Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...

absence of material well-being and inability
to meet critical needs. Individuals
or households then become reliant on
social safety nets and/or remittances.
(i) Exclusion from all factor markets:
the UNDP’s Kosovo Mosaic: Public Services
and Local Authorities in Focus survey
(2009) indicates that approximately
eight percent of Kosovans are excluded
from all sources of income as a worker,
land owner or employer and they are
not receiving any kind of factor incomes
such as wage, rent, and profits. 42
The labour market is the primary source
of access to factor markets: nearly half
of all Kosovans (42.7 percent) rely on
it without any other source of income
(e.g. business ownership or arable land).
Table
2.4
Types of exclusion from
factor markets
have all 8.3%
no arable land 12.2%
no business 22.2%
no arable land and no business 42.7%
unemployed 0.8%
no arable land and unemployed 0.5%
unemployed and have no
business
no arable land, no business and
no employment
5.6%
7.6%
Total 100.0%
Source: Calculated from Kosovo Mosaic Survey, UNDP 2009
(ii) Exclusion from basic goods and
services: this form of exclusion assumes
inability to afford a “minimum”
consumption sufficient to provide
the necessities of life. “Minimum”
consumption includes enough
food, shelter, clothing, basic health,
education and essential services to
give a person the minimum needed
for human decency. In Kosovo, as
assessed by the 2009 Kosovo Mosaic
Survey, it is calculated that 21 percent
of the population is excluded
from all basic goods and services.
Table 2.5 below examines in depth the
distribution of households’ exclusion
from basic goods and services based on
the lack of their access to different factor
markets. The data, once again, indicates
the extreme fragility of Kosovo’s labour
market. Those sheltered from the labour
market (i.e. business owners and land
owners) are, on the whole, able to meet
their critical needs. No business owners,
and only 2.7 percent of landowners, are
excluded from basic goods and services.
In addition, employment alone does
not protect from exclusion from goods
and services. The data show that 30.2
percent of those households excluded
from basic goods and services have one
employed member. This confirms that
the wages received are not always sufficient
to lift households from exclusion.
Similarly, 28.7 percent of those unable
to meet their critical needs are poor
despite access to both land and the
labour market. The vast majority - 85.9
percent - of those unable to meet their
most critical needs participate in factor
markets in one way or another.
Table
2.5
Percentage of households excluded from goods and
services with different access to factor markets
% of excluded % all Kosovo
Have all factor markets 8.0 1.7
have business and employment 4.6 1.0
have land and employment 28.7 6.1
have only employment 30.2 6.4
have land and business 1.8 0.4
have business 0.0 0.0
have only land 12.6 2.7
have no factor markets 14.1 3.0
TOTAL 100 21.2
ECONOMIC AND LABOUR MARKET EXCLUSION | 37