Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...

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passes poor health and education values on to children already at high risk of exclusion. 4. Kosovo-RAE minorities: Kosovo- RAE communities are the face of exclusion in Kosovo. They have the highest exclusion rates from factor markets (40.6 percent cannot access any factor markets compared to just 8 percent of Kosovans in general). Nearly 60 percent are excluded from basic goods and services, unable to meet their critical needs, compared to a 21.1 percent Kosovo average. Kosovo-RAE households experience above average rates of unemployment (58 percent versus 48 percent), with 75 per cent of male youth aged 15-24 unemployed. Only 8 percent of working Kosovo-Roma hold managerial positions in comparison to 13.9 percent of ethnic Kosovo-Serbs and 15.8 percent of other minority groups. Kosovo- RAE children are the most excluded from education, with a quarter not attending primary school at all and two thirds or more not in secondary school. Only 1.4 per cent of Kosovo-RAE women and men attended or have finished high school and a tiny minority have completed or even attended university. At least 16 percent of Kosovo-RAE are illiterate, rising to one quarter among Kosovo-RAE women. The participation rate of Kosovo-RAE in public offices is just 8 percent of non-Serb ethnic minorities, while they compose more than one third of non-Serb minority population. For Kosovo-RAE living in the Mitrovicë/Mitrovica region, heavy metal poisoning from lead contamination is destroying their health and weakening capacity to escape exclusion. All Kosovo- 96 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010 RAE children living near contaminated areas show deeply damaging levels of lead in their blood. The greatest problem that Kosovo-RAE families face, however, is socio-cultural. They are alienated from wider Kosovo society, frequently discriminated against, unrepresented and ignored. Inexistent opportunities for integration perpetuate exclusion. However, social inclusion in Kosovo cannot move forward if they are left behind. A Kosovo-RAE female child living in a temporary camp in Mitrovicë/Mitrovica is the most excluded individual in Kosovo, and deserves the greatest level of support. 5. People with special needs: only 10 percent of children with special needs are in mainstream education due to alienation, lack of adequate facilities and access and inability to travel. Employment is precluded to the physically disabled without adequate urban infrastructure and facilities to enable their access and work. This exposes the disabled to poverty in the absence of access to other factor markets (particularly in secondary towns and cities where factor markets other than employment and business are limited). The high cost of drugs, unavailability of specialist medical care and inaccessibility of healthcare centres also excludes many disabled people from healthcare that could improve their life opportunities. (iii) Policy responses cannot address “(...) we must put people themselves first, and develop their untapped potential. Human capital is Kosovo’s greatest asset – from the vibrancy and enterprise of its youth – to the diversity of its cultural and ethnic heritage (...)” Osnat Lubrani, Editorial in “Koha Ditore”, December 2010
these sectors, groups or governance structures in isolation Taking into account the realities of social exclusion in Kosovo, the following lessons can be drawn for future policy models: 6.3 Recommendations for policy change • Develop a Kosovo-wide development framework for social inclusion: Kosovo’s goal of fully-recognized nationhood depends on the performance of the public administration in providing critical services to the population and strengthening trust and confidence in governance through expanding the public debate on policy making. To effectively address the goals of social inclusion, Kosovo should set Pacing and prioritization in motion the design of a Kosovowide human development strategy to reduce social inequalities and enhance people’s capabilities and opportunities. The implementation of this framework, supported Progress towards legislative alignment with European standards should be paced according to Kosovo’s capacity to implement. Over-legislation without implementation aggravates exclusion, by raising false expectations and decreasing political will to act. Reframed perspectives Economic reform must be tempered from a social policy perspective, i.e., increases in GDP cannot automatically expand the labour market and employment on its own does not protect from poverty. Holistic approaches Sectoral reforms in health, education and employment should be approached holistically, to understand how key interventions in one area can reinforce policy goals for the excluded in another and so make better use of limited resources. Outreach The process of legislative reform must promote active e�ort from excluded social groups and authorities to engage on interests. Assuming that participation is desired ignores the element of self-exclusion; repeated and sensitive outreach is needed to encourage participation. Self-reliance Intemal sustainability must be a goal of social assistance programmers, NGOs and community consultation mechanisms. by Kosovo’s international partners, should institutionalize an annual process of reviewing and reformulating Kosovo-wide priorities for social inclusion to strategically align the policy and programme priorities of the line ministries and guide them in activating their own development frameworks from strategic higher-level direction. • Institute high-level leadership for social inclusion to promote cross-sectoral collaboration: in the absence of effective leadership FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 97
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The views expressed in this report
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VI specific difficulties that group
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Abbreviations ALMP Active Labour Ma
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The UN’s Human Development Report
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agents without any true sense of ow
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Contents Foreword .................
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to its society. A dramatic effort t
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entated basis for examination of so
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services. The chapter examines spec
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Table 1.1 Low income and the launch
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Ineffective institutional support m
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1 2 3 4 “The basic purpose of dev
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Table Human Development Index (HDI)
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CHAPTER 2 Economic and labour marke
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managed to increase its public expe
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absence of material well-being and
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not protect from exclusion from goo
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more than half of its members who a
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FIGURe 75 percent of male youth age
Page 43 and 44: Education: the probability of exclu
Page 45 and 46: lower access to services than urban
Page 47 and 48: contract enforcement and privatizat
Page 49 and 50: produce a high risk of social exclu
Page 51 and 52: 3.1 Access to education and exclusi
Page 53 and 54: ns of exclusion as well the composi
Page 55 and 56: sive education depends on deep coop
Page 57 and 58: point these groups more precisely,
Page 59 and 60: FIGURe 3.2 2004/05 2006/07 Grade 1
Page 61 and 62: Kosova Education Centre (KEC) was i
Page 63 and 64: learning in its legislative framewo
Page 65 and 66: 4.1 CHAPTER 4 Health care services
Page 67 and 68: ported deaths. However, Kosovo face
Page 69 and 70: the same levels of difficulties as
Page 71 and 72: to healthcare. For many, it is simp
Page 73 and 74: 4.4 Promoting inclusion in healthca
Page 75 and 76: 5.1 Political participation and exc
Page 77 and 78: for all Kosovans, the level of publ
Page 79 and 80: the Department for Registration and
Page 81 and 82: were women. 188 In minority communi
Page 83 and 84: with the mayor and his job, two thi
Page 85 and 86: Table 5.6 % of respondents attendin
Page 87: public meetings are not always the
Page 90 and 91: • and created Human Development S
Page 92 and 93: tion against certain ethnic groups
Page 96 and 97: and cross-ministerial collaboration
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Page 100 and 101: The under-five infant mortality rat
Page 103 and 104: Human Development Index according t
Page 105 and 106: Introduction 1 Preparing for a futu
Page 107 and 108: 65 USAID and Swiss Cooperation Offi
Page 109: gagement.pdf. 156 See Civic Capacit
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