foM dfgl;s zflGt/ ;Gt'li6s} nflu k|of;
ul//]x]sf] x'G5g\ . ;dfg cj:yfdf km/s km/s dflg;x?sf] dfgl;stf km/s km/s x'G5g\ . ;a}
dflg;x?sf] Ps ;dfgsf] dfgl;stf csNkgLo g} 5 . ;+;f/sf] lg/Gt/tf km/s dfgl;stfs} pkh
81

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
dfGg ;lsG5 . JolQm JolQm aLrsf] ;dfg dfgl;stfn] ;+;f/sf] ultlzntfnfO{ g} /f]lslbg ;S5 .
x/]s dflg; cfkm}Fdf cb\e't 5 eg]/ cfw'lgs lj1fgsf wd{u'? /hlgzn] To;} eg]sf xf]Ogg\ .
dflg;x?sf] km/s dfgl;stfsf] ;'Id cWoogaf6 jxfFn] of] s'/f k|s6 ug'{ePsf] xf] . ;+;f/s}
pTklQsfn b]lvsf] dflg;x?sf] dfgl;stfsf cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] zfob} klxn] clxn]sf] dfgl;stfdf
s]xL km/s cfpFb}g . ef}lts ?kdf zfob} s'g} kl/jt{g cfPsf] xf];\ . cl:y/ :jefjsf] dfgl;stfn]
kl/jt{g gcfpg' eg]/ cleJoQm ul/Psf] xf] . dfgl;s :t/df kl/jt{g gcfpg'sf] sf/0f / lgjf/0fsf]
cuf8L rrf{ ul/g]5 . h'g s'/fsf] hlt cefj To;sf] cfjZostf Tolt g} a9L x'G5 . dflg;n] dgnfO{
slxNo} ;Gt[i6 kfg{ ;s]g / oxL qmdn] ;Sg] 5}g klg . cflv/ ef}lts ljsf; qmd g} oxL dfgl;s
c;Gt[li6sf] pkh xf] . cfkm';Fu pknAw ePsf] j:t'n] dflg;nfO{ slxNo} lrQ a'em]g . gofF / :t/Lo
;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] vf]hL ul/of] . o;}nfO{ ljsf; eGg] gfd lbOof] . ljsf; slxNo} k"0f{ ePg . k'/fgf]
ljsf;nfO{ ;w}F gofF ljsf;n] cf]em]ndf kfof]{ . gofF gofF t[i0ffn] ljsf;nfO{ emg\emg\ ljsl;t ub}{ nUof]
. z'?sf] ljsf;qmd;Fu bfFh]/ x]bf{ cfh ;+;f/ slt ljsl;t eO;Sof] . dflg;sf] z'?sf] cj:yfsf] -
afNofj:yf_ ljsf;qmd / b[Zofj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] $) sf] bzsdf k'Ubf;Dd hLjg Pp6f c;xh
syfsf] ?kdf kl/l0ft eO;s]sf] x'G5 . cljsl;t dfgl;stfn] ef}lts ljsf;nfO{ slxNo} k"0f{ x'g lbg]
b]lvb}g . ef}lts pknAwLdf dfgl;s ;Gt[li6 ufleP/ cfpg] xf] eg] Tof] g} clGtd pknAwL x'g] 5 .
em§ x]bf{ ef}lts ljsf; eg]s} dfgl;s ljgfz h:t} b]lvg cfpF5 . hlt hlt dg c;Gt[i6 eof] Tolt g}
gofF ljsf;sf] l;h{gf x'g] b]lvof], hlt w]/} ;'ljwf Tolt g} w]/} b'Mv eGbf oxfF cgf}7f] x'Fb}g . dfgl;stfsf]
ljsf;n] ef}lts ljsf;sf] ult t /f]lsg] 5}g ls eGg] klg nfUg ;S5 . ef}lts ljsf;n] dfgl;s
ljsf;sf] klg ;fy kfP ljsf; ljgfzl/ hfgaf6 kSs} hf]lug] 5 . cfhsf] o'usf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg]
ljsf;sf] ult clt 8/nfUbf] 5 . xNsf dfgl;s ljsf/ ?kL cfuf]sf] lemNsf o; k|HjngzLn ljsf;df
kg]{ xf] eg] 7'nf] lj:kmf]6sf] ;Defjgf 5 . ljsf;df dfgl;s ljsf/sf] k|efjaf6 pAh]sf] ;fgf 7"nf
36gfx?af6 ePsf] ljgfzaf6 hut cgle1 sbfkL 5}g . ;Gt[li6 eGbf klg o; ljsf;nfO{ ;sf/fTds
?kdf lng / pko'{Qm k|of]hgdf Nofpg /fd|f] dfgl;stfsf] cfjZostf ckl/xfo{ 5 .
;doqmd cg'?k j:t' / ljifosf] kl/efiff klg ablnFb} hfg] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu klxn]
Jofkf/nfO{ gfkmf / gf]S;fgsf] ljifodf dfq s]lGb|t u/]/ x]l/GYof] eg] cfh o;df ;]jf, ;'ljwf /
OdfGbfl/tf klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . of] OdfGbfl/tf ljifodf hf]l8g cfPsf] 5. OdfGbfl/tf dfgl;s
(Mind Factor) xf], h'g tTjaf6 cfhsf] o'udf ljifo klg c5'tf] /xg ;Sb}g . ;sf/fTds
dfgl;stfn] x/]s ljifodf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd NofpF5 . To;}n] t cfhsf] ljZjdf x/]s If]qdf
sfo{bIftf / pRr pTkfbsTjsf] nflu dfgl;s k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{sf] qmd a9]sf] kfOG5 . dfgl;s
ljsf;sf] k|ultsf] nIf0f ;a}eGbf klxnf JolQm :jo+ddf b]lvg] s'/f xf], ljsf; jf ef}lts ljsf; t
o;sf] c;/x? (Side Effects) dfq x'g\ . ljsl;t dfgl;stf ePsf] JolQmsf] dg ;sf/fTds ;f]r /
sfo{lt/ g} s]lGb|t / cu|;/ x'g] ub{5 .
To;f] t ;Eotfsf] z'?sf] ;do b]lv g} l;ldt dflg;x? dfgl;s ljsf;sf] ;'q vf]Hgdf nflu
k/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfk"mn] ljleGg k|s[of tyf cEof;af6 k|fKt u/]sf] dfgl;s ljsf;sf] k|ljlwnfO{
82

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
pgLx?n] cfkm"df dfq l;ldt g/flvsg hgdfg;nfO{ klg pkxf/ lbP . o;f] u/]/ pgLx?n] cfkm\gf]
ljsl;t dfgl;stfsf] pbf/tf k|bz{g u/] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf u/]sf vf]hgLlt / pTvgg\x?n] s/La ^
xhf/ aif{ cufl8 klg x8Kkf / dlxGbf]w/f -k~hfjsf] l;Gw k|fGt_ eGg] :yfgsf dflg;x? cfkm\gf]
dfgl;stfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg of]u, Wofg / >dg k/Dk/fsf] cjnDag uy]{ eGg] tYox? km]nf k/]sf] 5 .
cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] ;sf/fTds s'/fx?nfO{ cfk"mdf dfq l;ldt g/flv hgdfg;sf] lxtsf] nflu k|rf/
k|;f/ ug'{ g} ljsl;t dfgl;stfsf] nIf0f xf] . To; a]nfsf lj4fgx?n] vf]h]sf dfgl;s ljsf;sf
;'qx?, h'g w]/} g} k|efjsf/L lyP, cfh;Dd klg obfsbf k|of]udf g} 5g\ .
o;/L kf}/fl0fs ?kdf dfq xf]Og P]ltxfl;s ?kdf klg dfgl;s ljsf;sf] qmdnfO{ cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . obfsbf ?Ug dfgl;stf ePsf dflg;x?n] cdfgjtfsf] r/dtfdf k'u]/
;EotfnfO{ laufg]{ sfd klg gu/]sf] xf]Og, o; k|sf/sf dflg;x?sf] k|e'Tjdf k/]/ l;Fuf] /fi6« /
hgtfx?sf] dfgl;stf v:s]sf] klg kfpg ;lsG5 . unt dflg;stfn] cdfgjtf lgDTofPsf] s'/fx?
Oltxf;df w]/} k9\g kfOG5 . /fi6«n] k|To]s k6s gofF zf;sLo :j?k kfpFbf hgtfdf Pp6f gofF
dfgl;stf ljsf; ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5, slxn] dfgl;s ljsf;sf] ?kdf t slxn] ljsf/sf] ?kdf .
dfgl;s ljsf;df zf;sx?sf] e"ldsf xfdL ;d|f6 czf]ssf] -ef/t aif{sf] ;d|ft–O{=k'= @^(–@@&_
zf;gsfnaf6 /fd|/L cWoog ug{ ;S5f}F . s;/L pgn] r08fzf]saf6 wdf{zf]s ePkl5 ;Dk"0f{
hg;d'bfosf] dfgl;s :t/ pGgltsf] nflu sfo{ u/] eGg] s'/f Oltxf;n] :ki6 b]vfpFb5 . qmdzM
83

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
84

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
k|1f syf
sNof0f ldq ;Togf/fo0f uf]oGsf
k|1f s] xf] < plrt k|sf/n] hfGg' g} k|1f xf] . aflx/L b]vfj6L cyjf aflx/L :t/sf] ;TonfO{
hfGg' k|1f xf]Og . To; aflx/L ;Tosf] ulx/fO{df uO{ To;sf] leqL clGtd ;TonfO{ hfGg' g} k|1f xf] .
h:t} s'g} caf]w afnsn] /+uL r+uL Hjfxf/ftnfO{ kTy/sf] 6'qmfsf] ?kdf b]Vb5 k/Gt' Pp6f cg'ejL
Hjfxf/Ln] cfkm\gf] b[i6Låf/f Ps–Ps /Tgsf] leq To;sf] ;bf]iftf–lgbf]{iftfnfO{ x]/]/ To:sf] plrt df]n
ub{5 . To:t} k|sf/n] k|1fjfg\ JolQmn] h'g cj:yf cuf8L cfpF5 To;nfO{ s]jn aflx/L :t/df dfq
cjnf]sg ub}{g a? cfkm\gf] tLI0f k|1f b[i6Låf/f To:sf] ulx/fO{;Dd uO{ k/dfy{ ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ ub{5
. o;/L x/]s l:yltnfO{ plrt k|sf/n] ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf yfxf kfpg' g} k|1f xf] .
o;/L tLg k|sf/n] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 cyjf k|1f tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ .
>t[doL k|1f ;'g]/ cyjf k9]/ k|fKt x'g] k|1f xf] .
lrGtgdoL k|1f–;'g]/ jf k9]/ k|fKt ePsf] 1fgnfO{ ljrf/–ljlgodåf/f, lrGtg–dggåf/f, ts{–ljt{såf/f
cfkm\gf] a'l4n] /fd|/L s]nfP/ Gofo ;+ut jf o'lQm ;+ut 5 egL yfxf kfP/ k'i6 ug'{ g} lrGtgdoL k|1f
xf] . pk/f]Qm b'j} k|sf/sf k|1fx? ;Dk"0f{tof lg/y{s 5g\ eGg t ;lsb}g k/Gt' oL ;a} cGo JolQmx?sf]
1fg ePsf] sf/0fn] w]/} h;f] a'l4–ljnf; eP/ g} /xG5 . o;af6 xfdLnfO{ hLjgdf jf:tljs nfe x'Fb}g
. jf:tljs nfe o; t];|f] k|1faf6 x'G5 h'g efjgfdoL k|1f xf] cyf{t\ Tof] k|1f h'g cfkm\gf] cg'ejsf]
cfwf/df cfkm" leq g} k|s6 / k|:km'l6t ePsf] x'G5 . of] :jo+ cfkm\gf] ;fIffTsf/ xf], To;}n] of] jf:tjdf
sNof0fsf/L 5 .
efjgfdoL k|1fsf] nflu zLn wf/0f ug'{ / ;Dos\ ;dflw agfpg' cfjZos 5 . ;Dos\ ;dflwdf
;dflxt lrQn] g} yufe"t ;TonfO{ hfGg ;S5, To;sf] bz{g ug{ ;S5 . ";dflxtf] oyfe"t+ khfgflt
k:;lt."
o; oyfe"t ;TonfO{ x]g'{ g} ljkZogf cyjf ;fdfGotof xfdLx? s]jn aflx/L b]vfp ;TonfO{
dfq x]l//xG5f}F h;/L Ps caf]w afnsn] /Tgsf] aflx/L /+u / rds–bds dfq x]l//xG5 . hf}x/Ln]
h:t} /Tgsf] leqsf] ;TonfO{ x]g'{ g} ljz]if?kn] x]g'{ xf] / oxL ljkZogf xf], oxL efjgfdoL k|1f xf] .
oxfF efjgfsf] cy{ efj'stf jf efjfj]z xf]Og . efjgfsf] cy{ x'G5–a9fpg', km}nfpg', ljsl;t ug'{
cyjf :jo+ cfkm\gf] cg'ejaf6 k|fKt ePsf] k|1fnfO{ ljkZogfsf] cEof;af6 a9fpFb} hfg' .
aflx/L ;TonfO{ hfGg' t/ ;/n 5, t leqL ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ ug{sf] nflu cGt/d'vL x'g'
cfjZos
5 . cGt/d'vL eP/ xfdL cfkm\gf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/f}, cfTd lg/LIf0f u/f}F, cfTd bz{g u/f}F, cfTd
;fIffTsf/ u/f}F, cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO{ lrgf}F, hfgf}F, ;Demf}F .
sfofsf] ultljwdf k"/f Wofg /fv]/ sfofg'kZogf ul/G5 . :jf;sf] cfjfudgsf] lg/LIf0f klg
sfofg'kZogf g} xf] . :jf;sf] lg/LIf0f ub{5f}F / cEof;af6 lj:tf/ lj:tf/} z/L/sf] c+u c+udf :y"n /
85

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
;'Id ;+j]bgfsf] cg'ej x'g yfNb5 h'g slxn] ;'vb, slxn] c;'vb eO{ g} /xG5 . b|i6fefjn] oL
j]bgfx?nfO{ x]/L /x]/ j]bgfg'kZogf ug{ ;lsG5 . a]nf a]nfdf pTkGg x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf lrQnfO{
lg/LIf0f u/]/ lrQfg'kZogf ul/G5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf lrQj[ltx? cyjf lrQdf pTkGg x'g] ljsf/x?sf]
lg/LIf0f u/]/ wDdfg'kZogf ul/G5 .
oL rf/ k|sf/sf ljkZogfx? dWo] xfdLn] j]bgfg'kZogfnfO{ a9L dxTj lbG5f}F . o:tf] x'gfsf]
sf/0f o;sf] ;DaGw c? tLgj6} ljkZogf;Fu w]/} jf yf]/} /x]sf]n] xf] . 'j]bgf' z/L/sf] cfwf/df g}
cg'ej ul/G5 . j]bgf lrQaf6 cg'ej ul/G5 . k|To]s lrQljsf/ Ps ;'Id ;dj]bgf;Fu ;DalGwt
/x]sf] x'G5 . o; sf/0fn] j]bgfg'kZogfsf] cfkm\gf] ljz]if dxTj 5 . of] kf]i6 ePdf g} rf/}j6f k'i6
x'G5g\ .
o;k|sf/ cGtlj{kZogf åf/f :jo+ cfkm\gf] cg'ejaf6 To; ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ ug{ ;lsG5 ls of]
z/L/ ci6snfkx?, ;'Id k/df0f'x?sf] k'Fh dfq xf] / clgTotf, kl/jt{gzLntf p;sf] :jefj xf] .
k[YjL, hn, clUg, jfo' oL rf/ dxfe"tx?n] ag]sf] of] k/df0f's0fn] z/L/ leq cfkm\gf] u'0f, wd{, :jefj
k|ltIf0f kbz{g u/L g} /xG5 . tLI0f ;dflwsf] ann] g} o; kl/jt{gzLn z/L/ wf/fsf] k|jfxnfO{
lg/LIf0f ul/G5 / o;}k|sf/ ;bf kl/jt{gzLn lrQ–wf/fnfO{ klg lg/LIf0f ul/G5 . b'j}sf] clgTo :jefj
/ b'Mv :jefj :jo+ cg'ej x'G5 ta ltgsf] cgfTd :jefj klg :jo+ :ki6 x'g hfG5 . b'j}sf] lg:;f/tf
:ki6 dx;'; x'G5 . tg / dgsf] o; ldnLh'nL k|jfxdfg wf/fdf :yfoL, l:y/, zf:jt\, w|'j eGg] s]xL
klg t 5}g\ h;nfO{ d eGg ;lsG5 h:nfO{ d]/f] eGg ;lsG5, h;df cfkm\gf] tfbfTDo :yfkgf ug{
;lsG5 . o;k|sf/ gfd / ?ksf] hLjg wf/fnfO{ lg/f;Qm eP/, lgln{Kt eP/, lg;Fu eP/ x]g]{ cEof;
cf/De x'G5 . ha ha ;'Id cg'e"ltsf] ulx/fO{df pqb} hfG5 ;fy ;fy} o; lgln{Kttf klg k'i6 x'Fb}
hfG5 . ha;Dd cf;lQm 5 To; a]nf;Dd cfnDjgsf] oyfe"t bz{g ug{ ;lsb}g . ljkZogfsf] k|1faf6
ha cfzlQm 5'8\b} 5'8\b} hfG5 ta xfdL ;a} cfnDjgsf] oyfe"t, oyftYo, oyf:jefj, oyfnIf0f bz{g
ug{ yfNb5f}F, h:tf] ls cWof/f] 3/df bLk lnP/ k|j]z ubf{ ToxfFsf] cGwsf/ x6\b5, k|sfz pTkGg x'G5
/ To; k|sfzaf6 ToxfFsf] ;a} j:t' :ki6;Fu b]lvg yfNb5 . o;k|sf/ k|1f pTkGg x'gfn] cljBfsf]
cGwsf/ x6\b5, k|sfz pTkGg x'G5 / To; k|sfzaf6 ToxfFsf] ;a} j:t' :ki6;Fu b]lvg
yfNb5 . o;k|sf/ k|1f pTkGg x'gfn] cljBfsf] cGwsf/ x6\b5 . ljBfsf] pHofnf] km}nG5 / To;
1fgnf]sdf cfo{ ;Tosf] k|ult x'G5, k/dfy{ ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ x'G5 .
xfdL cfkm\gf] cWofTdsf] ulx/fO{df uP/ b'Mv ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ ub{5f}F . ;bf ct[Kt Pj+
c;Gt[i6 /xg] of] dg o;k|sf/ t[i0ffsf] Kof;n] lg/Gt/ Jofs'n /xG5 h'g Kof; slxn] d]l6b}g . o:tf]
lk+w ljgfsf] ulx/f] s'jf, h'g eg]{ ;f/f k|of; lgikmn eO/xG5 . cfkm\gf] t[i0ff, cxDotf Pj+ b[i6L k|lt
/x]sf] pkfbfg, lrksfp, cf;Qm–efjn] xfdLnfO{ lg/Gt/ Jolyt, Jofs'n Pj+ Jou| agfO /xG5 . xfd|f]
b'Mv / oL ;a} b'Mvsf] d"ne"t sf/0fsf] ;fIffTsf/ x'Fbf o;sf] lgjf/0fsf] dfu{ klg :ki6 x'G5 . zLn,
;dflw Pj+ k|1fsf] o; kfjg dfu{n] o;k|sf/ b'Mv pTkGg ug]{ o; cf;lQmnfO{ gi6 u/]/ xfdLnfO{ b'Mv
86

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
ljd'Qm agfpFb5 . oxL dfu{sf] cEof; ubf{ ub}{ lgtfGt b'Mv ljd'lQm :j?k lgjf{0fsf] klg ;fIffTsf/
x'G5 .
o;k|sf/ ha ha ljkZogfsf] cEof;n] k|1f k'i6 x'Fb} hfG5, ;fy ;fy} df]x d'v{tf, dfof
d/Llrsf e|d, e|f+lt, wf]vf ;a} k/ x'Fb} hfG5 . ;a} l:ylt :jo+ :ki6 x'Fb} hfG5, dgdf s]xL k|sf/sf]
z+sf pkz+sf /xFb}g . k|1f k'i6 x'Fbf zLn–;bfrf/ z'4 x'G5, ljsf/ljxLg eP/ lrQ ljz'4 x'G5, b[i6L
ljz'4 x'G5 / o; sNof0fsf/L ljz'l4 dfu{df cufl8 a9\b} xfdL z'4 cfo{Tj k|fKt ub{5f}F . d'lQm–;'vsf]
cf:jfbg ub{5f}F .
ljkZogf k|1fsf] Pp6f cfkm\g} ;'v 5, h'g c? ;a} ;'v eGbf pGgt 5 . rfx] xfdL :y'n
OlGb|o ;'vdf lnKt xf];\ cyjf ctLlGb|o ?k, zAb cflbsf] cfnDagn] cfTd–;Ddf]xg–hGo s'g} k|sf/sf]
cfgGbfg'e"ltdf lnKt xf];\, b'j} cj:yf ;fFrf] ;'vsf] cj:yf xf]Og . lsgsL ha of] ;'v ;dfKt x'G5g\ .
;dfKt eP kZrft\ dg km]/L To;nfO{ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu 56\k6fpg yfN5 . t[i0ffn] Jofs'n x'g yfN5 .
jf:tljs ;'v t Tof] xf] h'g\ ;bf Ps/; /xg ;S5 . Tof] ;'v g} ;'v xf] ha xfdL lgln{Kt eP/ x]g]{
cEof;L aG5f}, ta xfd|f] cfnDag rfx] abln/xf];\, xfd|f] x]/fOdf s]xL cGt/ kb}{g . g t xfdL OGb|Lo
Pj+ cltlGb|o ;'vsf] cfudgdf gfRg yfN5f} g To;sf] lgudgdf ?g yfN5f}F . b'j} l:ylt Ps bz{s ;/x
tdfzf x]b{5f}F . cfkm\gf] cGt/dgsf] ulx/fOdf uP/ ;'IdeGbf clt ;'Id l:yltsf] klg kl/jt{gzLnsf]
lg/LIf0f ubf{ ub}{ o; clgTotfsf] uxg ;RrfO{ k|lt ;Dos\ hfUb5 .
87

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
hLjg hLpg ;defjsf] clgjfo{tf
–u'?df+ cl/`f0fL
dfgjLo hLjg, h'g hLjg lhpgsf nflu ;dfhdf a:5f} ;fy} ;dfhsf ljleGg cª\ux?nfO{
k5\ofpF5f}F klg . sf]xL /fhgLltdf nfU5g\ sf]xL wg sdfpg nfU5g\, sf]xL gfd sdfpg, sf]xL cWoog
ug{, To:t} cWofkg ug{ nfU5g\ sf]xL wd{ ug]{ eg]/ wd{sf] kl5 nfU5g\ . o:t} o:t} ;dfhsf] cfly{s,
/fhgLlts, wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts, z}lIfs, j}1flgs / ljleGg ;+3;+:yfdf cfa4 eO cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{ a]tLt
ul//fv]sf tkfO xfdL dflg; . o:t} ljleGg ;dfhsf kIf;Fu ;dfhsf ;b:ox? 3'nldn (Interaction
Interrelationship) agfpFb} hLjg lhO/x]sf x'G5f}F . h'g hLjg lhO/x]sf ;dfhsf ;b:ox? leq tkfO{
xfdL klg kb{5f}F .
oxL ;dfhsf] ultljlw ljleGg wfld{s d"No, dfGotf, ;+:sf/nfO{ ckgfpFb} hLjg lhO/x]sf
x'G5g\ dflg;x? . wd{sf] gfddf dlGb/ wfpg], rfdn r9fpg], k};f r9fpg], cIftf r9fpg] ub}{ aflx/L
b]vfj6L ?kdf dfq wd{ ub}{ lxF8]sf dflg;x? tkfO{ xfd|f] ;dfhdf w]/} g} kfOG5 . g]kfn hxfF Gofok|]dL,
zflGtgfo eujfg\ a'4 hlGdg'ePsf] b]zdf g} wd{sf] gfddf ;xL oyfy{ wd{sf] gfddf ;xL oyfy{ wd{nfO{
ga'em]/ c? g} wd{df nfUg] / aflx/L b]vfj6L e|ddf dfq kl//fv]sf dflg;x? w]/} 5g\ . lxGb' wd{
cg';f/ hftdf klg 7"nf] hft a|fx\d0f, To;kl5 qmdzM If]qL, j}Zo, z'b| / o; rf/ j0f{ leq gk/]sfnfO{
hghflt / kfgL grNg] tNnf] hftsf] ?kdf ljefhg ul//fv]sf] 5 . wd{leq klg o:tf] 7"nf] pRr hft
/ ;fgf] hft elg h'g e]befj ug]{ kl/kf6L oBlk clxn];Dd klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5 . h'g hflto Joj:yf
clxn];Dd oxL cg';f/ eO/fv]sf] 5 . dnfO{ nfU5 . oL ;a} g} kl5 dfG5]n] agfPsf ;Dk|bfo / ;F:sf/
x'g\ . ;dfhdf a;]/ oxfFsf ultljlw / lqmofsnfknfO{ c+ufNbf c+ufNb} ;xL wd{, oyfy{ wd{ -;Totf_
kl/jt{g eP/ o:tf] ljleGg ;Dk|bfo s';F:sf/ lelqPsf] x'g'k5{ .
jf:tjdf ;xL wd{n] sf]xL ;fgf] 7'nf] eGb}g . pRr / gLr eGg] efj /fVb}g . ;a}nfO{ ;dfg
Jojxf/ ub{5 . h:tf] cfkm"nfO{ b'Mv dg kb}{g ;'v dgk5{, dg{ dg nfUb}g afFRg dg nfU5 clg x/]s
sfd ubf{ cfkm\gf] klg lxt / c?sf] klg lxtsf], sNof0fsf] efjgf /fvL sfd ub{5 . ;a}nfO{ cfkm'
;dfg g} ;f]Rb5 . o;}nfO{ ;defj elgG5 . cfkm'h:t} c?nfO{ 7fg]/ dgdf lxF;f, l/;, b'ef{j, cledfg,
nf]e, 3d08, c+xsf/ h:tf kmf]xf]/ s'/fnfO{ l5g{ lbb}g To:t} jrgn] klg af]Nb}g / z/L/n] klg g/fd|f]
sfd ub}{g . o:tf] efjgf ePsf] JolQmnfO{ g} wd{ u/]sf] eGg ;'xfpF5 . To;}n] wd{ ug{sf] nflu clt
cfjZos tTj ;defj xf] . wfld{sk"j{s ;xL tl/sfn] hLjgofkg ug{sf] nflu ;defjsf] Psbd}
clgjfo{tf / cfjZostf 5 .
hf] JolQmn] cfk'm ;dfg c?nfO{ ;f]Rb5 t Tof] JolQmn] slxn] klg c?sf] g/fd|f] rfxFb}g .
c?sf] g/fd|f] grfxg' eg]sf] g} wd{ ug'{ xf] . cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfdaf6 c?nfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL gxf];\ /
cfkm\gf] klg lxt xf];\ eGg] dg;fon] sfd ubf{ Tof] JolQmn] slxn] klg pRr, gLr, 7"nf] ;fgf] hft, wgL,
ul/a s]xL b]Vb}g ;a} a/fa/ b]Vb5 . clg cfkm\gf] cfr/0fnfO{ klg ;'wf/]sf] x'G5 . dgdf c?k|ltsf]
nf]e, å]if, 8fx, cx+sf/, cledfg, 3d08L cfpFb}g, dg ;kmf x'G5 . z'4 lkpg] kfgL h:t} . o:tf] d'Vo
pb\ud:yn dg g} ;kmf z'4 eO;s]kl5 oxL dgsf] Ozf/fdf rNg] z/L/ / jrg klg ;+od x'G5 g} .
88

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
o;sf] dtna jrgn] em'6f] s'/f gug]{, r'UnL s'/f gug]{, s8f zAb gaf]Ng], a]sf/sf] cy{ g ay{sf] s'/f
gug]{ x'G5 . clg z/L/n] xTof, lx+;f gug]{, rf]/L n'6kf6 e|i6rf/ gug]{, Jolerf/ gug]{ x'G5 . ;a}nfO{
cfkm' ;dfg ;f]Rg] lalQs} h'g h'g sfd lqmofsnfkx? u/]sf] cfkm'nfO{ dg kb}{g, c?nfO{ klg dg kb}{g
eGg] ;defj ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . To:tf] JolQmx?n] cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ klg z'4tf ul//fv]sf] x'G5, To:t}
z/L/ ug]{ sfdnfO{ klg ;+oddf / af]Ng] af]nLnfO{ klg ;+oddf xf];df /fv]/ sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . oxL
z/L/, jrg / dgnfO{ z'4 ug'{ g} wd{ xf] . h;n] oL tLg åf/nfO{ ;+od u/L z'4 /fVb5 ToxL pRr /
a|fx\d0f xf] . h;n] dg, jrg / z/L/nfO{ z'4 g/fvL xTof, lxF;f, rf]/L, n'6kf6, e|i6rf/ u5{ em'6 s'/f
af]N5, r'UnL s'/f ub}{ lxF8\5, ufnL ub}{ lxF8\5 t ToxL JolQm g} gLr hft xf] / tNnf] ju{sf] xf] . To;}n]
eujfg\ a'4n] eGg'ePsf] 5 ;+;f/df @ y/Lsf dfq dflg;x? 5g\ :qL / k'?if . c? sf]xL pRr / gLr
5}g\ . pRr / gLr dflyNnf] / tNnf] eGg' g} cfkm'n] u/]sf] sd{n] ;+;f/df @ y/Lsf dfq dflg;x? 5g\
:qL / k'?if . c? sf]xL pRr / gLr 5}g . pRr / gLr dflyNnf] / tNnf] eGg' g} cfkm'n] u/]sf] sd{n]
x'G5 . tkfO{ cfkm}F klg ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 of] s'/fnfO{ < t;y{ g]kfnsf] lxGb' wd{cg';f/sf] hft
Joj:yf / ;Dk|bfo s:tf] nfU5 t tkfO{nfO{ < oxL wd{cg';f/ pRr, gLr n}lª\us c;dfgtf h'g s'/fx?
5g\ To;nfO{ tkfO{ xfdL af}4dfuL{n] kl/jt{g u/]/ lxGb'/fi6« xf]Og af}4 /fi6« agfpgsf] nflu sf]l;;
ug'{k5{ . clxn]sf] jt{dfg hLjgdf k|To]s JolQmn] ;defjsf] ljsf; u/]sf] eP xTof, lxF;f, rf]/L,
8s}tL, n'6kf6, prgLr, 5'jf5't OToflb ;a} x6]/ hfg] lyof] . dgdf ePsf b'lift efjgfx?sf] ;6\6fdf
s'zn efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g]5 . JolQmx?df eO/x]sf] tF tF / d d eGg] efjgf x6]/ uO{ xfdL xf}F eGg]
Pstfsf] efjgf pTkGg x'g]5 . Pstf x'gfn] x/]s kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, ;dfh / /fi6« g} zflGtdo cfgGbdo
tl/sfn] ljsl;t x'g]5 . To;}n] tkfO{ xfdLn] ;defjdf /xL hLjg hLpg clt g} cfjZos 5 .
hf] JolQmsf] dgdf ;defj wd{sf] efjgf ljsl;t eO;s]sf 5g\ t Tof] JolQmn] ls/fkm6\ofª\u|f
s'g} klg ;hLj k|f0fLk|lt 3[0ff ub}{g To:t} dfb}{g klg lsGt' tL hLjhGt'x? klg cfkm'Fh:t} afFRg / ;'vL
hLjg lhpg rflx/x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ klg Hofgsf] dfof 5 . Tof] k|f0fL klg k~r:sGw dfq xf] /
d :jod\ klg k~r:sGwdfq xf] . km/s s]xL 5}g km/s 5 t sd{cg';f/ cfsf/k|sf/ dfq km/s 5 d
dfG5]sf] cfsf/df 5' Tof] k|f0fL cfk\mgf] ejdf x'g'kg]{ cfsf/df 5 . cfsf/dfq km/s ePsf] xf] leqL
tTjx? t pxL g} x'g . olt s'/fsf] af]w ePkl5 xfdLdf Tof] k|f0fLk|lt ;defj phfu/ x'G5 / b'Mv
;f:tL lbg] ljrf/ cfpFb}g . eujfg\ a'4n] wDdkb ufyfdf klg eGg'ePsf] 5–
;Aa] t:;lGt b08:;, ;Aa];+ hLljt+ lko+ .
cQfg+ pkd+ sTjf, gx\g]o\o g 3fto] ..
cyf{t\ ;a} k|f0fLx? nx'/f] jf xltof/b]lv 8/fpF5g\ . ;a}nfO{ cfkm\gf] Hofgsf] dfof 5, ;a}
afFlr/xg g} rfxG5g\ . cfkm'nfO{ lk6\g cfPsf] jf dfg{ cfPsf] dg gk/]h:t} cfkm'nfO{ g} pkdf agfP/
s;}nfO{ klg glk6, gdf/ . of] ufyf k'/f ;defjsf] k/fsf08 xf] . To;}n] ;defj dgdf eP s;}n]
dfg]{, lk6\g] eGg] ;Dd ljrf/ cfpFb}g .
jf:tjdf wd{ eg]sf] g} ;defjsf] ljsl;t ?k xf] . hf];Fu ;defj x'G5 t ToxL JolQm;Fu
wd{lrQ /x]sf] x'G5 . ;defjnfO{ pk]Iffefj eGbf klg km/s kb}{g lsgsL of] Tof] eg]/ 5'6\ofO 5'6\ofO
89

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
x]b}{g, ;defj dWod cj:yfdf /xG5 . oxfFg]/ ci6nf]s wd{sf] s'/fnfO{ hf]8\g rfxfG5' . ;'v, b'Mv,
nfe, xfgL, k|z+;f, lgGbf / o; coz nf]sdf /x'~h]n xfdLnfO{ oL ci6nf]s wd{n] 5f]8\b}g . slxn]
;'vdf b+u, slxn] b'Mvdf xf/, u'xf/ dfUb}, ?b}F s/fpFb}, nfe x'Fbf klg b+u gfs km'nfP/ lx8\g], xfgLdf
emf]So|fpFb} lx8\g] g'g vfgf gkfPsf] s'v'/fem}F To:tf] afgL 5 tkfO{ xfdLdf . k|z+;fdf b+u x'Fb} km'Nb}
lx8\5f}F lgGbfdf l/;fpF5f}F, lrlGtt x'G5f}F, ozdf cledfg hufpF5f}F / cozdf dg{ klg a]/ nufpFb}gf} .
of] ;a} x'g'sf] sf/0f ;defj jf pk]Iffefj geP/ g} ePsf x'g\ . oL cf7j6f nf]swd{dWo] Pp6f g
Pp6f tkfO{ xfdLdf clNem/fv]sf x'G5f}F . To;}n] g} of] ejrqmdf 3'ld/fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . ca aLrsf] af6f]
h'g eujfg a'4sf] lzIff xf] . otf klg g9lNsg] ptf klg g9lNsg] . bfofFafofF st} gnflusg
g6fFl;sg l;km{ aLrsf] af6f] lx8\g' g} >]os/ 5 . o;}nfO{ dWod dfu{df rNg' elgPsf] xf] . cyf{t
dlHemdf kl6kbf cl/o ;Rr+ elgG5 . ;defjdf /xg ;Sof} g ;'v, g b'Mv, g nfe, g xfgL, g oz,
coz s]xLn] klg 5'g ;Sb}g / cNemfpg ;Sb}g klg . aLrsf] dWod af6f] dfq ckgfpFbf clg ci6nf]s
wd{af6 cnu ePsf x'G5f}F . oxL cnu x'g' g} ;defjdf /xg' xf] .
cGtdf xfdLdf klg ;defjsf] ljsf; u/]/ ;dfhdf cfgGbdo tl/sfn] hLjg latfpg sf]l;;
u/f}F . cfh}b]lv ;defjnfO{ c+ufn]/ ;xL wd{sf] klxrfg u/L hfgL a'emL cEof; u/]/ ;+;f/ rqm
b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'gsf] nflu tkfO{ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ sf]l;; u/f}F .
90

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
af}4 ljZjf; -t[tLo efu_–@!
s]=>L wdfgGb
cg'jfbs–dbg/Tg dfgGw/
oL dWo] sltko wd{x? ;+u7Lt ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 / cfh ko{Gt w]/} cg'ofoLx? ;lxt
pGgt eO /x]sf] 5 . w]/} dflg;x? k"hf cfhf, pT;j Pj+ aflx/L l/jfhsf sf/0f oL ;ª\ul7t wd{df
nfu]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xLn] wd{nfO{ JolQmut ?kdf cfGtl/s hLjgdf ptfg{ dg lbP/ cfkm\gf wfld{s
u'?nfO{ leqL x[bodf ;Ddfgk"j{s :yflkt u/L pgsf] lzIffnfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u ug{ ?rfpF5g\ .
wd{nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ cfjZos ePsf]n] ;a} wd{n] cfkm'nfO{ s]jn elQm xf]Og hLjg hLpg] dfu{ xf]
eG5g\ . ltgLx?sf] pTklQ / ljsf; qmdnfO{ x]bf{ dflg;sf wd{x? cf–cfkm\gf] wf/0ffdf tL sf
cg'ofoLx?sf] a'em]sf] / ul/g] JofVofgdf, tL sf nIo P+j c;n v/fa sd{sf] kmn / b08sfaf/]
wf/0ffdf slt;Dd km/s x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/f cfZro{nfUbf g} 5g\ .
wfld{s lqmofsnfkx? >4f, 8/, 1fg cyjf enfO{df cfwfl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . dflg;sf] 8/
x6fpg / cfjZostf kl/k'lt{ ug{ ag]sf w]/} wd{x? elQmdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . rdTsf/ / cnf}lss
zlQmdf cfwfl/t wd{n] c1fgtfsf sf/0fn] pTkGg ePsf] dflg;sf] 8/sf] kmfObf p7fpF5 / nf]esf
sf/0f cfjZos b]lvg] ef}lts pknAwL u/fOlbg] jrg lbG5 . cnf}lss zlQmsf] eo x6fpgsf] nflu
ag]sf] wd{df k"hf / kf7 u/L To:tf] eo zfGt u5{g\ . >4fdf cfwfl/t wd{n] dfgj hLjg /
kl/l:yltsf clglZrttf;Fu ;fdgf ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; / b[9tf xfl;n ug{ l;sfpF5 .
s]xL wfld{s cEof;x? dflg;sf] 1fg, cg'ej / a'l4sf] ljsf;sf] kmn:j?k ljsl;t ePsf klg
5g\ . o:tf] wd{df dfgjLo d"No / k|fs[lts lgod sfg"gx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;xeflutf x'g] ub{5 . of] wd{
dfgjtfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / dfgjLo u'0fx?sf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t x'G5 . sfo{ / sf/0f cyjf 'sDd' -
sd{_ sf] l;4fGt /fv]sf] wd{ :jfjnDagdf cfwfl/t 5 / o;n] dflg;nfO{ p;sf] ;'v / b'Mvsf ;fy}
d'lQmsf] lhDd]jf/ p;}nfO{ 7x¥ofpF5 . hLjgsf] oyfy{tf / ;f+;fl/s :jefjsf] ljZn]if0ffTds 1fgn]
hfGg'k5{ eGg] egfO{ k|1fdf cfwfl/t wd{df /x]sf] 5 .
sNof0f / ;'sd{ ;a} wd{df kfOg] ;femf tTj x'g\ . zflGtdf cfwfl/t wd{n] cfkm\gf] ;fy} c?
s;}sf] klg s'enf] lrtfpFb}g / cfkm\gf] cg'ofoLx?nfO{ ;f}Do, pbf/ / zfGt hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ lzIff
lbG5 . csf{sf] ;'v / enfO{sf] nflu Tofu / ;]jf ug'{k5{ eGg] egfO{ d}qLdf cfwfl/t wd{df /x]sf]
kfOG5 . wd{u'?x?åf/f ul/g] JofVof / kl/efiff / lbOPsf pkb]znfO{ ltgsf cg'ofoLx?sf] a'em\g] Ifdtf
cg';f/ wd{ km/s–km/s x'g hfG5g\ . s'g} wd{df wfld{s lgod g}lts cfr/0faf/] s8f lgb]{zg lbOPsf]
x'G5 eg] s'g}df To:tf lgod / cfr/0f ug]{ tl/sfdfq atfOPsf] x'G5 . k|To]s wd{n] ljBdfg dfgjLo
;d:of / c;dfgtfdf sf/0f atfpg] / To;sf] ;'wf/sf] s'/f u5{g\ . oxL qmddf s'g} wd{ eG5g\–
dflg;n] oL ;a} ;d:of ef]Ug} k5{, lsgsL pm ;+;f/sf] ofqfdf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] egfO{ k|lt s;}n] k|Zg
ug{ ;S5–t oL ;a} s] sf nflu< hals k|To]s dflg; ef}lts, af}l4s, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo
?kdf km/s–km/s 5g\ eg] ;a}nfO{ Ps} gf;sf] s;/L dfGg] <
91

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
cfWoflTds hLjgsf] nIoaf/] k|To]s wd{sf] cf–cfkm\g} b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] 5 . s'g} wd{n] :ju{
k|flKtnfO{ cfkm\gf] clGtd nIo /fv]sf] x'G5 . s'g}n] ljZjJofkL r]tgfsf] P]Soa4tf g} hLjgsf] nIo
7fG5g\, lsgsL k|To]s hLjg r]tgfsf] Ps Psfo{ xf] / Tof] h?/ klg d"n r]tgfdf lanLg x'g'k5{ eGg]
ltgLx?sf] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . s;}n] hLjg / d[To'af6 5'6sf/f cyjf b'Mvsf] cGtnfO{ g} cfkm\gf]
clGtd nIo 7fg]sf 5g\ . sf]xLn] clglZrt hLjg cjZo{efjL 5 / :ju{ k|flKt cyjf a|x\dnLg eGg]
s'/f kl5 dfq cfpF5 eG5g\ / sf]xL o:tf klg 5g\ h;n] hLjgsf] nIo cg'ej ug{ jt{dfg hLjg g}
oy]i6 5 eG5g\ .
kl/nlIft nIo xfl;n ug{ k|To]s wd{n] cf–cfkm\g} tl/sfx? atfPsf x'G5g\ . s'g} wd{n]
O{Zj/df cfTd ;dk{0f ug{ cyjf ;a} s'/fsf] nflu O{Zj/df lge{/ /xg] lgb]{zg lbG5g\ . s;}n] v/faL
x6fpg tk:of ug'{k5{ egL s7f]/ ;Gof; lng nufpF5g\ . s'g} wd{n] z'l4 / nIo k|flKtsf] nflu dGq,
kf7, k'hfcfhfsf] ;fy} k|f0fL alnsf] ;d]t l;kmfl/; u5{g . c? o:tf] klg 5 h;n] ;TonfO{ af}l4s
:t/df u|x0f ug{ / Wofgåf/f dg Psfu| ug{ ljleGg pkfo / o'lQmx? l;sfpF5 .
v/fa sfo{sf nflu b08sf] ljifodf k|To]s wd{sf] km/s–km/s wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . s]xL wd{sf]
cg';f/ h;n] ck/fw u5{, pm ;w}Fsf nflu O{Zj/sf] b08 efuL x'G5 . sf]xL eG5g\–lqmof / k|ltlqmofx?
k|fs[lts lgod cg';f/ eOg} /xG5g\ / s'g} sfo{sf] kmn s]xL ;dodfq ef]u u/] k'U5 . s'g} wd{ eG5–
c;+Vo hLjgx?dWo] of] Ps hLjg xf] / dflg;n] pRrtd df]If k|fKt gu?Gh]n cfkm\gf] cj:yf ;'wfg]{
df}sf kfpF5 .
dfgj >[lht ljleGg wd{af/] oL / o:tf lj:t[t ljj/0f, JofVof / nIo kfO;s] kl5 dflg;n]
cfkm\gf] wd{sf] dfq cGwfg's/0f ug]{ xf]Og aNsL c? wd{k|lt klg ;xgzLn eO{ v'nf lbn /fVg'k5{ .
a'4 eGg'x'G5–d}n] eg]sf] eg]/}dfq d]/f] lzIff u|x0f gug'{, klxn] To;nfO{ ;'g hfFr]em}F hfFr .
wd{sf l;4fGtx? a'lem;s]kl5 of] ;Demg' cfjZos 5 ls wd{sf] cfjZostf / cEof; ;a}
k|f0fLsf] lxt, ;'v / :jtGqtfsf] nflu xf] . ofg] ls ;a} k|f0fLsf] hLjg ;'wf/ ug{ wfld{s lzIffnfO{
;sf/fTds ?kdf pkof]u ug'{k5{ . t}klg cfh dflg; kye|i6 / wfld{s l;4fGtaf6 ljd'v x'Fb}5g\ .
cg}lts / b'isfo{ ;fj{hlgs h:t} eO;s] / cfw'lgs hLjgdf wfld{s efjgf ePsf dflg;x?nfO{ wfld{s
d"No / dfGotf hf]ufpg sl7g x'Fb}5 . b'lift / :jfyL{dgnfO{ a'emfpg wd{sf] cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] :t/
vl:sbf] 5 . dflg;n] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ / nf]esf] jzdf k/]/ ljZjJoflk g}lts lgodnfO{ b'lift / pNn3+g
ug{ x'Gg, alNs wd{åf/f lgb]{lzt tL l;4fGtdf cfkm"nfO{ klg 9fNg ;Sg'k5{ . zflGt / ;'vL hLjgsf]
cfbz{ky yfxf kfPsf kljq wd{u'?x?n] zLn cfr/0fsf] lzIff lbg'ePsf 5g\ . h;n] oL zLn cfr/0f
e+u u5{, p;n] k|fs[lts lgod pk/ ck/fw u/]sf] 7x5{, a'4wd{ cg';f/ To:tfn] v/fa kmn ef]Ug} kg]{
x'G5 .
o;sf] cy{ of] klg xf]Og ls, wd{df pNn]v ePsf] eGb}df ;dofg'sn 5 ls 5}g eGg] g]
g;f]lrsg To;sf] cGwfg'z/0f ug]{k5{ . wfld{s lgod / zLn cfr/0f dflg;nfO{ ?l9jfbL /
cGwelQmdf afFwL /fVg xf]Og, clkt' dflg;nfO{ cy{k"0f{ hLjg hLpg ;dy{jfg agfpgsf nflu xf] .
wd{sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ cFufNg] JolQmn] dfgjLo k|1f -l7s–a]l7s 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf_ nfO{
92

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
dfGotf lbg'k5{ / dfgjLo k|lti7fsf ;fy Ps cfb/k"0f{ hLjg lhpg'k5{ . xfdLn] wfld{s lqmofsnfknfO{
wd{sf] d"n lzIffdf k|efj gkg]{ u/L xfd|f] lzIff / ablnFbf] ;dfh ;'xfpFbf] ?kdf 9fNg'k5{ . t/ o;f]
ubf{ s]xL s§/kGyLx?sf] lj/f]w ;w}F eO{ g} /xG5 . o:tf] s§/kGyL ljrf/wf/fnfO{ s'g} kf]v/Lsf]
k|jfxxLg kfgLsf] pkdf lbg ;lsG5 hasL :jR5 ljrf/nfO{ em/gfsf] kfgLsf] pkdf lbg ;lsG5, hxfF
kfgL lg/Gt/ ?kdf :jR5 eO/xG5 / pkef]Uo x'G5 .,
wd{sf] ljs[lt–g}lts pTyfg ug{df wd{sf] dxTj ePtfklg wd{ Pp6f wfld{s vf]n cf]9fP/ cGwljZjf;
/ wfld{s kfv08LnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ Ps pj{/f e"ld klg xf] . sltko dflg;x? wd{ / wfld{s Jojxf/sf]
kf]zfs nufP/ hLjgsf] jf:tljstfaf6 efUg] u5{g\ . ltgLx?sf] k'hf k|fy{gf cflb ug]{ u5{g\ t/ t/
ltgLx?sf] dg ;fFlRrs} wd{eL? x'Fb}gg\ / wd{ jf:tjdf s] sf nflu xf] eGg] s'/f klg a'em]sf x'Fb]gg\ .
ha wd{ c1fgtf, :jfy{kg / zlQmsf] nfntaf6 cjd"Nog ePsf] x'G5, ta dflg;x? To;k|lt cf}nf
78\ofpF5g\ / eG5g–wd{ a]sf/sf] 5 . t/ tyf slyt wd{ -s'g} klg lzIffsf] afx\o sd{sf08 jf
cEof;_ / wd{sf] jf:tljs lzIffdf 5'6\ofpg ;Sg'k5{ . cfnf]rgf ug'{eGbf klxn] tL wd{df
k|ltkfbsx?n] lbPsf d"nlzIff cWoog ug'{k5{ ls To;df s'g} bf]if 5 jf 5}g .
wd{n] dflg;nfO{ c;n x'g / c;n sfd ug{ ;Nnfx lbG5, t/ dflg;x? o:tf] ug{ OR5's
5}gg\ . o;sf] ;§f ltgLx? s'g} wfld{s d"No g} gePsf] sfd s'/f c+ufNg g} rfxG5g\ . obL pgLx?n]
cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ O{iof{, 3d08, lgb{oLtf / :jfyL{kgaf6 dfq arfpg ;s]sf] eP klg sd;]sd wd{sf]
cg'z/0f ug]{ ;xL af6f] yfxf kfpg ;Sy] . w]/} dflg; cfkm' wfld{s ePsf] clego u5{g, t/ wd{sf]
gfddf 7'n7'nf cTofrf/ u5{g\ . wd{sf] pRr cfbz{ la;]{/ pgLx? wd{s} gfddf n8\5g\, czflGt /
e]befj km}nfpF5g\ . tyfslyt wfld{s s[ofsnfk / ultljlwx?df ePsf] a'l4n] ubf{ wd{sf] pGglt ePsf]
5 eGg] efg xfdLdf x'g;S5, t/ jf:tljstf 7Ls o;sf] pN6f] 5 . lsgsL dfgl;s ljz'l4 /
;dembf/Lsf] cEof; w]/} g} sd dfqfdf dfq eO/x]sf] 5 .
wd{sf] cEof; eGgfn] c? s]xL xf]Og aNsL cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s -leqL_ r]tgf, d}qLefj /
;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; xf] . cfkm\gf] cfWoflTds zlQmdfly k"0f{ ?kdf lge{/ /x]/dfq ;d:of;Fu efUg'
sfo{/tf xf] . cfhsf] c:tJo:t kl/l:yltdf dflg;x? cfkm\g} ljgfzsf] af6f] lt/ lg/Gt/ nfUb}5g\ .
la8Dagf oxL 5 ls dflg;x? uf}/jzfnL ;Eotflt/ pGd'v x'Fb} 5f}F eGg] ;f]R5g\ hasL Tof] k|fKt ug{
afFsL g} 5 .
o:tf] l4ljwfsf] aLrdf km]/L dflg;sf] dgdf c? a9L nf]e / e|d ;[hgf ug]{ vfnsf sfNklgs
/ agfj6L wfld{s JofVofgx? ul/b}5g\ . wd{nfO{ JolQmut kmfObf / zlQmsf] nflu b'?kof]u ul/b}5g\ .
o'jfx?df cfkm\gf] wd{ k|rf/ ug{ s]xL u}/ lhDd]jf/L wfld{s ;d"xx? :jtGq of}g h:tf ;:tf / cg}lts
lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ a9fjf lbb}5g\ . jf;gfo'Qm k|nf]egsf] d2tåf/f logLx?n] s]6f / s]6Lx?nfO{ wd{sf]
jf:tljs cy{ Pj+ g}lts d"NonfO{ Go"g / ;+s'lrt kf/]/ wd{nfO{ wfld{s ahf/df ;:tf] afgfsf] ?kdf
kltt u/]sf] 5 .
93

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
94

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
af}4 ljZjf; -t[tLo efu_–^
s]=>L= wDdfgGb
cg'jfbs–dbg/Tg dfgGw/
a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ ;Gbe{df pxfFn] sltko ;+3if{ ug'{ k¥of] . ;fwf/0f JolQm eP lg?T;flxt x'Gy],
t/ pxfF af]lw;Tj To:tf] x'g'x'Gy]g . To;sf/0fn] pxfF s?0ffjfg sxnfOg' eof] . a'4sf] c;Ld Kof/
dflg;x?sf] nflu dfq ;Lldt lyPg, ;d:t k|f0fLx?sf nflu JofKt lyof] . lagf e]befj, c;Ld ?kdf
em}lnPsf] pxfFsf] k|]d efjgfTds jf :jfyL{ lyPg . d}qL efjgf s'g} k|ltkmnsf] cfzf g/flvg] x'gfn] c?
k|]ddf h:tf] g}/fZotf jf c;Gt[li6 x'Fb}g . o;n] cem a9L ;'v / ;Gt[li6 a9fpF5 . h;n] d}qL
efjgfsf] cEof; ub{5, p;sf] s?0ff / ;dtfsf[ j[l4 ub{5 / ljlzi6td ;'vsf] cj:yfsf] cg'ej klg
ub{5 .
a'4sf] k/Dk/fut dfu{ (Buddha's Ancient Path) k':tsdf leIf' lkob:;L eGg'x'G5–k|]d
Ps ;z:t zlQm xf] . k|]d o'Qm lgd{n x[bon] u/]sf sfd h:t} d2t ;xfotf, b'Mv x6fpg] sfddf
;xof]u cflbn] k/d ;'v / df]If;Dd k'¥ofpF5 .
3[0ff ug'{ d'v{tf xf], o;n] emg\ cGwsf/df k'¥ofpF5, ;Totfaf6 6f9f /fVb5 egL 3[0ffsf]
a]kmfObfnfO{ dgg u/]/ xfdLn] k|]d jf d}qL efjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5f}F . sd{sf] l;4fGt a'em\g]n] 3[0ff ug{
kg]{ sf]xL klg 5}g egL a'em]sf] x'G5 . 3[0ff d'v{x?sf] dfu{ xf] h;n] emg\ emg\ a9L cFWof/f]kg NofpF5 .
3[0ff jf å]if aGwg xf] eg] k|]d jf d}qL d'lQm xf] . å]ifn] kZrftfk NofpF5, eg] d}qLn] zflGt
lbG5 . å]if efjn] emu8f a9fpF5 eg] d}qL efjn] zfGt u/fpF5 . å]ifn] ljefhg u5{, k|]dn] Psa4 u5{
. 3[0ff s7f]/ x'G5, k|]d g/d x"G5 . å]ifn] lj£g kf5{, k|]dn] d2t u5{ . t;y{ 3[0ffsf] bf]if / d}qLsf]
u'0fx?sf] ;xL cWoogaf6 xfdLn] d}qLefjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5f}F .
d}qL ;'qdf a'4n] d}qLsf]af/] JofVof ub}{ eGg' ePsf] 5–h;/L cfdfn] h:tf];'s} cfkQdf klg
cfkm\gf] PSnf] 5f]/f]nfO{ cfkm\gf] HofgeGbf a9L /Iff u5{, To;/L g} ;d:t k|f0fLk|lt c;Ld s?0ff /fVg]
ug'{k5{ . cfkm\gf] c;Ld d}qLnfO{ ljgf å]ifefj, ljgf zq'efj, ljgf /f]sfj6 ;+;f/sf] rf/}lt/ km}nfpg'
kb{5 .
;fFRr}sf bfg
obL s'g} k|ltkmnsf] cfzf gu/L s]xL lbG5f}F eg] Tof] g} ;fFRr}sf] bfg 7x5{ .
s'g} k|ltkmnsf] cfzf gu/L s]xL s'/f lbg' g} ;fFRr}sf] bfg cyjf Tofu xf] . obL s;}n]
k|ltkmnsf] cfzf u/L s]xL lbG5 eg] Tof] sf/f]af/ 7x5{, bfg 7xl/Gg . ;Rrf ?kdf bfg lbg] JolQmn]
bfg lng] JolQm cfkm'k|lt s[t1 xf];\ eGg] ;d]t cfzf /fVb}g, clwsf+z dflg;x? la;{g] afgL ePklg
clwsf+z dflg;x? cs[t1 rflxF xf]Ogg\ . ;Rrf bfg c;n sfo{ xf] / bftf / ofrsdf s'g} aGwg /xg
lbFb}g .
bfg h:tf] k'0osfo{nfO{ ;a} wd{n] k|z+;f u/]sf 5g\ . hf];Fu kof{Kt 5, p;n] c?nfO{ klg
afF8\g l;Sg'k5{ . sf]xL sf]xL o:tf] bfgL klg 5g\ h;n] cfkm\gf] wd{ jf jf dtdf cfslif{t ug{ bfg lbg]
u5{g\ . o;/L wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] p2]Zo ePsf] bfgnfO{ ;Rrf bfg eGg ;lsb}g .
95

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
cfWoflTds afwssf ?kdf cfkm'leq /x]sf nf]e h:tf] b'ef{jgf x6fpgsf] nflu bfg ug'{k5{ eGg]
af}4 b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] 5 . cfWoflTds pGgltsf] clenfiff /fVg] s'g} klg JolQm To;tkm{ ;bf tTk/ /xL
cfkm"leq /x]sf] :jfyL{kg x6fpg'sf ;fy} cfjZos kg]{ eGbf a9L k|fKt ug]{ nfn;faf6 d'Qm x'g'kb{5 .
clwsf/sf] dbxf]zdf k/]/ nf]esf] jzdf kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf To;k|lt rgfvf] /xg' kb{5 . cfkm\gf] jf
cfkm'l;t ePsf] j:t'x? cfkm\gf :jhgx?nfO{ h:t} c?nfO{ klg cfjZos ;dodf lbg ;Sg' kb{5 .
bfg ubf{ z/L/n] dfq xf]Og aNsL x[bo k|km'Nn x'g'kb{5 . ;fwf/0f pbf/tf / bfg lbg'df :ki6
km/s b]lvG5 . s;}nfO{ bof / s?0ffjz s]xL s'/f lbG5 / cfkm'nfO{ p;sf] d2tuf/ 7fGb5 eg] Tof]
;fwf/0f pbf/tf k|bz{g dfq xf] . hals, cfkm"leq /x]sf :jfyL{kg / t[i0ff x6f];\ eGg] k'0o cfsf+Iff
/fv]/ s;}nfO{ s]xL lbG5 t ;Rrf bfg xf] . a'4n] a'4Tj k|fKt ug'{k"j{ sltko hGdx?df bfg kf/ldtf
k"/f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . bfg sfo{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ u'0f xf] eGg] ;f]rL h;n] bfg ub{5, p;df k|1fsf] a'l4
x'G5 . lq/Tgsf] u'0f cg':d/0f ug]{n] g} bfg lbg ;S5 .
dflg;n] lbg;Sg] j:t' w]/} k|sf/sf 5g\M ef}lts j:t', h:t} ef]sfPsfx?nfO{ vfgf, u/LanfO{
k};f, n'uf c?nfO{ pko'Qm x'g] k|sf/sf 1fg, ;Lk, ;do, >d, cfktdf k/]sf ldqsf nflu ;xfg'e"ltk"0f{
ljrf/sf] cfbfg k|bfg, s;}sf nflu cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] s'g} c+u h:t}M /ut, cfFvf, d[uf}nf cflb k|bfg .
hf] JolQm s?0ff / bofk"j{s c?nfO{ d2t ug{ pBt 5, pm cfkm\gf] Hofg ;d]t pT;fx ug{ tof/ /xG5
. af]lw;Tjsf] hLjgL x]bf{ pgn] cg]s hGddf c?sf] nflu cfkm\gf] z/L/sf c+ux? hLjgsf] nflu cfkm\gf]
hLjg ;d]t lbPsf] xfdL kfpF5fF}, To:tf] k|sf/sf 5 pxfFsf] pbf/tf / s?0ff .
t/ a'4sf] dxfg\ s?0ffsf] ;jf]{Rr k|df0f, dfgjtfsf] nflu cd"No pkxf/ wDd -wd{_ xf], h;n]
k|To]s k|f0fLnfO{ p;sf] b'Mvaf6 kf/ u/fO{ lbG5 . af}4x bfg dWo] wd{bfgnfO{ ;jf]{Rr bfg 7fGb5g\ .
wd{bfgdf s;}sf] hLjgnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf abNg ;Sg] ub{5 / pT;fxk"j{s cEof; u5{, p;n] cjZo
kl/jt{gsf] dx;'; ub{5 . cfkm\gf] x[bodf ;jf{lws ;'v, zflGt / cfgGbsf] cg'ej ub{5 oxL pm klxn]
lgb{oL lyof] eg] clxn] s?0ffjfg aGg] 5 . obL pm klxn] kTofqmdsf/L lyof] eg] clxn] IfdfzLn aGg]
5 . wDdsf] cEof;af6 å]if s?0ffdf kl/jlt{t x'G5, nf]e pbf/tfdf kl/jlt{t x'G5, Jou|tf ;+oddf
kl/jlt{t x'G5 . wd{sf] /;f:jfbg ul/;s]sf] JolQmn] oxFf / clxn]dfq xf]Og lgjf{0f k|fKt
gx'Gh]n;Ddsf] hLjg ofqfdf ;'v / zflGtsf] cg'ej ug]{ 5 .
;xgzLntf
obL s;}n] d"v{tfj+z ddfly cGofo u¥of] eg] klg d p;nfO{ d]/f] c;Ld k|]d kmsf{pF5' . hlt
v/faL p;af6 cfpF5, Tof] eGbf a9L c;n daf6 hfG5 . d hlxn] klg z'e dª\unsf] cflzjf{b
lbO/xG5' . -a'4_
cfh dflg; 8/, eo / c;Gt[i6fn] el/k"0f{ / cfqmfGt 5g\ . ltgLx? oz, sLlt{, wg / zlQmsf]
gzfn] n7\7 5g\ . ltgLx? OlGb|o ;'vsf nflu t8\lk/x]sf 5g\ . 8/, qf; / c;'/Iffdf dflg;x? hLjg
latfO/x]sf 5g\ . pkb|j / clgsfnsf] o:tf] ;dodf dflg; Ps csf{l;t zflGtk"j{s /xg' d'l:sn
k/]sf] 5 . o;sf/0fn] g} cfh ljZjsf] nflu ;xgzLntf cToGt h?/L ePsf] 5 tfls ljZjsf dflg;
Ps csf{l;t zflGtk"j{s /xg ;s'g\ .
96

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
ljZj cfh s§/tf / c;lxi0f'tfsf] pGdfbn] u|:t / b'lift 5 . /fhg}lts ;+3if{sf] gfddf aln
r9fOPsf dflg;x?sf /utn] sltko d'n'ssf w/tL /Qm/+lht 5g\ . h;/L klxn] klxn] cfk'meGbf
km/s ljZjf; jf dt /fVg] JolQmx?nfO{ zlxb agfP/ clUg;F:sf/ ubf{ w'Fjfn] cfsfz 9flsPsf] x'GYof]
. To;/L g} wfld{s ?kdf xf];\ jf /fhg}lts ?kdf xf];\ . c? ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x? klg cfkm\gf] h:t}
ljZjf; jf dtdf Nofpg] sf]lz; ub}{ 5g\ / c?sf] ljZjf; jf dtk|lt w]/} cfqmfds ePsf 5g\ . o;/L
qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] c;lxi0f'tfn] ubf{ wfld{s If]q abgfd x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
jt{dfg ztflAbdf k|ult elgPsf nf]slk|o cfljisf/x? tkm{ Ps gh/ b]cf}F–6]lnkmf]g, ljB'tLo
df]6/, xjfOhxfh, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/, cGtl/If ofg, e'–pku|x, ljB't pks/0f cflb
cfZro{hgs cfljisf/ x'g\ . t log} cfljisf/sx? g} uf]nL / jf?bsf] dfWodaf6 c;+Vo dflg;x?sf
xTof/f alg/x]sf 5g\ . oL dxfg\ k|ultsf] dfemdf ;lxi0f'tf vf]Hg] sxfF <
jfx\o cGtl/Ifsf] cg';Gwfgdf cfh dflg;x? pT;flxt 5g\ . t/ dflg;–dflg;aLr zflGt /
Pstf ;fy /xg pgLx? ljNs'n c;dy{ 5g\ . rGb|df / c? u|xx?nfO{ dflg;n] cGttM b'lift kf/L
5f8\g] 5g\ .
97

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
cgGt Hof]lt >4]o leIf' l;ª\u o'gsf wd{lrGtg–!%
–!#%–
– s]jn ;'/Iff 3/tkm{sf] ;8s xf] .
– s8f kl/>d ;kmntftkm{sf] Pp6} af6f] xf] .
– ;b\u'0fx? g} ljhotftkm{sf] Ps dfq af6f] xf] .
– s]jn ;To / s?0ff d'lQm ky x'g\ .
–!#^–
– ljZjsf] ;aeGbf ;'Gb/ a:t' s[t1tfsf] d':sfg x'g\ .
– ljZjsf ;aeGbf cb\e"t s'/f ;Toky x'g\ .
–!#&–
– Ps lrGtgzLn ljrf/n] wd{k/fo0ftf l;sfpF5 .
– wd{k/fo0ftfsf] lrGtgn] :ju{ k|bfg ub{5 .
–!#*–
– sf/0f kl/0ffdsf] lgod g} k/d ;To xf] .
– d]nldnfkdf cl3 a9\g]sf] d'n ;f/tTj g} ;dfg ljrf/, l;4fGt / gLltdf rNg' xf] .
–!#(–
– caf}4 lrGtg;Fu g8/fpm .
– ljs[t ljrf/;Fu 8/fpm .
– cGwljZjf;;Fu g8/fpm .
– ljs[t ljZjf;;Fu 8/fpm .
–!$)–
– bfz{lgs;Fu ePsf] ;'v g} To:tf] kTy/ xf] h;n] ;a}nfO{ ;'gdf kl/jt{g ul/lbG5 .
– s[t1tf hfb'sf] 58L xf] h;n] ;a} :yfgx?nfO{ ljz'4 e"ld ;'vfjtL e"lddf ablnG5 .
–!$!–
– jfik sf/0f s] xf] / aiff{ To;sf] kl/0ffd xf], aiff{ jfiksf] kmn xf] .
– cfb{z sf/0f xf] / o;sf] k|flKt k|efj xf], k|flKt cfbz{sf] kmn xf] .
–!$@–
– c;n jf v/fa kmn c;n jf v/fa sf/0fx? / kl/l:yltx?af6 cfpF5g\ . ltdL ltd|f] cfkm\g} dfnL xf}F.
98

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
gf/L d'lQmsf] k|yd cfjfh æy]/LufyfÆ
;x k|f= pld{nf tfd|fsf/
e"ldsf M
s'g} klg b]z jf ;dfhsf] ;d[l4df dlxnf k'?if b'j}sf] ;dfg /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ dfgj ;Eotfsf]
Oltxf; cWoog ubf{ w]/} klxn] b]lv g} dlxnfx?sf] IfdtfnfO{ sd cf+sng ub}{ pgLx?nfO{ ;dfhsf]
bf];|f] bhf{df /fvL k'?ifn] cfkm\gf] k|e'Tj hdfO/fv]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . >dljefhgsf] k|f/lDes sfnb]lv g}
dlxnfx?sf] xftdf 3/sf] sfdsfh ;+efNg' / afnaRrfx?sf] kfngkf]if0f ug'{ lhDdf lbO{ cGo
;xeflutfnfO{ cfjZos 7fg]sf lyPgg\ . Tolta]nf dlxnfx?nfO{ b'O{ cf}Fn] 1fgsL eGg] rng /x]sf] lyof]
. ! dlxnfx?sf] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf / gf/L dgf]lj1fgnfO{ cg]s k/Dk/fut d"No dfGotfx?sf] 3]/fleq
xfnL cg'zf;gsf] aGwgdf afFlwPsf] lyof] . cfkm\gf] O{R5f cfsf+IffnfO{ bafP/ a;]sf s]xL dlxnfx?sf]
dgdf Tolta]nf klg lab|f]x gp7]sf] eg] xf]Og . O{=k'= 5}7f}F ztflAblt/ a'4sf] ;fldKotf kfPkl5 ;j{k|yd
dlxnfx?n] cfkm\gf] cGt4G4sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;dfh / kl/jf/sf] cuf8L /flv ljb|f]x u/]sf lyP . o;
kqsf tTsflng dlxnfx?n] :jtGqtfsf] nflu u/]sf] ljb|f]x, ;+3if{ / cGtdf ljho xfl;/ u/]kl5sf]
cg'ejnfO{ pgLx?s} d'vaf6 s;/L JoQm ul/g\ eGg] s'/f y]/Lufyf u|Gysf] cfwf/df b]vfpg] k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/ro
y]/Lufyf ljZjsf ;j{k|flrg gf/L hfltåf/f /rgf ul/Psf] k|yd P]ltxfl;s sfJo ;+u|x xf] . @
o;leq tTsflng dlxnfx?n] cfkm\gf] :jtGqtfsf] ljho k|flKt kl5 cToGt xlif{t eO{ dgsf] pb\j]unfO{
yfDg g;sL :jtM :km"t{ ?kdf JoQm ul/Psf ufyfx? ;+u|lxt ePsf 5g\ . pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] ufyfdf
a'4wd{sf d"ne"t bz{g b]lv lnP/ hLjfg'ejnfO{ cToGt ;'Gb/ nofTds uLlt sfJoz}nLdf k|:t't
ul/Psf lyP . pgLx?sf] ufyfsf] nofTds sfJoz}nLnfO{ j}lbs Crfx? b]lv sflnbf;sf] dxfsfJo tyf
hob]jsf uLtuf]ljGb h:tf elQm / >[+uf/ /;flbo'Qm ;flxTo;Fu t'ngf ul/Psf] 5 . # To:t} o;sf
sfJoz}nLnfO{ y]/ufyfsf] sfJo z}nLeGbf pTs[i6 dflgPsf] 5 . $ logLx?sf] ufyfx?df a'4jrgsf] ;fy}
cGo JolQmx?;Fusf] ;+jfb klg ;lDdlnt 5g\ . oL ufyfx?nfO{ eujfg\ a'4 :jo+n] klg k|z+;f tyf
cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'gfn] a'4 jrgsf] :yfg k|fKt ePsf] 5 . oL ufyfx? tTsflng ;dodf ehg h:tf]
ufpg] rng /x]sf] x'gfn] df}lvs k/Dk/faf6 Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfP . ha
O{;fsf] k|yd ztfAbLdf cfP/ >Ln+sdf a'4jrgx? lnlka4 eP ta oL ufyfx? klg lnlka4 eO{
lqlk6ssf] Ps u|Gysf] ?kdf ;'/lIft eP . y]/Lufyfsf] pb\uf/x? kfln lqlk6ssf cGo u|Gyx? h:tf]
y]/L ckbfg, ;+o'Qm lgsfo, wDdkb / dlHemdlgsfo cflbdf klg kfOG5 .
y]/Lufyf
y]/ufyf tyf y]/Lufyf kfln lqlk6ssf b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ u|Gyx? x'g\ . oL ;'Qlk6ssf] kfFrf} u|Gy
v'2slgsfo cGut{tsf cf7f}F tyf gjf}F u|Gy x'g\ . y]/ufyfdf Ho]i7 tyf 1fgdf kl/kSj cx{t
leIf'x?åf/f JoQm ul/Psf pb\uf/x? ;+u|lxt 5g\ eg] y]/Lufyfdf leIf'0fLx?åf/f JoQm ul/Psf pb\uf/x?
;+u|lxt 5g\ .
99

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
y]/Lufyf b'O{ kfln zAb y]/L / ufyf sf] ;+of]uaf6 ag]sf] 5 . kflndf y]/L sf] cy{ y]i7 cu|0fL
jf 1fgdf kl/kSj leIf'0fL xf] eg] ufyf sf] cy{ uLt, Znf]s jf pb\uf/ jfSo xf] . ctM y]/Lyfy eGgfn]
1fgdf kl/kSj cyf{t k|lt;lDebf ;lxt cx{Tj k|fKt u/]sf leIf'0fLx?sf] pb\uf/x? ;+u|x ul/Psf] u|Gy
xf] . kBfTds z}nLdf /rgf ePsf] o; u|Gydf &# hgf a'4sf lziof leIf'0fLx?sf] hDdf %@$ j6f
ufyfx? ;+u|lxt ePsf 5g\ . h;nfO{ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df !^ j6f lgkftdf ljeQm ul/Psf 5g\ . k|To]s
ufyfx?df rf/j6f kb / cf7j6f zAbfz+df ljeQm ul/Psf 5g\ . pbfx/sf] nflu
"OlTyefjf] gf] ls+ sflo/f÷lrQlDx ;';dflxt] .
~of0flDx jQdfglDx÷;DdfwDd+ lj;:;tf] .."%
cyf{t\ d]/f] lrQ ;';dflxt 5, d;Fu clxn] 1fg 5 . ;Dos wd{nfO{ /fd|f];Fu bz{g u/], :qLefj
eP/ s] x'G5 / <
s'naf6 cfPsL leIf'0fL ;f]dfsf] xf] . pgnfO{ a|fx\d0f wd{sf] ;Tsfob[i6L / cGwljZjf;n]
lgjf{0f nfe ug{df w]/} df/ cfPsf] lyof] . h'g :yfg Clifxn] k|fKt ug{ t ufx|f] 5, b'O{ cf}Fn] 1fg ePsL
:qLx?n] To;nfO{ kfpg ;Sb}g eGg] To;a]nfsf] a|fx\d0f ;dfhsf] wf/0ffnfO{ lgjf{0f k|flKt kl5 ;f]dfn]
dfly pNn]lv ufyfåf/f hjfkm lbPsL lyOg\ .
a'4zf;gdf hflto ;dfgtf
eujfg a'4n] cfkm\gf] zf;gdf dlxnf–k'?if, wgL–ul/a, prgLr eg]/ slxn] klg e]befj u/]sf
lyPgg\ . dlxnfx?n] klg tyfutsf] wd{ljgodf 3/af/ 5f]8L cgfufl/sf eO{ k|j|lht ePsf dfu{kmn
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] leIf' cfgGbsf] k|fy{gfdf a'4n] dlxnfx?nfO{ klg k|j|lht x'g] cf1f lbP .
;j{k|yd k|hfklt uf}tdLn] ci6u'? wd{ k|1fkg u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ c+u'Q/lgsfosf] c§syfdf o;/L
:ki6Ls/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . :qLhfltsf] sdhf]/ :jefj, To;}a]nfsf] gf/L;dfh, /fhkl/jf/sf gf/Lx?sf]
;'/Iff tyf leIf' leIf'0fLx? b'j} ;dfhsf] lxtsf] nflu of] cfjZos lyof] .^ k|hfklt uf}tdLn] k|j|Hof
lnPkl5 pgL;Fu cfPsf cGo kfFr;o zfSo :qLx?n] klg leIf'0fL k|j|Hof u|x0f ul/g . o;/L a'4
zf;gdf leIf'0fL ;+3 :yfkgf ePkl5 wgL ul/a, prgLr, >]i7L, dxf/fgL, /fhs'df/L, a|fx\d0fL, bf;L
ul0fsf nufot ;a} hftsf dlxnfx?n] klg cf–cfkm\gf] :jtGqsf nflu 3/jf/ Tofu ul/g\ .
v]df, ;'dgf, z}nf / ;'d]wf sf]zn, duw tyf cfnjL /fhj+zsf dlxnfx? x'g\ eg] k|hfklt
uf}tdL, ltiof, cle?kfgGbf, ;'Gb/LgGbf, holGt, l;Fxf, ltiof -@_, wL/f, ldqf, eb|f, pkzdf, pQ/f cflb
leIf'0fLx? zfSo tyf lnR5jL j+zsf lyOg\ . k"0ff{, lrqf, Zofdf, pAa/L, z'Snf, wDdlbGgf, pQdf,
eb|fs'08ns]zf, krfrf/f, ;'htf / cg'kdf cflb u[xklt tyf >]i7L ju{sf lyOg\ . c9\sf;L ceodftf,
ljdnf / cDakfnL ul0sf -j]Zof_ ju{sf lyOg\ . z'ef -!_ ;'gf/sf] k'qL, rfkf Ps Aofwfsf] k'qL /
k'l0f{sf Ps bf;Lsf] k'qL lyOg\ .
u[xTofu u/]sf] sf/0f
cg]s ;fdflhs s'ndf hGd]sL oL dlxnfx?n] cg]s sf/0fn] ubf{ 3/af/ Tofu u/L leIf'0fL eO{
a'4 wd{ / ;+3sf] z/0fdf cfPsf] s'/f y]/Lufyfsf] c6\7syfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/,
100

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
– d'Qmf -@_ / k'0ff{n] 1fg ;DklQ k'0f{tfsf nflu
– d'Qmf -!_ / ;'d+undftfn] 3/sf] sfdsfh tyf bf]ifaf6 lbSs eP/
– wDdlbGgfn] kltsf] j}/fUotfaf6 k|]l/t eP/
– wDdf, lrqf, d}lqsf, blGtsf, z'Snf, ;f]df, l;Fxf, ;'hftf, cg'kdf, k"l0f{sf, cDakfnL, /f]lx0fL, z'ef
a'4k|ltsf] >4fsf] sf/0f
– Zofdf, plAa/L, ;'Gb/L gGbf, k6frf/f, rGbf, jlzli7 k|hfkltuf}tdL lk|ohgx?sf] d[To'sf] zf]sn] ubf{
– ;f]0ff 5f]/f a'xf/Lx?sf] cs[t1tfsf] sf/0f
– eb|fs'08ns]zf cs[t1 tyf w"t{ kltsf] sf/0f
– Clifbf;L kltx?n] Tofu u/]sf] sf/0f
– eb|fsflknfgL / rfkfn] cf–cfkm\gf] kltsf] cg'z/0f u/]/
– rfnf, pkrfn / lziff]{krfnfn] cfkm\gf] bfh' ;f/Lk'qsf] cg'z/0f u/]/
– ljdnf a'4sf cu|>fjs dxfdf}b\uNofognfO{ cfkm\gf] ?k ;f}bGo{åf/f k/flht ug{ g;s]kl5 nlHht
eP/
– eb|fs'08ns]zf / gGb'Q/f a'4sf cu|>fjs ;f/Lk'q;Fu zf:qfy{df xf/ vfP/
– Zofdf -@_, ceof / ljhof cfkm\gf] ;vL leIf'0fL ePsf] sf/0f
d'lQmsf nflu ;+3if{
h'g;'s} sf/0f tyf kl/l:yltn] ubf{ leIf'0fL ePsf] ePtfklg lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'{ pgLx?sf] nflu
r'gf}ltsf] ljifo ag]sf] lyof] . kmnfgf leIf'–leIf'0fLn] cf>j Ifou/L lrQljd'lQm, k|1fljd'lQm u/L :jo+
b'i6wd{;fIffTsf/ u/L a:5 eGg] s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgLx? To; wd{ k|fKt ug{ pT;flxt x'Gy] . t/ pgLx?sf]
nflu d'lQm kfpg] sfd Tolt ;lhnf] eg] ePg . cToGt ;+3if{ ug'{ k/]sf] lyof] . k|j|lht ePsf] @%
aif{;Dd klg r't\sLe/ lrQnfO{ zfGt kfg{ g;Sbf a9\8];Ldftf cfkm\gf] b'O{ xft ;dfO{ w'?w'? ?g] ub{lyg\
. leIf'0fL ePsf] ;ft aif{ x'Fbf klg k~rsfd ljifosf] ef]u OR5fnfO{ bdg ug{ g;Sbf leIf'0fL l;Fxfn]
cfkm\gf] 3fF6Ldf kfzf] nufOg\ eg] leIf'0fL ljhof rf/kfFr k6s ljxf/af6 eflug\ . leIf'0fL wDdf /
lrqfnfO{ /f]u / b'a{ntfn] ubf{ Wofg cEof; ug{ lgs} ufx|f] ePsf] lyof] . leIf'0fL plAa/L cfkm\gf] Kof/L
5f]/L hLjfsf] d[To'zf]snfO{ la;{g g;Sbf lbgx'Fh;f] d;fgdf uP/ ?g] ub{lyg\ . cem a'4k|lt cToGt
>4f ePsL leIf'0fL ldQsfnL t emg\ nfe ;Tsf/sf] nf]edf k/L lbg'x'Fh;f] emu8f / snx dfq u/]/ lbg
latfpg] ub{lyg\ . rfnf, pkrfnf / ;f]df h:tf a|fx\d0fL leIf'0fLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] a|fx\d0f wd{sf] ;F:sf/
tyf cfTdfjfbL b[li6sf df/x?n] ljrlnt kfg{ vf]h]sf lyP . v]df, cle?kfgGbf, ;'Gb/LgGbf cflb
leIf'0fLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;f}Gbo{sf] ?kfledfgn] ubf{ a/f]a/ df/n] o'jssf] e]if wf/0f u/L k|nf]eg b]vfO
axsfpg vf]h]sf] lyof] . To:t} z'ef -@_ nfO{ pgsL ;'Gb/ cfFvfsf] sf/0f df]lxt eO{ Ps rl/q e|i6
o'jsn] af6f] 5]sL b'isd{ ug{ vf]h]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nf pgn] cfkm\gf] ;'Gb/ cfFvfnfO{ g} km'6fn]/ /Qm
;lxt To; o'jssf] xftdf lbO{ cfkm\gf] Hofg arfPsL lyOg\ . o;/L d'Qm kfpg] dfu{df tL leIf'0fLx?n]
w]/} cj/f]wx? ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] lyof] .
101

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
d'lQmkl5sf] xif{pb\uf/
w]/} ;+3if{ kl5 cGttM tL leIf'0fLx?n] ejrqmsf] aGwg tf]8L lgjf{0f k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eOg\ .
pgLx?sf] ;f/f b'Mv ;dfKt eP/ d'lQm k|fKt eP . y]/Lckbfg kfln cWoog ubf{ pgLx?sf] d'lQmdf
d'Votof b'O{j6f s'/fn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . -!_ x]t' -@_ sd{kmn l;4fGt
!= oL gf/Lx?n] c;+Vof sNkb]lv clttsf a'4x? h:tf] kb\df]Q/, km':;, ljk:;L, l;vL, j]:;e', sf]0ffudg,
qms';Gw tyf sf:;k a'4sf kfnfx?b]lv a'4 wd{k|lt cToGt >4sf ;fy bfgfbL sd{x? ub}{ cfPsL lyOg\
. lgjf{0fsf] nflu sd{ ;F:sf/sf] jLh /f]kL cfPsL lyOg\ .
@= s'g} hGddf ulNtj+z jf t[i0ffdf jlze"t eO{ cs'zn sd{ u/]sf] ljkfs :j?k ljleGg s'ndf hlGd
ljkfs ef]u u/]sL lyOg\ . uf}td a'4sf] kfnfdf cfP/ pgLx?sf] sd{ ;F:sf/ Ifo eO{ klxn] b]lv ub}{
cfPsf] k'0o ;F:sf/ tyf o; hGddf u/]sf] sl7g WofgfEof;åf/f hflt, h/f, Joflw, d/0fsf] ej
rqmaf6 d'lQm kfO{ k|lt;+lebf;lxt cx{Tj nfe ePsf] lyof] .
cx{tTj k|flKt kl5sf] v'l;ofnLdf pgLx?n] cToGt efj ljef]/ eO{ :jtM :km't{ ?kdf cf–cfkm\gf
e'lQmnfO{ ljleGg ufyfåf/f JoQm u/]sL lyOg\ . d'Qmf y]/Ln] cfkm\gf] d'lQmnfO{ o;/L JoQm u/]sL lyOg\ .
";d'tf ;fw'd'QflGx, tLlx v'Hh]xL d'lQof
pb'Svn]g kltgf v'Hhs]g r, d'QmflDx hfltd/0ff
ejgf]lt ;d"xtf' lt .."
cyf{t–d d'Qm ePF, ;'ljd'Qm ePF . s'lk|Psf] tLg} j:t'af6 d}n] d'lQm kfPF . sf]bfnf], xFl;of / s'lk|Psf]
:jfdLsf] tkm{af6 d'Qm ePF . h/f d/0fsf] rqmaf6 d'Qm ePF . d]/f] ;F;f/?kL aGwg r'Fl8of] .
o:t} k|sf/sf] pb\uf/x? ;d'+undftf, u'Ktf, z'ef cflb y]/Lx?sf] klg lyof] . 1fg bz{gdf :qL
k'?ifsf] ljr e]befj gx'g] s'/f leIf'0fL ;f]dfn] JoQm ul/g\ .
"OlTyefjf] gf] ls+ sflo/f, lrQlDx ;';dflxt] .
`f0flDx aQdfglDx, ;Ddfwd+ ljk:;tf]" *
cyf{t–d]/f] lrQ ;';dflxt 5, d;Fu clxn] 1fg 5 . ;Dos wd{nfO{ /fd|f];Fu bz{g u/] . :qL
efj eP/ s] x'G5 / <
"glx ;Aa];', 7fg];', k'l/f] xf]lt kl08tf] .
OlGylk kl08tf] xf]lt, nx'F cTyljlrlGtsf' lt (
cyf{t–;a} 7fpFdf k'?if dfq} kl08t x'Gb}g, :qL klg kl08tgL x'G5] . If0fe/ d} l:yltnfo{ a'em\g ;Sg] x'G5] .
cfkm'nfO{ wf]sf lbO{ dfg{ NofPsf nf]Ug]nfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf ;Demfpg g;Sbf eb|fs'08ns]zfn]
DjfOF vfg] axfgfdf eL/af6 v;fnL lbP . pgsf] o; ;fx;nfO{ k|z+;f u/L To; 7fpFsf] :yfgLo b]jtfn]
of] ufyf JoQm u/]sf] lyof] .
o:t} k|sf/n] gf/Lsf] jL/tf, ;fx;, ts{ cflbsf] lrq0f /f]lx0fL, z'Snf, k'l0f{dfsf] ufyfx?df kfOG5
. plAa/L, ls;fuf}tdL, jlzi7Lsf] ufyfx?df cfkmGtx?sf] d[To'sf j0f{g 5g\ eg] k6frf/fsf] ufyfx?df
hLjgsf ;f/f b'Mv j]bgfx? n's]sf 5g\ . /f]lx0fL, cg'kdf, ;'d]wfsf] ufyfx?df cf–cfkm\gf] ljjfxsf] s8f
102

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
lj/f]w u/L ax; u/]sf] / cGtdf cfk"mn] g} lhtL leIf'0fL ePsf] jl0f{t 5g\ . /f]lx0fLsf] lktfn] t emg\ cfkm'
/f]lx0fLsf] lktf x'g kfPsf]df wGo elg a|fx\d0f wd{nfO{ g} Tofu u/L a'4 wd{ / ;+3sf] z/0f uPsf] s'/f
pNn]v 5 . cDakflnsf] ufyfdf cfkm\gf] ?knfO{ g} clgTotfsf] pbfx/0f lbPsf] tyf ;'d]wfsf] ufyfdf af}4
wd{sf pTs[i6 pbfx/0f tyf ulDe/ bz{g k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . c8\9sfl; / ljdnfn] cfkm\gf] k"j{ hLjg,
j]Zof x'Fbfsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljgf ;+sf]r j0f{g u/L ha cfkm" :jtGqtfk"j{s JoQm u/]sL l5g\ .
o;/L y]/Lufyf df leIf'0fLx?n] k'/f OdflGbfl/tfsf] ;fy ljgf ;+sf]r cfkm\gf] k"j{ hLjgsf] ljifdtf
s6'tf, ;'v–b'Mv, xif{–ljidfbnfO{ hLjgsf] oyfy{tf ;lDem :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] lj4fgx?n] y]/Lufyf nfO{
y]/ufyf eGbf pTs[i6 dfg]sf 5g\ .
lgisif{
a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f ePsf] cfh 5lAa;;o aif{ lalt;Sbf klg dlxnfx?n] wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts,
;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts :jtGqsf nflu ;+3if{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfh ljZjJoflk ?kdf dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf
cfjfhn] Jofkstf kfO/x]sf] 5 . dlxnfx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ugf{sf] lglDt w]/} cGt//fli6«o
;Demf}tfx? ePsf 5g\ . h;df ;a} h;f] b]zx?n] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lje]b x6fpg] s'/fdf ;xdlt ePsf 5g\
. t/ klg xfn;Dd ljZjsf] s"n hg;+Vof dWo] cfwf efu cf]u6]sf dlxnf ju{ eg] lk5l8Psf 5g\ .
ljz]ifu/L ljsfG;f]Gd'v b]zsf dlxnfx?sf] xftdf 3/sf lg0f{ox? ug]{ tyf ;fwgx?df k'?ifsf] eGbf sd
clwsf/ 5 . To;dfly klg g]kfn h:tf] sd ljsl;t b]zdf t emg\ dlxnfx?sf] IfdtfnfO{ sd
d"Nofs+gu/L x/]s If]qdf cTofrf/, cGofo, zf]if0f eO/x]sf 5g\ . 3/]n' lx+;f, of}g b'Jo{jxf/, anfTsf/,
ckx/0f h:tf 36gfsf] lzsf/ eO{ lglGbt x'g k/]sf 5g\ . k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu w]/} ufx|f] 5 . sltko pRr
ju{sf dlxnfx? ;d]t cg]s dfgl;s bafaaf6 kLl8t 5g\ . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf o; a'4sflng u|Gy y]/Lufyf
sf] cWoogn] dlxnfx?sf] lglDt 7'nf] phf{sf] sfd ub{5 .
a'4sflng leIf'0fLx?sf] cfTdsyfsf] cWoogaf6 dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf nflu k|]/0ffsf ;|f]t x'g]5
eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . h'g;'s} kl/l:ylt;Fu klg n8\g ;Sg] dfq xf]Og, cem To;dfly ljho xfl;n ug{
;Sg] cfTdljZjf; hufpg o;af6 6]jf ldNg]5 . k6frf/f, eb|fs'08ns]zf, s[iffuf}tdL, plAa/L,
;'d+undftf, d'Qmf tyf rGbf h:tf] lg/fzfdo hLjgdf k/]sfx?n] ;d]t gofF cfWoflTds Pj+ pRrtxsf]
hLjgdf cfkm'nfO{ k|lt:yflkt ug{ ;s]sL lyOg\ . a'4 :jo+dn] oL gf/Lx?nfO{ cToGt k|z+;f u/L k'?if
;fdfgfy{ cu|k+lQmdf /fv]sf lyP . cem leIf'0fL v]df tyf pTknj0ff{nfO{ t emg\ a'4 jrgsf] dfkb08 xf]
elg cg'df]bg ;d]t u/]sf] lyof]!) . oL leIf'0fLx?nfO{ a'4n] "zfSowLtf" cyf{t\ a'4k'qL eGg] ub{y] . a'4sf]
jrg cg';f/ cfr/0fu/L lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]kl5 pQdf -@_ n] cfkm"nfO{ "cf]/;f wLtf a'b::" !! cyf{t\ a'4sf]
x[boaf6 pTkGg 5f]/L x'F egL pb\uf/ JoQm ul/g\ eg] ;'Gb/Lx?n] t emg\ "cf]/;f wLtf hftf"! !# cyf{t\
tkfOs} d'vaf6 lg:s]sL 5f]/L x'F egL a'4 ;dIf l;Fxgfb ;d]t ul/g\ . o;/L of] u|Gy dlxnf z;lQms/0fsf]
nflu Pp6f cfwf/lznf aGb5 .
103

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
eujfg a'4sf] hLjgsf] clGtd ;do
sNof0f ldq ;Togf/fo0f uf]oGsf
s'zLgf/f cyjf cfhsn s'zLgu/ elgg] of] 7fpF k"j{sfndf cToGt ;d[4 tyf pGgltzLn 7fpF
lyof] . eujfg\ tyfutn] k'j{sfndf ^ k6s o;} 7fpFdf cfkm\gf] z/L/ Tofu ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;ftf}F
k6s klg tyfutsf] z/L/ Ro'ltsf] nflu eujfg\n] o;} :yfgnfO{ /f]Hg'eof] .
Tof] j}zfv k'l0f{dfsf] /ft lyof]–eujfg\ tyfutsf] cfb]z cg';f/ leIf' cfgGbn] s';Lgu/ jf;L
dNnx?nfO{ cfhsf] /ftsf] clGtd k|x/ kl5 eujfg\n] z/L/ TofUg] s'/f atfP . of] ;Gb]z gu/ e/L
t'?Gt km}lnof] . gu/af;Lx?, gu/ jl/kl/sf lgjf;L ;asf ;a eujfg\sf] clGtd bz{g ug{ cfP .
sf]xL–sf]xL eujfg\sf] olt l56f] kl/lgjf{0f x'g nfUof] eg]/ 5ftL lk6L lk6L ljnfk ug{ yfn], sf]xL e'FOdf
n8]/ ?g yfn] . gu/af;Lx? cfkm\gf kl/jf/ ;lxt o;/L cfpFbf Psbd eL8 x'g yfNof] . cfgGbn]
o:tf] eL8nfO{ ;'Jojl:yt tl/sfn] eujfg\sf] bz{g u/fpFb} uP / /ftsf] k|yd k|x/df g} ;a}hgfn] bz{g
ug{ EofP .
clGtd k|j|Hof–a|fx\d0f ;'eb|
eujfg tyfutsf] kl/lgjf{0f x'g] va/ oqtq km}lnb} uP . s'zLgu/sf Pshgf kl/a|fhs
;'eb|n] klg of] va/ ;'g] . pgL klg eujfg\sf] bz{g ug{ cfP . pgn] eujfg;Fu wd{ l;Sg rfx], t/
o:tf] clGtd cj:yfdf wd{ l;Sg gldNg] s'/f cfgGbn] pgnfO{ eg] . k/Gt' ;'eb|nfO{ eg] wd{ l;Sg' g}
lyof] . cfgGbn] ;do glbP tfklg pgL cl8u eP/ s/fO/x] ha eujfg\n] o:tf] jftf{nfk ;'Gg'eof] ta
cfgGbnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ eGg'eof] –cfgGb, /xg b]pm! ;'eb|nfO{ g/f]Sg', pgn] 1fgsf] s'/f g} l;Sg
rfx]sf] xf] o;af6 dnfO{ s'g} si6 x'g]5}g / d h'g pQ/ lbG5' To;af6 t'?Gt g} pgsf] sNof0f x'g]5 .
ta cfo'idfg cfgGbn] ;'eb|nfO{ eujfg\;Fu e]6]/ wd{ l;Sg] cf1f lbP .
;'eb|n] eujfg;Fu ;f]w]–"x] uf}td! k"/0f s:;k, dSvln uf];fn, ;+ho j]n6\7k'Q cflb cfrfo{x?n] cg]s
k|sf/sf bfjf ub{5g\, s] tL ;To x'g\

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
eujfg\ xh'/n] wd{nfO{ k|sflzt ul/lbg'eof] . d eujfg\ a'4, wd{ tyf ;+3sf] z/0fdf hfG5' . eGt]!
dnfO{ k|jHof lbg'xf];\, pk;Dkbf lbg'xf];\ ."
";'eb|! hf] JolQm klxnf cGot}ly{s -csf]{ dfu{df lx8]sf]_ 5 / p;n] o; wd{ dfu{df k|j|Hof,
pk;Dkbfg rfxG5 eg], p;nfO{ rf/ dlxgf kl/jf; -k/LIffy{ jf;_ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . rf/ dlxgf kl5
of]Uo 5 eg] pgnfO{ k|j|lht ul/G5, pk;DkGg ul/G5 ."
"eGt]! obL e"tk"j{ cGo}ly{sx?sf nflu k|jHof, pk;Dkbf lbnfpg o:tf] lgod 5 eg], eGt]! d
rf/ jif{ kl/jf; a:5' . rf/ aif{ kl5 h;n] dnfO{ of]Uo 7fG5 p;n] k|j|lht ug'{ ."
"x'G5 eGt]! eg]/ kl/j|fhs ;'eb|nfO{ cfo'idfg\ cfgGbn] eGg'eof], "cfj';! ltd|f] nfe eof],
oxfF tyfutsf] cuf8L ltdLn] k|j|Hof kfof}."
;'eb|n] eujfg;Fu k|j|Hof kfP, pk;Dkbf kfP . pk;DkGg ePkl5 cfTd;+odL ag]/ wd{sf]
cEof; ub}{/x] / Ps ;do ;'eb| cx{t eP . pgL g} eujfgsf] clGtd lzio eP .
tyfutsf] clGdt jf0fL
ta eujfg\n] cfo'idfg cfgGbnfO{ eGg'eof]–"cfgGb! ;fob ltdLnfO{ nfU5 xf]nf d]/f] zf:tf
hfg'eof] . o:tf] ljrf/ dgdf slxNo} gNofpg' . d}n] h'g wd{ ljgo pkb]z lbPsf] 5', ToxL g} d kl5
ltd|f]
zf:tf
x'g]5 ."
eujfg\n] eljiosf nflu s]xL lgb]{z lbg'eof]–"cfgGb! cfhsn leIf'x? Ps csf{nfO{ "cfj';"
eg]/ ;Daf]w ul/G5 . d geP kl5 o:tf] gug'{ . s]jn k'/fgf] leIf'n] gofF leIf'nfO{ "cfj';" cyjf
gfdn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ . gofF leIf'n] k'/fgf] leIf'nfO{ "eGt]" cyjf "cfo'idfg" eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug'{ . OR5f
ePdf ;+3sf ;fgfltgf lgodx?nfO{ 5f]8\g ;S5f}F ."
ta eujfg\n] leIf'x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ eGg'eof]–"cfZro{ 5 eGt]! cb\e't 5 eGt]! d o; leIf'
;+3 k|lt cToGt k|;Gg 5', oxFf Pshgf leIf'nfO{ klg a'4 wd{, ;+3 / o; dfu{k|lt s'g} z+sf ;Gbx] 5}g
."
"cfgGb! ltdL t >4fk"j{s of] eGb}5f}F, t/ dnfO{ t k|ToIf ?kn] yfxf 5 ls o; leIf' ;+3df
Pshgf leIf'nfO{ klg a'4, wd{ ;+3 / o; dfu{ k|lt s'g} z+sf ;Gb]x 5}g . oxfFsf kfFr;o leIf' tyf hf]
e/v/} k|j|Hof k|fKt u/]sf] leIf' 5 p;nfO{ klg b'u{ltdf hfg' gkg]{ dfu{ ;|f]tfkGg k|fKt ePsf] 5 ."
ta eujfg\n] leIf'x?nfO{ ;Daf]lwt u'g{ x'Fb} eGg'eof]–
"xGb bflg, leSvj] cfdGtofld jf],
jowDdf ;ª\v/f, cKkdfb]g ;Dkfb]y."
105

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
leIf'x?, d ltdLx?nfO{ ;Daf]lwt ub{5' . ;f/f ;F:sf/ Joowdf{ x'g\ . hlt klg ;F:s[t ePsf
cyf{t lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g tL ;a} gi6 x'g]5g\ . k|dfb–/lxt eP/ o; ;TonfO{ cfTd;fy ug'{, o;nfO{
:jcg'ejdf ptfg'{ .
"cy tyfut:; klR5df afrf" oxL tyfutsf] clGtd jf0fL xf] .
kl/lgj[{lt syf
tyfutn] s]xL If0fkl5 g} klxnfb]lv gjf}F Wofg ;dfklQ;Dd ;fIffTsf/ ug'{eof] / OlGb|oftLt
lgjf{l0fs cj:yfdf /xg'eof] . o; cj:yfdf Zjf; ljns'n aGb eof], dflg;x?n] eujfg\ dxfkl/lgjf{0f
ePsf] 7fg] . ta cfo'idfg\ cfgGbn] cfo'idfg cg'?4l;t ;f]Wg'eof],
"eGt] cg'?4! s] eujfg kl/lgj[{t x'g'ePsf] 5}g

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
sd{n] dfq x'G5 7"nf] / ;fgf], hftn] xf]Og
k"0f{dfg dxh{g
lxGb' ;dfhdf w]/} klxnb]lv Pp6f cfbz{ ;dfhsf] 9fFrfsf] ?kdf rt'j0f{sf] Joj:yf lyof] . o;
cg';f/ klxnf] lgoddf ;dfhnfO{ a|fx\d0f, Iflqo, j}Zo / z'b| u/L $ ju{df afFl8Psf] 5 . bf];|f]
lgodfg';f/ rf/j6} ju{x?df ;fdflhs ;dfgtf geO{ c;dgtfsf] lgodf afFlwPsf 5g\ . a|fx\d0f ;a}
eGbf dfly, IfqLo a|fx\d0feGbf tn t/ j}ZoeGbf dfly, j}Zo Iflqo eGbf tn t/ z'b|eGbf dfly / z'b|
;a}eGbf tn /x]sf] 5 . clwsf/ / ljz]if ;'ljwfdf klg km/s km/s lyof] . a|fx\d0fsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} /
z'b| ;a}eGbf sd lyof] . t];|f] lgod of j[lt ljefhg cg';f/ a|fx\d0fsf] k]zf k9\g', k9fpg' / j}Zosf]
Jofkf/ z'b|sf] k]zf # j6} ju{sf] ;]jf ug'{ lyof] . rf}yf] lgodfg';f/ z'b|afx]s c? ;a} ju{nfO{ lzIff
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ lyof] . :qLx? ;a} lzIffaf6 jlh{t lyP .
eujfg\ a'4sf] lzIff a|fx\d0fx?sf] rt'j0f{ Joj:yflkt d]n lyPg . pxfFsf] ;fdflhs ;dfgtfsf]
pkb]z / ;defjb]lv a|fx\d0fx? ?i6 lyP . To;}n] Pslbg cfjZjnfog c? a|fx\d0fx? lnP/ a'4sxfF
k'u]/ ;f]w]–"x] uf}td a|fx\d0fx?sf] egfO 5 ls a|fx\d0f g} >]i7 j0f{ xf], c? j0f{x? ;fgf x'g\ . a|fx\d0f
g} z'Sn j0f{ x'g\, c? s[i0f j0f{ x'g\ . a|fx\d0f g} z'4 x'G5g\, ca|fx\d0f x'Fb}g . a|fx\d0f a|x\dfsf j}wflgs
k'q x'g\ d'vaf6 pTkGg, a|x\dh, a|x\dlgld{t x'g\ . o; ljifodf tkfO{ s] eGg'x"G5 [t'dtL, ule{0fL / ;'Ts]/L x'G5g\ . pgLx? c? dflg;x? h:t}
of]gLaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ . o;k|sf/ a|fx\d0f dfq >]i7 j0f{ xf]Ogg . "x] cfZjnfog! IfqLo k|f0fL lxF;s,
rf]/, b'/frf/L, km6fx, s6'efifL, nf]eL, å]ifL 5 eg] s] d[To'kl5 p;n] b'u{lt k|fKt ub}{g < s] a|fx\d0f, j}Zo
/ z'b| k|f0fL lx+;s 5 eg] pgLx? g/sdf pTkGg x'Fb}g

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
"sfo, jfs, lrQ tLgj6}åf/f kfk gug]{ / tLgj6}nfO{ ;+od /fVg] JolQmnfO{ d a|fx\d0f eGb5'
." –wDdkb -#(!_
"a|fx\d0fLsf] sf]vaf6 hGdb}Fdf a|fx\d0f eGb} g, p;nfO{ s]jn ef] dfq eGg'kb{5, lsgeg]
To;df /fu, å]if / df]x x'G5 . /fu, å]if / df]x gx'g]nfO{ d a|fx\d0f eGb5' ." –wDdkb -#(^_
"h;sf] kf/ -cfFvf, sfg cflb 5 OlGb|o_ ckf/ -?k, zAb cflb 5 ljifo_ / kf/fkf/ -d, d]/f]_
eGg] 5}g, hf] eo/lxt eO{ cgf;Qm x'G5, p;}nfO{ d a|fx\d0f eGb5' ."–wDdkb -#*$_
"t[i0ff / 3/ 5f8]/ k|j|lht x'g] h;sf] t[i0ff / k"gh{Gd IfL0f eO;s]sf] 5 To;nfO{ d a|fx\d0f eGb5' ."
–wDdkb -$!^_
j;n -rt'j0f{sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ z'b|;dfg_ s;nfO{ elgG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf Psk6s tyfut
Zff:tf leIff6gdf hfFbf clUus ef/åfh a|fx\d0fsf] 3/df k'Ug'ePsf] lyof] . xf]d o1 rln/x]sf] cfkm\gf]
3/ glhs b]Vgf;fy ef/åfh a|fx\d0fn] eujfg\nfO{ "x] d'08s! x] >d0f! x] j;n! ToxL a;" eg]
. eujfg\n] p;nfO{ j;n eg]sf] s] xf] < j;nn] ug]{ sfd s] xf] < eg]/ p;}nfO{ ;f]Wg'eof] .
ef/åfhn] yfxf 5}g eg]/ hjfkm lbPkl5 eujfg\n] To;f] eP ;'g egL cf1f eof] ls hf] l/;fxf, kfkL,
Oiof{n', ldYofjfbL x'G5, h;n] k|f0fLlxF;f ub{5, h;n] lnPsf] C0f ltg'{knf{ egL efu]/ lx8\5, h;n]
cfdfa'afnfO{ kfngkf]if0f ub}{g\, h;n] kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfO{ xft p7fpF5, h;n] cy{o'Qm k|Zg ;f]Wbf
cgy{o'Qm hjfkm lbG5, h;n] kfk u/]/ klg c?n] yfxf gkfcf];\ egL OR5f /fVb5, h;n] c?sf] 3/dfF
hfFbf ld7f] vfg]s'/f vfO c? cfpFbf lbFb}g, h;n] >d0f, a|fx\d0f / ofrsnfO{ em'SofpFb5, hf] cledfgL
eO{
c?nfO{ tNnf] :t/df /fVb5, hf] s+h'z eO{ k'0o sfo{ ub}{g, h;n] a'4, >fjs / kl/a|fhsnfO{ lgGbf
ub{5, h;n] cx{t geOsg cfkm'nfO{ cx{t egL bfaL ub{5, ltgLx? ;a}nfO{ j;n elgG5 . eujfg\n]
clUus ef/åfhnfO{ km]l/ cf1f eof]–
"g hRrf j;nf] xf]lt, g hRrf xf]lt a|fx\d0ff] .
sDdgf j;nf] xf]lt, sDdgf xf]lt a|fx\d0ff] ."
cyf{t–hfltn] j;n -z'b|_ x'Fb}g, hfltn] a|fx\d0f x'Fb}g . sd{n] g} j;n x'G5, sd{n] g} a|fx\d0f
x'G5 .
lgZro klg s'g} klg JolQmsf] sd{ of p;sf] ultljlwn] p;nfO{ 7"nf] of ;fgf] agfpF5 . hGd
of hfltn] xf]Og . o; ;DaGwdf s]xL tYox? x]/f}F . eujfg\ a'4sf] ;dodf c5't of tNnf] hftsL
elgg] k|s[lt -r08fNgL_ leIf' cfgGb;Fu cfslif{t eP/ pxfFnfO{ k5\ofpFb} ul/g\ . k|s[ltn] pgnfO{ lk5f
ug{ g5f8]sL s'/f cfgGbn] tyfutnfO{ ;'gfP . tyfutn] k|s[ltnfO{ af]nfpg nufO{ eGg'eof]–"cfgGb
leIf' xf] . p;n] d'08g u/]sf] 5 . ltdLn] klg p;n] h:t} d'08g uof]{ eg] To;kl5 s] ug{ ;lsG5
x]?Fnf

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
ulEe/tfk"j{s ;f]r ljrf/ u/]kl5 lgisif{df k'uL sL h;sf] nflu ltgL dl//x]sL lyOg\ Tof];Fu ljjfx
ug'{ t Joy{ /x]5 . kl5 pgL leIf'0fL ;+3df ;lDdlnt eO{ dfu{kmn k|fKt ul/g\ . lgM;Gb]x k|s[lt
gLrtd\ hfltsL lyOg\ t/ hflt of hGdn] ;fgf] x'g] eP pgn] dfu{kmn k|fKt ug]{ lyPg .
;'0fLt, h;n] ;8sdf km\ofFlsPsf kmf]xf]/ d}nf a9f/]/ ;kmf u/]/ lhljsf rnfpFYof], nfO{
eujfg\ a'4n] "s] ltdL ;+3df k|lji6 x'g u[xTofu ug{ ;S5f} < eGg] jfSon] leIf' agfof] . To;a]nf
Rofd] elgg] ;'0fLtn] a'4lzIff cfTd;ft\ u/]/ kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] y'k|f]df klg ;'ulGwt sdn km'Ng ;S5 eg]
h:t} dxfg\ JolQm ag], hGdd/0faf6 d'Qm eP . hGdn] ;fgf] x'g] eP, ;'0fLtn] a'4zf;gdf cx{Tj nfe
u/L wGo x'g] lyPg . o:t} u/]/ pkfnL zfSo s'nsf] gfp lyP . pg} pkfnL eujfg\ a'4sf] zf;gdf
a'4sf] pkb]z u|x0f u/L ljgow/df cu| eP . hfltsf] sf/0f pFrgLr gx'g] x'gfn] eujfg\ a'4n] k|s[lt,
;'0fLt / pkfnL dfq xf]Og ;'lKko, ;'dª\un, ;f]kfs cflb tNnf] hfltsf dflg;x?nfO{ klg leIf' ;+3df
k|lji6 u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
tyfut zf:tf Psk6s h]tjg ljxf/df /xg' ePsf] a]nf tf]b]o\o a|fx\d0f k'q z'edf0fjs cfP/
;f]w]sf lyP– "ef] uf}td! s] x]t', s] k|Toon] dflg; sf]xL cNkfo', sf]xL bL3f{o', sf]xL /f]uL, sf]xL lg/f]uL,
sf]xLsf] ?k g/fd|f], sf]xLsf] /fd|f], sf]xLsf] kl/jf/ sd, sf]xLsf] kl/jf/ w]/}, sf]xL ul/a, sf]xL wgL,
sf]xL gLr s'n, sf]xL pRr s'n, sf]xL k|1fxLg / sf]xL k|1fjfg x'G5g\

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
;To / zflGtsf] n8fFO{
u0f]z dfnL
;To / zflGt oL b'j{ xfdLnfO{ cToGt} Kof/f] nfU5 . zflGt o;sf/0f Kof/f] x'G5 ls xfdL x/avt
czfGt /xG5f}, j]r}g /xG5f}F . xfd|f] dgf]sfdgfx? cf+sfIffx? slxNo} k'/f x'Fb}gg\, Pp6f k'/f x'g nfu]sf] 5}g,
bzj6f pld|g ;S5g\, sfdgfx? k"0f{ gx'Fbf xfdLnfO{ b'Mv nfU5, sfdgfx? k'/f ug]{ w'gdf ;f+;fl/s bf}8w'kdf
nfUbf klg xfdLnfO{ zflGt x'Fb}g . xfdL x/bd c1fgdf /xG5f} jf cf+lzs 1fgdf /xG5f}, xfd|f] rf/}lt/ h]
hlt 5g\ / e}/xG5g\, tL ;a} af/] xfdLnfO{ cf+lzs 1fg dfq x'G5 . xfd|f OlGb|ox?sf] ;Lldttfsf] sf/0f klg
xfd|f] 1fg ;Lldt /xG5 . xfd|f] dgdf jf:tljstf jf oyfy{ ;Totf hfGg] k|jn pTs07f x'G5, h'g k'/f x'Fb}g h'g
k'/f ug{ lj1fgn] xfdLnfO{ d2t ug{ vf]H5 t/ lj1fgsf] :jefj} o:tf] 5 ls of] cfkm}Fdf ck"0f{ x'G5 . s] s;f]
lsg, s;/L cflb k|Zgx?sf] cGt slxNO} x'Fb}g . km]/L leYofb[li6sf] sf/0f xfdL cS;/ u/L untnfO{ 7Ls
;DemG5f}, xfdLdf cGwljZjf;x? x'G5g\ h'g ls c?n] eg]sf]df cfFvf lrDnL ljZjf; ug'{af6 pTkGg x'G5g\ .
;To / zflGtsf] gfddf cg]sf}F d{x? tyf jfbx? k|rf/ k|;f/ e} /fv]sf 5g\ h'g k|foM emu8fsf] sf/0f
alg/x]sf x'G5g\ . xfdLnfO{ cfkm' / cfkm\gf]df cf;lQm x'G5, To;sf/0f xfdL tF tF / d d sf] emd]nfdf km;L
/xG5f}F . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;To / zflGtsf] nflu eg]/ cg]s P]g lgod pklgodx? x'G5g\ t/ logLx? eGbf xfdL
dWo] w]/} h;f]nfO{ wg cyjf zlQm s} a9L rfxgf x'G5 . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf klg zlQmzfnL / wgL
/fi6«x?s} a9L zfg x'G5, b'j{n tyf ul/a /fi6«x?nfO{ pgLx?n] rfx]h;f] grfpg ;S5g\ . JolQmut :t/b]lv
/fli6« jf cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd klg wgL / zlQmzfnLx?s} bjbjf /x]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf wgsf] / zlQmsf]
ann] ;To / zflGtsf] slt bdg / db{g eO/x]sf] 5, Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 . cfhsf] ljZjdf ;To / zflGt
Psflt/ / wg / zlQm csf{lt/ /fvL s'g /f]Hg] egL hgdt ;+u|x u/fPdf w]/} dtx? wg zlQmdf / yf]/} dfq
;To / zflGtdf kg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 . cfh xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;To / zflGtsf] gfddf h'g :jfy{, ;+3if{, lxF;f, xTof,
cft+s, zf]if0f pTkL8g tyf Jofks e|i6frf/ eO/x]sf] 5 oL ;asf] kmn :j?k ;+;f/af6 wfld{stf ;fy} ;To /
zflGt klg nf]k eP/ uO/x]sf] 5 . t/ o; k|sf/sf] b'Mv / czflGtu|:t cfhsf] ljZjdf klg eujfg\ a'4n]
b'MvL k|f0fLx? pk/ s?0ff /fvL aiff}{sf] s7f]/ k|oTg, cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, lrGtg–dgg u/L k|fKt
ePsf] b'Mv / czflGtsf] cr"s cf}iflw j}1flgstfdf cfwfl/t x]t'jfb cyf{t\ sf/0f sfo{ ePsf] 5, To:sf]
7Ls;Fu k|of]u u/L ljZjnfO{ b'Mv / czflGtaf6 arfpg] ;fdYo{ xfdLdf 5 . a'4sf] ;dodf klg zfSo /
sf]lnox?aLr x/bd k|lt:kwf{ / em}F emu8fsf] jftfj/0f, j}lbs a|fx\d0fsf] rsrsL, hfltjfb, /fhf /hf}6f aLr
o'4 / xf/]sfx?nfO{ bf; agfpg] k|yf, ldYof b[li6 km}nfpFb} 3'Dg] kl/j|fhsx?, if8oGq k"0f{ jftfj/0f cflb JofKt
lyof] . To;sf/0f b'Mvaf6 k|f0fL dfqnfO{ d'lQm lbnfpg] p2]Zo lnP/ l;4fy{n] cWoog cg';Gwfg lrGtgdgg\sf]
nflu ljnf;L hLjg 5f]8]/ >d0fTj u|x0f u/]sf lyP . cfh xfd|f] ljZjdf ;To / zflGt :yfkgfsf] nflu
eujfg\ a'4sf rf/ cfo{ ;Tox? cr"s cf}iflwsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{ h?/L 5 . ljz]if u/L eujfg\ a'4sf] hGde"ld
g]kfndf xfdL af}4x?sf] nflu xfdLnfO{ k/]sf] b'Mv / czflGtx?sf] ;Gbe{df oL rf/ cfo{ ;Tox?n] b]vfPsf]
lzIff lgb]{z adf]lhd uxg lrGtg\ dgg\ / cg';Gwfg u/L xfd|f] ;dfh / b]znfO{ b'Mv / czflGtaf6 arfpg s]
ug'{k5{, sfo{qmdx? tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L xfd|f] sfFwdf cfOk/]sf] xfdLn] dx;'; ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] ;To / zflGtsf] nflu of] sfd ;a} ldnL ug{ ;sf}F, o;}af6 xfd|f] ho d+un x'g]5 .
111

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
cfdfafa' g} a|Dxf x'g\
cfdf–afaf g} ;Gtfgsf] nflu ;j{k|yd cfkm\gf]Tj -cfkm\gf]kg_ sf] lgdf{tf x'g\ . To;kl5 nfng–
kfng u/L cfkm\gf] v'§fdf pleg l;sfpg] cfdfafafn] plQs} b'Mv si6 ;x]s} x'G5 . dflg;n] cfkm\gf]
afnaRrf x'sf{pgsf nflu ;xg] b'Mv, si6 g} jf:tjdf ;f+;fl/s b'Mv si6 eg] klg x'G5 . cfkm\gf
aRrfsf] "cfdf–afaf" n] ug]{ b'Mv si6af/] hlt j0f{g u/]klg ;fWo gx'g] x'gfn] g} pgLx?sf] u'0f cgGt
eg]sf] xf] .
"cfdf–afaf g} a|x\df x'g\ ." of] egfO{ -syg_ nfO{ af}4 ;flxTodf 7"nf] dxTj lbPsf] 5 .
cfdf afafnfO{ a|x\df eGg'sf] Pp6f csf]{ klg sf/0f 5 . af}4 bz{dfg a|x\df To;nfO{ elgG5,
hf] d}qL, s?0ff, d'lbtf, pk]Iffsf] k|ltkmn cfkm" :jo+ eO;s]sf] x'G5 . cfdfafaf;Fu klg cfkm\gf]
;Gtfk|lt rf/j6f u'0fx? x'G5g\ . To;} sf/0fn] cfdfafafnfO{ a|x\df eg]sf] xf] .
"d}qL" snx / lju|xsf] ljkf]Ifo u'0f xf], of] k|]dsf] jftfj/0f ;w}F km:6fO/xG5 . o;y{ a'4n]
;w}F d]qL efjgfdf cfbz{ jf gd"gf lbg'ePsf] 5 . h;/L "cfdf" n] cfkm\gf] lhpHofgsf] kjf{x gu/L
5f]/f5f]/Lx?sf] /Iff ub{5, To;/L g} k|f0fL dfq k|ltefj kf]V5 . cfdfafafsf] k|]dnfO{ hfGgsf] nflu
Pp6f al3gLn] cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ k|]dk"j{s b'w v'jfO/x]sf] pbfx/0faf6 ;lhn} a'em\g ;S5f}F . jf:tjdf
af3 slt lx+;|s x'G5, t/ p;n] cfkm\gf] aRrfn] v'§fn] xfGb} b'w v'jfO{ /x]sf]df cfgGb lnO/fv]sf] x'G5
. dfgf} s'g} bofn' cfdfn] h:t} To:t} s's'/n] s'g} vfg]s'/f e]§fPdf cfk;df emu8f ug{ tlD;G5, t/
cfdf s's'/n] rfxL cfkm'n] vfO;s]sf] vfg]s'/f klg cf]sn]/ aRrfx?nfO{ v'jfpFl5g . rfx] s'g} cfdfx?
h:tf];'s} k|sf/sf eP klg csf]{ dft[–ddtf dflg;s} ddtf t'No 5 .
lbgf zfSo
pnf{af/L–df]/ª
112

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
;Tosf] vf]hL
dgnfO{ ;f]w]/ x]/
d}n] s] ug'{ k5{ eg]/ <
dflg; jflx/af6 l;Fu} b]lvG5 .
t/ leq rflx 5/ki6 5'l6Psf] x'G5 .
t/ cfkm\gf] k|sf/sf] cfjZostf x'G5
cfFvfnfO{ b]Vg kfP/ dfq x'Fb}g
sfg ;'GgnfO{ ;'Gg kfP/ dfq x'Fb}g
v'§fnfO{ lx8\g kfP/ dfq x'Fb}g
:jfbnfO{ lha|f] k8\sfP/ dfq x'Fb}g .
lx+;frf]/L, Jolerf/ z/L/n] ug]{ sfd
dfbs kbfy{ ;lxt gu/f} ;a} sfd
wg / ;DklQdf ge'nf} ;a} sfd
k+rzLn kfng u/f} xfdL ;a}sf] sfd
;Tosf] vf]hL u/] kfpg] xf] ;To1fg .
piff pbf;
lhjg g} lj1fg xf]
lj1fg g} lhjg xf]
lhjg g} ;+;f/ xf]
hLjg g} dg xf] .
lhjgsf] ;DklQ 3/ g} b'Mv xf]
hGd, h/f, /f]u, ef]u g} b'Mv xf]
/fu, å]if, dfof, df]x g} b'Mv xf]
lgjf{0f k|flKt g} ;'v xf] .
ejt' ;JJo d+und
hLjgsf] af]w
lhjgsf] dgnfO{ x]/
lhjgsf] cg'xf/ x]/
lhjgsf] P]gf x]/
d sf] x'F eg]/ x]/ .
ejt' ;Jj d+und\ .
113

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
@)$%÷!@÷!@ ut] zlgaf/
wdf]{bo ;ef sfo{sfl/0fLsf] u7g M
!_ cWoIf–>L eQm axfb'/ zfSo
@_ pkfWoIf–>L Sof= kz'{/fd tfdfª
#_ ;lrj–>L wd{/Tg zfSo
$_ ;b:o– >L 8Da/ zfSo
%_ ;b:o– >L df]xg nfn zfSo
^_ ;b:o– >L uh /Tg zfSo
&_ ;b:o– >L nIdL Hof]lt zfSo
*_ ;b:o– >L sfhLdfg zfSo
@)^^ ;fnsf] :joDe' r}To a'4 ljxf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt
!_ cWoIf–>L uf]j4{g zfSo–(*$@)**@!#
@_ pkfWoIf–>L uf]kfn zfSo–)@!–%$)%%)
#_ ;lrj–>L OZj/nfn pbf;–(*$@)@!)@(
$_ sf]iffWoIf– >L wd{/fh zfSo–(*$@)%)*^&
%_ ;b:o– >L lx/fnfn zfSo–(*$@@)!)&)
^_ ;b:o– >L lbns'df/L zfSo–)@!–%$)@(*
&_ ;b:o– >L ;'Gb/ nfn zfSo–)@!–%$)@$#
*_ ;b:o– >L /d]z s'df/ zfSo–)@!–%%%#^!
(_ ;b:o–>L /fhs'df/ zfSo–)@!–%$)^#)
;Nnfsf/–
!_ >L z]/ axfb'/ zfSo–)@!–%$)#$#
@_ >L df]xgnfn zfSo–)@!–%$)&#&
#_ >L 5qdfg zfSo–)@!–%$)!&$
$_ >L czf]s ah|frfo{–(*$@!$!*)!
%_ >L k'ik nfn zfSo–)@!–%$)#$(
^_ >L afns'df/L ZffSo–)@!–%$))^*
114

:joDe" r}To a'4 dxfljxf/ pkfl;sf ;+3
!_ cWoIf– >L nIdL zfSo
@_ pkfWoIf–>L ;d'Gb| zfSo
#_ ;lrj– >L lbns'df/L zfSo
$_ sf]iffWoIf–>L piff pbf;
%_ ;b:o– >L eQmnIdL zfSo
^_ ;b:o– >L ltnf zfSo
&_ ;b:o– >L lbgf zfSo
*_ ;b:o– >L d}of zfSo
(_ ;b:o– >L b]jLdfof zfSo
!)_ ;b:o– >L k'ikf zfSo
!!_ ;b:o– >L ?kf zfSo
:joDe" r}To a'4 dxfljxf/ 1fgdfnf ehg
!_ ;+of]hs– >L ltnf zfSo
@_ ;b:o– >L gljgf zfSo
#_ ;b:o– >L k'ikf zfSo
$_ ;b:o– >L ;ljgf zfSo
%_ ;b:o– >L ;'ldqf zfSo
^_ ;b:o– >L d]g'sf hf]zL
&_ ;b:o– >L ;'l:dtf zfSo
:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
115

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
@)$( ;fndf o; pnf{af/L–$ l:yt :joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/ lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ
cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{x'g] >4fn'sf] gfdfjfnL o;k|sf/ 5 M
qm=;= gfdy/ 7]ufgf /sd qm=;= gfdy/ 7]ufgf /sd
!= >Ldfg eQm a= zfSo pnf{af/L–# 31456/- $@= tf/fb]jL zfSo kf6g 1000/-
@= >LdtL xif{nIdL zfSo pnf{af/L–# $#= >Ldfg k"0f{ a= tfd|fsf/ ef]hk'/, 6S;fn 1004/-
#= >Ldfg Sof= kz'{/fd tfdfª pnf{af/L–# 10111/- $$= :j= lx/fsfhL t'nfw/ lj/f6gu/–& 1101/-
$= >Ldfg xs{wg zfSo ef]hk'/–6S;fn–% 10201/- $%= >Ldfg lbnLk tfd|fsf/ lj/f6gu/–!$ 1101/-
%= >Ldfg :j= l;4L a= zfSo pnf{af/L–# 10001/- $^= :j= kbdnfn zfSo w/fg 501/-
^= >Ldfg z]/ a= zfSo pnf{af/L–@ 5001/- $&= >Ldfg sNk/fd pbf; w/fg–!) 501/-
&= >Ldfg dlgxif{ stfsf/ hdg, sf7df8f}F 5000/- $*= >L wd{/fh zfSo w/fg–!) 501/-
*= >Ldfg df]xgnfn zfSo pnf{af/L–@ 3001/- $(= >LdtL ci6dfof zfSo ef]hk'/ 505/-
(= wd{ lslt{af6 sf7df8f}F 3015/- %)= >Ldfg wd{ k|= e§/fO{ bds–!^ 800/-
!)= >Ldfg ;fg'/Tg :yflkt nlntk'/ 3000/- %!= :j= u0f]z a= xn'jfO{ w/fg–% 501/-
!!= zfSo d'To ;dfhaf6 pnf{af/L 3100/- %@= >Ldfg OGb| a= /fO{ pnf{af/L–# 501/-
!@= ho O{08li6«h bds 1500/- %#= >Ldfg na'xfª cfªa'xfª pnf{af/L–@ 501/-
!#= ;"o{ 6flsh pnf{af/L–# 1111/- %$= >Ldfg wg a= sfsL{ pnf{af/L–# 551/-
!$= >Ldfg t]hs'df/ l/hfn pnf{af/L–$ 1111/- %%= >LdtL /Tgs'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–# 551/-
!%= >Ldfg kxndfg sfsL{ pnf{af/L–$ 1101/- %^= >Ldfg wg a= sfsL{ pnf{af/L–$ 500/-
!^= >Ldfg wd{/Tg zfSo pnf{af/L–@ 2051/- %&= >Ldfg t]h/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–# 551/-
!&= >Ldfg /fwfs[i0f u'Ktf pnf{af/L 2025/- %*= >Ldfg 5q a= zfSo pnf{af/L–# 501/-
!*= >Ldfg rGb|Hof]lt ah|rfo{ bds g=kf= 1001/- %(= >Ldfg ef]nf >]i7 pnf{af/L–# 502/-
!(= >Ldfg :j= ;/f]h s'= ah|rfo{ bds–!! 1001/- ^)= >Ldfg sfhL/Tg zfSo nlntk'/ 505/-
@)= >Ldfg xl/s[i0f tfd|fsf/ w/fg–& 1001/- ^!= >Ldfg d]x]/dfg lnDa' pnf{af/L–# 501/-
@!= l8=s]= d]6n w/fg–& 1001/- ^@= >Ldfg czf]s/fh ah|frfo{ x]6f}F8f–% 505/-
@@= :j= g'df >LdtL lbndfof xnjfO{ w/fg–% 1001/- ^#= >L /3'gfy cu|jfn pnf{af/L–# 551/-
@#= >Ldfg lx/f pbf; w/fg–( 1001/- ^$= >L b'uf{/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 051/-
@$= >Ldfg ;'Gb/ pbf; w/fg–& 1001/- ^%= >L rGb|dxn c6n pnf{af/L–$ 501/-
@%= >Ldfg nfn a= t'nfw/ w/fg–( 1001/- ^^= >L k"0f{nfn dx]Zj/L pnf{af/L–# 501/-
@^= >Ldfg :j= gGbg s'df/ zfSo w/fg–( 1000/- ^&= >L k/f;/ uf}td pnf{af/L–$ 501/-
@&= >Ldfg e'=s]= nfn a= /fO{ pnf{af/L–# 1001/- ^*= >LdtL s0f{s'df/L zfSo w/fg 501/-
@*= >Ldfg g/]Gb| zfSo pnf{af/L–@ 1001/- ^(= >Ldfg u'G;L/fd uf]ofn pnf{af/L–@ 501/-
@(= >L d]h/ bn;]/ /fO{ pnf{af/L–@ 1001/- &)= >Ldfg cf]dgfy sf]O/fnf pnf{af/L–$ 551/-
#) >LdtL z'enIdL zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 1001/- &!= >Ldfg rqm sfsL{ pnf{af/L–# 500/-
#! >Ldfg d's'Gb 9'+ufgf pnf{af/L–# 1000/- &@= >Ldfg s'df/l;+ /fO{ pnf{af/L–@ 505/-
#@ >Ldfg ;+v/Tg zfSo latf{df]8 1001/- &#= >Ldfg Zofd s'= tfd|fsf/ latf{df]8 501/-
## >Ldfg s]zj sfsL{ pnf{af/L–$ 1001/- &$= >Ldfg s]z s'= tfd|fsf/ latf{df]8 501/-
#$ >Ldfg b'uf{ a= sfsL{ pnf{af/L–$ 1001/- &%= >Ldfg dxf/Tg zfSo eb|k'/–!# 501/-
#% >LdtL sNkgf zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 1001/- &^= >Ldfg ;fg'sfhL zfSo pnf{af/L–# 521/-
#^ >LdtL uLtfb]jL afx]tL dx]Zj/L pnf{af/L–$ 1001/- &&= >Ldfg rGb| a= tfdfª pnf{af/L–@ 501/-
#& >LdtL /Tgdfof zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 1001/- &*= >Ldfg sg}ofnfn cu|jfn pnf{af/L–# 551/-
#* >Ldfg wgaxfb'/ zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 1001/- &(= >Ldfg u+uf/fd zfSo pnf{af/L–# 511/-
#( >Ldfg k"0f{nfn zfSo r}gk'/ 1001/- *)= >LdtL afns'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–# 511/-
$) lj/u+h d]6n pBf]u >Lk'/, lj/u+h 1001/- *!= >Ldfg /fd a= t'nfw/ kf6g 500/-
$! >Ldfg v8\u /Tg zfSo kf6g 1001/- *@= >Ldfg ;'Gb/nfn l;sdL{ d+unahf/ 500/-
116

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
*#= >Ldfg t'nf /Tg zfSo kf6g 500/- !!)= >Ldfg k|]d zfSo w/fg–( 151/-
*$= >Ldfg /Tg /fh zfSo d+un ahf/ l;d;]g kfg 500/- !!!= >LdtL u0f]zdfof zfSo w/fg–@ 151/-
*%= >Ldfg dbg pbf; latfdf]8 501/- !!@= >Ldfg uf]ljGbdfg zfSo r}gk'/–# 151/-
*^= >Ldfg ;fg' /fhf nlntk'/ 500/- !!#= >Ldfg ljhonIdL zfSo w/fg–% 151/-
zfSo
*&= >Ldfg sfhL /Tg kf6g 505/- !!$= >Ldfg nfn a= zfSo w/fg–* 151/-
zfvo
**= >Ldfg g/ s'df/L pnfaf/L–@ 550/- !!%= >Ldfg xs{dfg zfSo n]6fª– 151/-
clwsf/L
*(= >Ldfg Gx'If afxfb'/ sf7df8f} 501/- !!^= >Ldfg cf]dgfy vgfn pnf{af/L–$ 151/-
jh|frfo
()= >Ldfg nIdL xnjfO{ sf7df8f} 501/- !!&= >Ldfg dx]Gb| emf pnf{af/L–$ 151/-
(!= >Ldfg w{d /fh sf7df8f} 501/- !!*= >Ldfg l8NnL/fd pnf{af/L–@ 151/-
tfd|fsf/
e08f/L
(@= >Ldfg lbJo nIdL nlntk'/ 501/- !!(= >Ldfg s[i0f a= zfSo pnf{af/L–# 151/-
zfSo
(#= >Ldfg u+uf /fd la/f6gu/ 501/- !@)= >Ldf z]/ a= zfSo pnf{af/L–# 151/-
tfd|fsf/
($= >Ldfg nfn afxfb'/ la/f6gu/–!$ 501/- !@!= >Ldfg eLd a= zfSo pnf{af/L–# 151/-
xnafO{
(%= >Ldfg u0f]z zfSo la/f6gu/–!^ 501/- !@@= >Ldfg wd{ k|= sfsL{ pnf{af/L–# 151/-
(^= >Ldfg dx]z s'df/ la/f6gu/–& 501/- !@#= ljho dlgxf/f :6f]/ pnf{af/L–$ 151/-
k|wfg
(&= >Ldfg Gx'If dfg w/fg–( 421/- !@$= >Ldfg 8f= /fh]Gb|df pnf{af/L–$ 175/-
jh|frfo{
>]i7
(*= :j=>LdtL k'0f{ dfof w/fg–!@ 301/- !@%= >Ldfg cf]dk|sfz pnf{af/L–$ 175/-
zfSo
cu|jfn
((= >Ldfg l;WbL /fh w/fg–@ 301/- !@^= >Ldfg 1fg/fd cu|jfn pnf{af/L–$ 175/-
zfSo
!))= >Ldfg s'n /fh zfSo w/fg–& 325/- !@&= >LdtL /fddfof xnjfO{ ef]hk'/ 6S;f/ 171/-
!)!= >Ldfg l;WbL /fh, w/fg–!) 324/- !@*= >Ldfg wL/ axfb'/ ef]hk'/ 6S;f/ 140/-
bof nIdL zfSo
xnjfO{
!)@= >Ldfg nIdL Hof]lt eb|k'/–!# 300/- !@(= >Ldfg rGb| axfb'/ Onfd 151/-
zfSo
tfd|fsf/
cfO{taf/]
!)#= >Ldfg v8\u dfb]g pn{faf/L–@ 300/- !#)= >Ldfg s[i0f axfb'/ r=uf=k=–* 151/-
t'nfw/
!)$= ;fg' dfof s]=;L kf6g 300/- !#!= >Ldfg s'df/ tfdf8= pn{faf/L 151/-
!)%= ;fg' d}of zfSo kf6g 300/- !#@= :j=>LdtL ;'dgf b]jL pn{faf/L 152/-
zfSo
!)^= j]gL dfof zfSo kf6g 300/- !##= :j=>LdtL lzn zf]ef ef]hk'/ 155/-
tfd|fsf/
!)&= >Ldfg b]j /Tg zfSo kf6g 300/- !#$= :j=>LdtL d+un b]jL pn{faf/L 150/-
zfSo
!)*= >Ldfg lx/f /Tg zfSo kf6g 300/- !#%= >Ldfg af]w /fh bds 101/-
!)(= >Ldfg l;WbL axfb'/
tfd|fsf/
tfd|fsf/
kf6g 301/- !#^= >Ldfg x]d /fh pbf; bds 101/-
117

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
137 >Ldfg s[i0f dfg zfSo nlntk'/ 350/- 165 >Ldfg lht axfb'/ pbf; bds 101/-
138 >Ldfg j'WbL k|ef jh|frfo{ nlntk'/ 300/- 166 >Ldf xs axfb'/
/GhLtsf/
bds 101/-
139 >Ldfg uf]kfn l/dfn pn{faf/L–@ 301/- 167 >LdtL ljWrf ah|frfo{ bds 101/-
140 >Ldfg ;To gf/fo0f tfd|fsf/ lj/f6gu/ 301/- 168 >LdtL rGb| dfof
tfd|fsf/
bds 101/-
141 >LdftL b]jL dfof tfd|fsf/ la/f6gu/–!% 311/- 169 >Ldfg b'uf{ zfSo bds 101/-
142 >Ldfg s[i0f zfSo w/fg–& 251/- 170 >Ldfg 8f=uf]kfn k|;fb
sf]O{/fnf
bds 101/-
143 >Ldfg kbd axfb'/ zfSo w/fg–( 251- 171 >Ldfg lzj gf/fo0f zfx bds 101/-
144 >Ldfg bfg axfb'/ zfSo w/fg–!@ 201/- 172 >Ldfg wg s[i0f tfd|fsf/ bds 101/-
145 >Ldfg s[i0f axfb'/ zfSo w/fg–!@ 201/- 173 >Ldfg pd]z zfSo bds 101/-
146 >Ldfg nfn axfb'/ zfSo w/fg–!@ 201/- 174 >Ldfg /fd axfb'/ >]i7 bds 101/-
147 >Ldfg 8Da/ axfb'/ zfSo w/fg–!@ 201/– 175 >Ldfg led nfn tfd|fsf/ bds 101/-
148 >LdtL b]jL dfof zfSo w/fg–@ 251/– 176 >Ldfg v8\u lj/ sfsL{ bds 102/-
149 >Ldfg l6sf /fh zfSo w/fg–!) 201/– 177 >Ldfg uuf+ axfb'/ zfSo w/fg–& 105/-
150 >Ldfg df]tL /fh zfSo w/fg–@ 201/– 178 >Ldfg lbn axfb'/ zfSo w/fg–& 101/-
151 >Ldfg k[YjL axfb'/ jh|frfo{ w/fg–% 201/– 179 >Ldfg bfdf]b/ zfSo w/fg 101/-
152 sf]zL c= df]6/ oftfot k|f=ln w/fg–^ 201/– 180 >Ldfg lx/f sfhL zfSo w/fg–% 101/-
153 >Ldfg df]xg s[i0f tfd|fsf/ w/fg–$ 201/– 181 >Ldfg t'n;L bf; t'nfw/ w/fg–& 101/-
154 >Ldfg lx/f dfof zfSo w/fg–% 251/– 182 >LdtL k]tL dfof zfSo w/fg–!) 101/-
155 >Ldfg b'of]wg du/ pn{faf/L–$ 201/– 183 z'>L uuf+ dfof zfSo w/fg–!@ 102/-
156 >Ldfg s'df/ sx]nL
-clwsf/L_
pn{faf/L–$ 201/– 184 >Ldfg l;WbL axfb'/
zfSo
w/fg–!^ 101/-
157 >Ldfg nId0f pbfz pn{faf/L–$ 206/– 185 nIdL dfof zfSo w/fg–!@ 111/-
158 >Ldfg wg axfb'/ zfSo pn{faf/L–$ 205/– 186 j'Wb s'df/L df:s] w/fg–% 101/-
159 u0f]z nIdL ;]n/ l5g k|f=ln w/fg–* 251/– 187 nIdL b]jL xnjfO{ w/fg–$ 101/-
160 >Ldfg dfg axfb'/ kfnª\Jff pn{faf/L–@ 201/– 188 lbn s'df/L zfSo w/fg–!@ 101/-
161 >Ldfg sfhLdfg zfSo pn{faf/L–# 251/– 189 >Ldfg ;fg' sfhL zfSo w/fg–!@ 101/-
162 >Ldfg eQm /fhzfSo pnf{af/L–$ 251/– 190 lx/f dfof zfSo w/fg–!@ 101/-
163 >Ldfg k~r Hof]lt zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 251/– 191 >Ldfg ;Kt /Tg zfSo w/fg–!) 102/-
164 >Ldfg sfhL zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 251/– 192 >Ldfg l;n /fh zfSo w/fg–! 101/-
118

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
193 >LdtL lbns'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–# 201/- @@@ >Ldfg s[i0f axfb'/ wgs'6f 101/-
zfSo
194 :j= lht a= zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 251/- @@#= >Ldfg led axfb'/ w/fg–# 101/-
zfSo
195 >Ldfg a'4/Tg zfSo pnf{af/L–# 201/- @@$= >Ldfg b'uf /fh w/fg–# 101/-
tfd|fsf/
196 >Ldfg wd{/Tg zfSo bds 255/- @@%= ;';]/L efF8f k;n w/fg–% 101/-
197 >Ldfg k|sfz cu|jfn pnf{af/L–@ 220/- @@^= lznfrf/L cguf/Lsf w/fg–@ 101/-
198 zDe' ls/fgf :6f]/ pnf{af/L–@ 220/- @@&= nIdL zfSo vf8\af/L–# 101/-
199 >Ldfg g/]z s'= zfSo lj/f6gu/ 125/- @@*= >Ldfg df]xg k|;fb w/fg–# 101/-
tfd|fsf/
200 >Ldfg bfg a= zfSo 6S;f/ 205/- @@(= >Ldfg /Tg k|;fb w/fg–# 101/-
zfSo
201 >Ldfg xl/ k|= >]i7 latf{df]8 201/- @#)= >Ldfg uf]kfn zfSo w/fg–! 101/-
202 >LdtL t]hdfof zfSo lj/u+h 201/- @#!= >Ldfg /Tg k|;fb w/fg–!@ 101/-
zfSo
203 ;Ltfb]jL rfDbj pnf{af/L–@ 201/- @#@= >Ldfg d]of zfSo w/fg–!@ 101/-
204 >Ldfg xl/ uh >]i7 g]=a}=ln= pnf{af/L 201/- @##= >Ldfg :j=ly/ axfb'/ ef]hk'/ 101/-
zfSo 6S;f/
205 cfzf d? zfSo kfNkf 201/- @#$= >Ldfg v8\u tfd|fsf/ 3/fg–!) 111/-
206 >Ldfg u0f]z a= zfSo kf6g 200/- @#%= >LdtL eQm dfof
zfSo
w/fg–%
207 >LdtL ef]nfb]jL pbf; sf7df8f}F 205/- @#^= >LdtL k'0fL{ dfof w/fg–!) 105/-
zfSo
208 cgfuf/Lsf ;'lznf nlntk'/ 200/- @#&= >Ldfg s[i0f k|;fb w/fg–!) 101/-
tfd|fsf/
209 >LdtL 1fg zf]ef :yflkt sf7df8f}F 200/- @#*= >Ldfg w/fg–!% 101/-
210 >Ldfg k|ljg tGb'sf/ sf7df8f}F 202/- @#(= >Ldfg /fwf s[i0f bds–!! 101/-
tfd|fsf/
211 >Ldfg u0f]z zfSo kf6g 200/- @$)= >Ldfg r'8fgGb pn{faf/L–@ 111/-
k/fh'nL
212 zf]ef zfSo nlntk'/ 200/- @$!= >Ldfg /Tg a= yfkf pnf{af/L–$ 101/-
213 lj=cf/= l8li6Jo'6;{ sf7df8f}F 200/- @$@= >Ldfg cf]d k|= n'O6]n pnf{af/L–$ 101/-
214 >Ldfg rl08sf zfSo kf6g 251/- @$#= >Ldfg cflzsnfn dxt pnf{af/L–$ 101/-
215 >Ldfg kbd a= tfd|fsf/ lj/f6gu/–!$ 201/- @$$=
>Ldfg ;Togf/fo0f uf]:jfdL pnf{af/L–$ 101/-
216 :j= lji0f'dfof pbf; lj/f6gu/–!$ 201/- @$%= >Ldfg /fdk|;fb af]xf]/f pnf{af/L–$ 101/-
217 >LdtL u0f]zs'df/L tfd|fsf/ lj/f6gu/–& 2000/- @$^= >Ldfg nfn]Zj/ zdf{ pnf{af/L–$ 101/-
218 >Ldfg ph]/ a= tfd|fsf/ lj/f6gu/–!$ 251/- @$&= >Ldfg ys{ a= lnDa' -kmfu'_ pnf{af/L–@ 102/-
219 >Ldfg df]xg zfSo lj/f6gu/–!# 200/- @$*= >LdtL wgdfof nfj'ª pnf{af/L–@ 100/-
220 :j= ;+3/Tg zfSo w/fg–^ 151/- @$(= >Ldfg xs{ a= zfSo pnf{af/L–@ 101/-
221 >Ldfg lji0f'nfn tfd|fsf/ w/fg–!) 151/- @%)= >Ldfg g/ a= u'?ª pnf{af/L–@ 101/-
119

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
@%!= >Ldfg k|]d k|= clwsf/L pnf{af/L–# 101/- 293 >Ldfg nId0f yfkf pnf{af/L–@ 101/-
252 >Ldfg xl/ a= /fO{ pnf{af/L–@ 101/- 294 >Ldfg k'?iff]Qd l;Ub]n pnf{af/L–$ 101/-
253 >Ldfg 8Da/ zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 101/- 295 >LdtL sljtf zfSo pnf{af/L–@ 101/-
254 >Ldfg clUg Gof}kfg] pnf{af/L–@ 101/- 296 >LdtL s[i0fs'df/L zfSo r}gk'/ 110/-
@%%= >Ldfg lhtdfg lnDa' pnf{af/L–@ 101/- 297 >Ldfg dw'/ k|wfg g]=a}=ln= pnf{af/L 101/-
@%^= >Ldfg ljqmd s'= zfx pnf{af/L–@ 101/- 298 >Ldfg /d0f /3'j+zL g]=a}=ln= pnf{af/L 101/-
@%&= >Ldfg kbd a= >]i7 pnf{af/L–# 101/- 299 >Ldfg lbNnL k|= sfkm\n] g]=a}=ln= pnf{af/L 101/-
@%*= >Ldfg u0f]znfn zfSo lj/f6gu/–& 102/- #))= >Ldfg e/tdfg /fh e08f/L g]=a}=ln= pnf{af/L 101/-
@%(= z+s/ xf8{j]o/ pnf{af/L–@ 101/- #)!= >Ldfg ;'/]Gb| lg/f}nf pnf{af/L–^ 101/-
@^)= lzj xf8{j]o/ pnf{af/L–@ 101/- #)@= >Ldfg e/t a= yfkf pnf{af/L–^ 101/-
@^!= >Ldfg /fdnf]rg /fO{ pnf{af/L–# 101/- #)#= >Ldfg d's'Gbnfn tfd|fsf/ kf6g 101/-
@^@= >Ldfg ys' zfx pnf{af/L–# 101/- #)$= >Ldfg dfdf zfSo ef]hk'/ xfn sf= 101/-
@^#= >Ldfg kz'{/fd cu|jfn pnf{af/L–# 101/- #)%= >Ldfg s]z/L zfSo sf7df8f}F 101/-
@^$= >Ldfg s'n a= pbf; pnf{af/L–$ 101/- #)^= >Ldfg ;'Gb/ zfSo sf7df8f}F 101/-
@^%= >Ldfg O{Gb| k|= kf}8]n pnf{af/L–$ 101/- #)&= :j= bn a= t'nfw/ sf7df8f}F 101/-
@^^= >Ldfg 1fg a= tfdfª pnf{af/L– 101/- #)*= t]hzf]ef t'nfw/ sf7df8f}F 101/-
@^&= >Ldfg xl/ gf/fo0f >]i7 pnf{af/L–$ 101/- #)(= :j= wg a= zfSo ef]hk'/ 101/-
@^*= >Ldfg lrGtfd0fL lg/f}nf pnf{af/L–# 101/- #!)= >Ldfg e'jg]Zj/L zfSo sf7df8f}F 100/-
@^(= >Ldfg lji0f' a= xnjfO{ ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–# 101/- #!!= >Ldfg gGb/fh zfSo sf7df8f}F 101/-
@&)= >LdtL a'l4dfof xnjfO{ ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–# 115/- #!@= >Ldfg xif{/Tg zfSo sf7df8f}F 100/-
@&!= >Ldfg df]tLnfn zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–# 105/- #!#= >LdtL rGb| zf]ef :yflkt sf7df8f}F 120/-
@&@= >Ldfg hut a= zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–# 105/- #!$= >Ldfg ljho a= dfemL sf7df8f}F 100/-
@&#= >Ldfg nfnwg zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–# 105/- #!%= >Ldfg gfo/0feQm dfnL sf7df8f}F 100/-
@&$= >Ldfg 8Da/ a= zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–% 105/- #!^= oltsd l8li6«Jo'6;{ sf7df8f}F 101/-
@&%= >LdtL s[i0fs'df/L zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–@ 105/- #!&= W.I.I.C. sf7df8f}F 101/-
@&^= >Ldfg xif{ Hof]lt zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–^ 105/- #!*= PA.INTERNATIONAL sf7df8f}F 101/-
@&&= >Ldfg gGbnfn zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–% 107/- #!(= >Ldfg ljBf/Tg zfSo sf7df8f}F 101/-
@&*= >Ldfg wgk|ef zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–% 101/- #@)= H.H. PHARMA sf7df8f}F 108/-
@&(= >Ldfg k'0f{s'df/L zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–% 101/- #@!= >L lszf]/s'df/ zfSo sf7df8f}F 100/-
@*)= >Ldfg z+v/Tg zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–% 101/- #@@= >L nlnt clwsf/L pnf{af/L–@ 101/-
@*!= >Ldfg lbks zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–% 101/- #@#= >Ldfg nlnt/fh j}B x]6f}F8f 101/-
@*@= >Ldfg sfhLnfn tfd|fsf/ ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–# 101/- #@$= >Ldfg hfgsL k|= k/fh'nL b'uf{k'/, emfkf 101/-
@*#= >Ldfg hugfy pbf; ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–# 100/- #@%= k|ldnf >]i7 s'n]Zj/ 101/-
@*$= >Ldfg lty{/fh zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–$ 101/- #@^= >Ldfg /fh ls/0f s'= zfSo ag]kf 101/-
@*%= >LdtL /Tgs'df/L zfSo ef]hk'/, 6S;f/–@ 101/- #@&= >LdtL leddfof zfSo ag]kf 101/-
@*^= >LdtL rGb|dfof pbf; latf{df]8 101/- #@*= >Ldfg led/fh zfSo ag]kf 101/-
@*&= >Ldfg horGb| pbf; latf{df]8 101/- #@(= u0f]zs'df/L tfd|fsf/ sf7df8f}F 256/-
@**= >Ldfg ad a= pbf; latf{df]8 101/- ##)= ufoqL tfd|fsf/ sf7df8f}F 102/-
@*(= nIdL ef8f k;n latf{df]8 101/- ##!= ;l/tf tfd|fsf/ sf7df8f}F 101/-
@()= >Ldfg t]h/Tg zfSo eb|k'/–!@ 101/- ##@= sNkgf tfd|fsf/ sf7df8f}F 101/-
@(!= >Ldfg 5q a= >]i7 n]6fª 101/- ###= lgnd tfd|fsf/ sf7df8f}F 101/-
292 >Ldfg /fdsfhL zfSo pnf{af/L–# 101/- ##$= ldgf t'nfw/ sf7df8f}F 111/-
120

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
335 >Ldfg /f]zg zfSo eb|k'/ 101/- 345 >Ldfg s[i0f a= tfd|fsf/ lj/f6gu/–# 111/-
336 >Ldfg eQm a= u'?ª pnf{af/L–@ 101/- 346 >Ldfg x]d/fh zfSo lj/f6gu/–@ 105/-
337 >Ldfg sNof0f/fh e08f/L pnf{af/L–$ 101/- 347 >Ldfg /fhnfn zfx pnf{af/L 101/-
338 >Ldfg s[i0f >]i7 pnf{af/L–$ 101/- 348 ;'>L alatf pbf; pnf{af/L–$ 101/-
339 >LdtL k|Hjnf zfSo w/fg–!@ 101/- 349 /Tg a= ah|frfo{;Fu
3700/-
/x]sf] /l;baf6
340 /fwfs[i0f tfd|fsf/ bds 101/- 350 ljxf/ ;~rfngaf6 1000/-
341 u0f]z s'df/L sf7df8f}F 101/- 351 s6]/f, 58, af]/f
4172/-
ljqmLaf6
342 lgnd tfd|fsf/ sf7df8f}F 105/- s'n cfo 196445485/
343 lznzf]ef tfd|fsf/ ef]hk'/, 6S;f/ 105/- s'n Joo 196445485/-
344 !!* hgf >4fn'af6 p7]sf] 385120 252 ;f;+b >L e/tdf]xg lj/f6gu/ 12000/-
clwsf/L
253 :j= >L uf]kfn s'= pnf{af/L–# 8041/-
zfSo
254 >LdtL nIdLb]jL zfSo w/fg 10000/-
emofnx?sf] kNnf /
k+vf
cfo
Joo
21041/-
20041/-
art 1000/-
@)%@ ;fndf tof/ ul/Psf] 6\jfO{n]6 afy?d agfpgsf nflu rGbf lbg'x'g] bftfx?sf] gfdfjnL o; k|sf/ 5 .
qm=;+ gfd y/ 7]ufgf ?= k}=
1 >L eQmaxfb'/ zfSo pnf{af/L–# 5504
2 @)$(÷)%) ;fnsf] a'4 k"hfaf6 hDdf ePsf] 2950
3 >L /fdaxfb'/ zfSo pnf{af/L–@ 500
4 >L wd{/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 400
5 >L wd{/Tg zfSo pnf{af/L–# 400
6 >L b]jnfn zfSo pnf{af/L–# 200
7 >L 5qaxfb'/ zfSo pnf{af/L–# 200
8 >L 8Da/ zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 200
9 >L b]js'df/ zfSo pnf{af/L–$ 200
10 >L b'uf{/fh zfSo ky/L–! 200
11 >L lblnk rf}w/L pnf{af/L–# 190
12 >L b'uf{k|;fb k/fh'nL pnf{af/L–$ 185
13 >L ods'df/ >]i7 pnf{af/L–@ 183
14 >L lbns'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–# 150
15 :j= u+uf/fd zfSo pnf{af/L–# 129
cfDbfgL 11591
vr{ 11493
art 98
121

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
:joDe' r}To a'4ljxf/sf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{x'g] dxfg'efjx?sf] gfdfjfnL @)&)
!_ vfg]kfgL, wf/f, Nofl6«g, afy?d Joj:yf ug'{x'g]–;+:yfks cWoIf :j= eQmaxfb'/ / :j=
xif{nIdL zfSo pnf{af/L–#
@_ hUufbftf :j= nfnaxfb'/ zfSosf ;'k'q /fd a= zfSo pnf{af/L–$ af6 )–!–!) w'/ hUuf
k|bfg .
#_ blIf0ftkm{sf] tNnf] tnf # sf]7f lgdf{0f ug'{x'g]–rf}sLnfn lwdfn, pnf{af/L–$
$_ uf]j4{g zfSo / eQmnIdL zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %!,)))÷–
%_ /fhs'df/ zfSo / lbgf zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %),)))÷–
^_ ef]nfdfg >]i7 pnf{af/L–$ ?= %),)))÷–
&_ s'df/ >]i7 pnf{af/L–$ ?= %),)))÷–
*_ lbg]z zfSo pnf{af/L–@ ?= %),)))÷–
(_ ;lrg zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %!,)))÷–
!)_ pborGb| zfSo / k|ldnf zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %),)))÷–
!!_ leIf' ;'j]wfjtL w/fg ?= #%,)))÷–
!@_ kbds'df/ zfSo pnf{af/L–@ ?= @%,)))÷–
!#_ lbns'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= @%,)))÷–
!$_ dlgif /fO{ pnf{af/L–# ?= @%,)))÷–
!%_ wd{/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–$ ?= !%,%%%÷–
!^_ uf]kfn/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–@ ?= !),)))÷–
!&_ eQm/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–$ ?= !),)))÷–
!*_ u0f]zs'df/L pbf; pnf{af/L–$ ?= !),)))÷–
!(_ t]haxfb'/ yfkf pnf{af/L–! ?= !!,&!%÷–
@)_ u0f]z zfSo latf{df]8 ?= !@,%))
@!_ k|sfz v8\uL pnf{af/L–$ ?=@),)))÷–
@@_ pd]z zfSo pnf{af/L–$ ?=!!,!!)÷–
@#_ b]jnfn zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= !),)))÷–
@$_ nIdLb]jL zfSo w/fg–& ?= %,)))÷–
@%_ b]jLk|;fb k|wfg pnf{af/L–! ?= %,)))÷–
@^_ nId0f pbf; sf7df8f}F ?= %,)))÷–
@&_ /fhs'df/ zfSo pnf{af/L–$ ?= %,)))÷–
@*_ xs{s'df/ zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %,)))÷–
@(_ Kof/Ls'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %,)))÷–
#)_ 5qdfg zfSo ky/L–! ?= %,)))÷–
122

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
#!_ lx/fnfn zfSo pnf{af/L–@ ?= %,)))÷–
#@_ /fddfof xNjfO{ latf{df]8 ?= (,)))÷–
##_ ;'Gb/ zfSo s[i0fdlGb/ ?= %,)))÷–
#$_ hLjg zfSo pnf{af/L–$ ?= %,)))÷–
#%_ wgaxfb'/ zfSo pnf{af/L–$ ?= %,)))÷–
#^_ dLgaxfb'/ etfh' pnf{af/L–! ?= %,)))÷–
#&_ k'iknfn zfSo pnf{af/L–@ ?= %,)))÷–
#*_ ;TonIdL >]i7 pnf{af/L–@ ?= %,)))÷–
#(_ 5qaxfb'/ zfSo pnfaf/L–# ?= %,))%÷–
$)_ afns[i0f zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %,)%$÷–
$!_ 8Da/ a= zfSo pnf{af/L–$ ?= %,))!÷–
$@_ w'j| zfSo pnf{af/L–@ ?= %,)))÷–
$#_ /fhz zfSo ky/L–! ?= %,)))÷–
$$_ hLjg ah|frfo{ bds–!! ?= %,%%%÷–
$%_ /dfb]jL ah|frfo{ bds–!! ?= %,))!÷–
$^_ l6sfb]jL zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %,)))÷–
$&_ /fh]Gb| zfSo pnf{af/L–# ?= %,)))÷–
$*_ df]ltnfn zfSo 6S;f/–% ?= %,)))÷–
$(_ :j= 8Da/s'df/L zfSo jo/jg–$ ?= %,!))÷–
%)_ :j= afns'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–@ ?= %,!)%÷–
%!_ uh]Gb| / lx/fb]jL >]i7 pnf{af/L–% ?= %,))%÷–
%@_ lbns'df/L ah|frfo{ em'Dsf ?= *,))!÷–
%#_ nfv] ;d"x, pnf{af/Laf6
?= @&,#^*÷–
%$_ kbd >]i7 pnf{af/L–@ ?= %,%%%÷–
%%_ w/fg a'4 ljxf/ ?= %,)))÷–
%^_ dflyNnf] tnfsf] k+vf jfol/ª 1fg]Gb| zfSo pnf{af/L–@
%&_ a'4 d'lt{ dflysf] tf]0f{
b]jnfn zfSoaf6
%*_ lrafsf] !)* £ojf{ 5qdfg zfSo ky/Laf6
kfksf] kmn ef]ug' gk/];Dd d"v{n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] v/fa sfdnfO{ dx h:tf] 7fG5, t/ kfksf] kmn ef]Ug'
kbf{ b'M lvt x'G5 .
wDdkb .
123

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
zfSo af}4 ;dfh ;]jf pnf{af/Ldf cfj4 /xg'x'g] ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjfnL tyf kmf]g g+=
qm=;= gfdy/ 7]ufgf kmd{sf] gfd kmf]g÷df]= g+=
!= df]tL/Tg zfSo pnf{af/L–$ (*!(#^&%)@
@= ;'jf; zfSo pnf{af/L–$ ;"o{ sdn lgdf{0f ;]jf (*!@#$%#)@
#= ;'/]z zfSo pnf{af/L–$ )@!%$)%!&÷(*%@)#@^@@
$= 1fg]Gb| zfSo pnf{af/L–% nIdL Hjn/L (*$@)%)*@#÷)@!%$)($#
%= ;'Gb/nfn zfSo pnf{af/L–% s[i0f efF8f k;n )@!%$)@$#÷(*$@)&!^@$
^= czf]s zfSo pnf{af/L–% (*)$#$*^^@
&= kbd zfSo pnf{af/L–% zfSo d]l8l;g ;]G6/ (*$(($(@%%÷)@!%$!)%@
*= a'4 /Tg zfSo pnf{af/L–% (*)*@#**)$
(= s[i0f a= zfSo pnf{af/L–% (*$@@)))(%
!)= w'j{ zfSo pnf{af/L–% em/gf xf]6n P08 nh )@!%$)!&$
!!= k'iknfn zfSo pnf{af/L–% zfSo d]l8sf] (*$@#$*#((
!@= s[i0fs'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–% OGb|]0fL cfNd'lgod P08 )@!%$)&#&÷(*)%#$#!#&
-lbg]z_
l:6n k|m]las]zg
!#= lx/fnfn zfSo pnf{af/L–% a'4 efF8f k;n (*$@@)!)&)
!$= pQd zfSo pnf{af/L–% (*)&)(*$*%
!%= k|lbk zfSo pnf{af/L–% k|lbk ;'–;]G6/ (*!$(!%#!@÷)@!–%$!#&@
!^= /fh]Gb| zfSo pnf{af/L–% cf/=P;= OlGhlgol/ª
sG;N6]06
!&= lbns'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–^ zfSo :6f]/ P08 cfO;lqmd
kfn{/
!*= xs{s'df/ zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*$@@)#@%%
!(= eQm/Tg zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*$@)()!!^
@)= ho/fd zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*)&)*!$(^
@!= sd{/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–^ sNkgf xf]6n (*$@!^#$*^
@@= uf}/Ldfg zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*)$)#!@@)
(*!^#&!%^&÷)@!%$!@&^
(*$@)@#%%#÷(*!##%#*#*
@#= ci6dfof zfSo pnf{af/L–^ jfu]Zj/L kmf]6f] :6'l8of] )@!%$)#!!÷)@!–%$))!!
-/Tgdfg_
@$= 5q a= zfSo pnf{af/L–^ )@!%$)^#)
@%= lgns'df/ zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*)$)(&%*!
@^= afns[i0f zfSo pnf{af/L–^ :joDe" efF8f k;n (*$@&)%##$
@&= uf]j4{g zfSo pnf{af/L–^ Go" zfSo d]l8sn ;le{; )@!%$))&*÷)@!$)))*
@*= b]jnfn zfSo pnf{af/L–^ ;Ktsf]zL efF8f k;n )@!%$))*)÷(*!(#(@(!#
@(= pborGb| zfSo pnf{af/L–^ zfSo kmfd]{;L )@!%$)#^!÷(*)&)$)(^!
#)= ljZj zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*$@#@@)#(
124

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
#!= lszf]/ zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*!$#**%^!
#@= xl/dfof zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*$@!*(^*$
##= /fhs'df/ zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*$@)*%)*^÷)@!%$)#$&
#$= l6sfb]jL zfSo pnf{af/L–^ ;Gb]z ls/fgf P08 u]d (*$@!(&)^#÷(*!&#&&^%#
hf]g
#%= s[i0fsnf zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*$@#!(!(#÷(*)&)#!)^)
#^= u+uf zfSo pnf{af/L–^ (*!)%(%%^(
#&= ;lrg zfSo pnf{af/L–^ ;"o{sdn lgdf{0f ;]jf (*$@)$&$*$÷(*)$)(&$(^
#*= ;fg'sfhL zfSo pnf{af/L–^ ;j' OG6/kfOh]h (*$@%**#%!
#(= eQm/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–& l/of Ao'6L kfn{/ )@!%$!##^÷(*$@)#@!&!
$)= lx/fsfhL zfSo pnf{af/L–& (*)&)@^)&!
$!= czf]s s'df/ pnf{af/L–& clhdf lsrgj]o/ (*$@!$!*)!
ah|frfo{
$@= wg a= zfSo pnf{af/L–& Go" zfSo j:qfno )@!%$!*!@÷(*$@!@)&@(
$#= /fh]Gb| zfSo pnf{af/L–& cf/=s]= 6fOd ;]G6/ (*$@)^!$^%
$$= sNkgf zfSo pnf{af/L–& (*!(#&%&$&
$%= O{Zj/ nfn pbf;
-zfSo_
pnf{af/L–&
O{Zj/ ;lkª ;]G6/ P08
Hj]n;{
pbf; efF8f k;n
(*$@)@!)@(÷)@!%$)#*(
$^= /fhs'df/ zfSo pnf{af/L–& zfSo sf]6f ;]G6/ )@!%$)%&&÷(*$@)&*$!&
$&= wd{/fh zfSo pnf{af/L–& zfSo /]l8d]8 km]G;L :6f]{; )@!%$)#)*÷(*$@)%)*^&
$*= 8Da/ zfSo pnf{af/L–& (*$@!^&(&&
$(= s0f{ s'df/L zfSo pnf{af/L–& (*$@)&@%#&
%)= k~rHof]lt zfSo pnf{af/L–& (*)&)@^)&!
%!= /d]z s'df/ zfSo ky/L cg'k/fh efF8f k;n )@!%%%#^!÷(*$@)&(^)&
%@= 5qdfg zfSo ky/L )@!%%%#))÷(*$@%*!&%%
%#= b'uf{ zfSo ky/L )@!%%%!&*÷(*!@##^%%$
%$= wd{/Tg zfSo s[i0fdlGb/ lglstf efF8f k;n )@!%$)*(*÷(*$@!%#!))
%%= g/]Gb| zfSo bds ;'/h 6]n;{ )@#%*#%$*÷(*$@^(#)!!
%^= l;tf ah|frfo{ bds (*)$(*))@)
%&= lty{s'df/L ah|frfo{ bds hLjg d]l8sn )@#%*)#^$÷(*$@^@)()@
%*= b'uf{ zfSo bds bds :6'l8of] )@#%*@)%*÷(*^@^@^%)@
%(= /df ah|frfo{ bds kflye/f efF8f k;n )@#%*!#^$÷(*%@^&)@(@
^)= pd]z zfSo bds leu' k;n )@#%*#%^$÷(*$@^*((^!
^!= ;'Gb/ zfSo bds ;'dg lsrg u'8\; P08
dd{t s]Gb|
(*$@^@)%%@
125

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
^@= lnnfb]jL zfSo bds (*^)$(&#(#
^#= t'nf/fd zfSo bds (*$@)*$&$#
^$= lji0f' zfSo dfOwf/ )@#$!))!^
^%= nIdLb]jL zfSo dfOwf/ (*$@()%(@^
^^= lji0f' nIdL zfSo dfOwf/ (*)^)%)&*%
^&= u0f]zs'df/ zfSo latf{df]8 s]=hL=efF8f k;n )@#%$!)^!÷(*%@^&@(*(
^*= /Tg dl0f zfSo latf{df]8 )@#%$@(%(÷(*$@&*^$*(
126

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
eGt] u'?dfx?sf] cfjf;sf nflu xfd|f] cfufdL of]hgf
127

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
bftfx?sf] k|ltIffdf :joDe" r}To a'4 dxflaxf/
pnf{af/L g=kf=–&, df]/ª
128

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
cfjZos l6kf]6
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129

:joDe' r}To a'4 dxfljxf/
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