Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...

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incomes, pregnant women and new mothers among the Kosovo- RAE and other low-income groups. (ii) Tailor health information strategies to the most excluded, working at local level with other sectors • Implement locally-targeted public health campaigns: since health exclusion has many very specific local manifestations, local health mobilization and information campaigns should be developed to increase health promoting and health seeking behavior, as well as improving the quality of service delivery. Health information systems must be developed in such a way that socially excluded groups can both participate in their propagation and absorb critical facts. Municipal-level campaigns should ideally be crosssectoral, conducted in partnership with other local authorities (for example, Environment and Spatial Planning, Labour and Social Welfare and Education, Science and Technology), and other non-traditional partners including the private sector (e.g. industry, coffee houses, hairdressers etc) and civil society. • Focus on preventative care: more funding should be allocated for preventive health care programmes where high-risk groups are identified, in order to improve health outcomes and reduce costs in the long-run. (iii) Earmark special programmes for the excluded • Develop special health projects 76 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010 specifically for and with poor and rural women, children, youth and Kosovo-RAE: raising the basic health levels of these most excluded groups should be a development priority for Kosovo and all its international partners. Special projects should be identified to support their access to primary health care services, basic quality reproductive health care services, maternal and child health and nutrition services (particularly to increase exclusive breastfeeding, youth-friendly health services and emergency care). The MOH should also provide earmarked funding for projects targeting critical and chronic health problems – such as long-term lead poisoning among Kosovo-RAE families in Mitrovicë/Mitrovica – and provide more transfers to poor municipalities where health challenges are more significant. • Implement legislation for the disabled: Kosovo should accelerate its implementation of the National Disability Action Plan for the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-2011 and report on its progress on an annual basis. Some priority areas that should be addressed include: implementation of additional health services for persons with disabilities to be included in the basic package of care (from early diagnostic to rehabilitation), provision of assistive devices for persons with disabilities and improving accessibility of healthcare providers.
5.1 Political participation and exclusion – the Kosovo paradox Political participation is a key concept of both political science theory and political practice. A basic value of democracy, it defines the way in which trust is built and maintained between governance and the governed. As with any relationship, political participation implies active effort – from authorities, to provide fora for public opinion and demonstrate political responsiveness, and from society, to take advantage of opportunities for political expression and provide regular feedback, including at the voting booth. The healthiest democracies are those in which the degree of effort is proportionate and consistent between both sides, and the widest range of participation is supported. Although democracy is, by definition, the most participatory and representative of all political systems, it naturally produces a bias in favour of majority groups, norms and values. Those CHAPTER 5 Political participation and exclusion “Without adequate levels of meaningful participation and representation, overall government performance and accountability will suffer, jeopardizing the establishment of an effective and responsive democratic system.” UNDP Kosovo Human Development Report 2004 with the greatest platforms for expression achieve the greatest representation in government. By definition, majorities have the most frequent opportunity to express their views and the greatest likelihood of generating a response. Inequality of representation and influence are, moreover, not “randomly distributed but systematically biased in favour of more privileged citizens – those with higher incomes, greater wealth, and better education – and against less advantaged citizens”. 153 This is a potential weakness of democracy, from the human development perspective. It requires corrective action by societies and governments, in the form of outreach to the socially weaker – often the poor, religious or ethnic minorities, people with special needs and, frequently, women. 154 Where such action is not taken, political exclusion is the result. As such, political exclusion and social exclusion are deeply connected and mutuallyreinforcing. 155 Socially excluded individuals and communities are less likely to turn out to vote and to participate in non-electoral ways in decision-making processes. 156 Unable to make their voices heard, and unconvinced that authorities are interested in their opinions, they sink out of public debate. They become politically invisible – last on the list for decent housing, services, jobs and future prospects. In this way, nations undermine their own capacity and potential. Kosovo’s record in this regard is strangely contradictory. Its legislation regarding political participation meets POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND EXCLUSION | 77
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The views expressed in this report
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VI specific difficulties that group
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Abbreviations ALMP Active Labour Ma
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The UN’s Human Development Report
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agents without any true sense of ow
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Contents Foreword .................
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to its society. A dramatic effort t
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entated basis for examination of so
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services. The chapter examines spec
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Table 1.1 Low income and the launch
Page 24 and 25: Ineffective institutional support m
Page 26 and 27: 1 2 3 4 “The basic purpose of dev
Page 28 and 29: Table Human Development Index (HDI)
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Economic and labour marke
Page 33 and 34: managed to increase its public expe
Page 35 and 36: absence of material well-being and
Page 37 and 38: not protect from exclusion from goo
Page 39 and 40: more than half of its members who a
Page 41 and 42: FIGURe 75 percent of male youth age
Page 43 and 44: Education: the probability of exclu
Page 45 and 46: lower access to services than urban
Page 47 and 48: contract enforcement and privatizat
Page 49 and 50: produce a high risk of social exclu
Page 51 and 52: 3.1 Access to education and exclusi
Page 53 and 54: ns of exclusion as well the composi
Page 55 and 56: sive education depends on deep coop
Page 57 and 58: point these groups more precisely,
Page 59 and 60: FIGURe 3.2 2004/05 2006/07 Grade 1
Page 61 and 62: Kosova Education Centre (KEC) was i
Page 63 and 64: learning in its legislative framewo
Page 65 and 66: 4.1 CHAPTER 4 Health care services
Page 67 and 68: ported deaths. However, Kosovo face
Page 69 and 70: the same levels of difficulties as
Page 71 and 72: to healthcare. For many, it is simp
Page 73: 4.4 Promoting inclusion in healthca
Page 77 and 78: for all Kosovans, the level of publ
Page 79 and 80: the Department for Registration and
Page 81 and 82: were women. 188 In minority communi
Page 83 and 84: with the mayor and his job, two thi
Page 85 and 86: Table 5.6 % of respondents attendin
Page 87: public meetings are not always the
Page 90 and 91: • and created Human Development S
Page 92 and 93: tion against certain ethnic groups
Page 94 and 95: passes poor health and education va
Page 96 and 97: and cross-ministerial collaboration
Page 98 and 99: to the success of this scheme, by,
Page 100 and 101: The under-five infant mortality rat
Page 103 and 104: Human Development Index according t
Page 105 and 106: Introduction 1 Preparing for a futu
Page 107 and 108: 65 USAID and Swiss Cooperation Offi
Page 109: gagement.pdf. 156 See Civic Capacit
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