Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1 2 3 4 “The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people’s choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and can change over time. People often value achievements that do not show up at all, or not immediately, in income or growth figures: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms and sense of participation in community activities. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.” Mahbub ul Haq sensus - which dictated a set of standard reforms and their sequencing, often regardless of national realities. The human development approach advocates a holistic approach to development that must embrace a wide range of choices that people value: more income, greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms, a sense of participation in community activities, selfrespect and dignity. Economic growth, therefore, is only a means to better human welfare - not an end in itself. Human beings are not perceived merely as instruments for production through increasing human 28 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010 capital but as the ultimate focus of development. The causal link between economic growth and improved wellbeing does not arise automatically, but rather has to be created consciously through public policies. These policies should be tailored for each context but based on the simultaneous, not sequential, achievement of four fundamental principles: Efficiency/productivity: the optimal use of human capital through investment in the education, health, aspirations and skills of people as well as efficient use of resources. Equity: distributive justice and the fair distribution of incomes and assets through equal access to opportunities. Sustainability: concern for not only present generations but future ones as well. Empowerment/participation: enabling people to attain a level of individual development that allows them to make choices close to their hearts. Freedom has both a constitutive value (value by itself ) and an instrumental value (as a means to efficiency and to equity). Social inclusion complements the human development lens in a number of ways. It recognizes the significance of social processes of active and passive exclusion and the role of informal as well as formal institutions in addressing exclusion. Under the social inclusion concept, linkages can more easily be drawn between traditional governance structures – national or-
ganizations and laws - and vital but less tangible social concepts such as values, trust, networks, family ties and friendships. The concept therefore enables a more detailed and tailored approach to human development, particularly in contexts where inequalities are both institutionalized and part of the social fabric. Human development strategies can, as a result, become more targeted to address the particular forms of discrimination, powerlessness, lacking or inadequate legal and policy frameworks and accountability failures that exclude some individuals and groups from their fundamental human rights. b o x 1.1 Social Exclusion/Inclusion and Human Development: Comparison of Two Complementary Concepts • The two concepts are complementary in policy terms: human development bears a stronger focus on what needs to be achieved; while social inclusion focuses on how it should be achieved. • Social inclusion adds the process dimension of exclusion (the agents, groups, and institutions that exclude) to the human development concept. • A social inclusion perspective can thus help sharpen strategies for achieving human development by addressing the discrimination, exclusion, powerlessness and accountability failures that lie at the root of poverty and other development problems. • Social exclusion can limit freedoms and choices, both as a process and as an outcome, thus reducing human development. • Inclusion is therefore an essential precursor to universal human development. 1.4 Lessons for Kosovo The correlation between social exclusion and human development carries important lessons for Kosovo. Despite recent improvement, Kosovo’s human development index (HDI) – a critical measure of progress for people – is the lowest in the region. This suggests that social exclusion in Kosovo is perhaps hindering a critical reform and recovery process in a range of ways that are, as yet, poorly understood. A comparison of the individual components of the HDI in the region (see Table 1.2 below) reveals that Kosovo’s poor performance on this account is mainly due to the fact that it has the lowest GNI per capita and the lowest Life Expectancy rate in the region. The results of this comparison are not surprising. Poverty in Kosovo is widespread. About 45 percent (just over 2 in 5 Kosovans) live below the poverty line, which is set at 43 EUR per month. Health indicators are among the worst in the region. The under-five infant mortality, in particular, estimated at 35- 40 per 1,000 live births is the highest in Europe. Yet, there has been recent improvement in Kosovo’s HDI, which points to some possible policy directions. From 2007 to 2010, Kosovo’s HDI increased marginally from 0.678 to 0.700. This im- SOCIAL INCLUSION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - A CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND | 29
Page 1: The views expressed in this report
Page 4 and 5: VI specific difficulties that group
Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations ALMP Active Labour Ma
Page 9 and 10: The UN’s Human Development Report
Page 11 and 12: agents without any true sense of ow
Page 13: Contents Foreword .................
Page 16 and 17: to its society. A dramatic effort t
Page 18 and 19: entated basis for examination of so
Page 20 and 21: services. The chapter examines spec
Page 22 and 23: Table 1.1 Low income and the launch
Page 24 and 25: Ineffective institutional support m
Page 28 and 29: Table Human Development Index (HDI)
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Economic and labour marke
Page 33 and 34: managed to increase its public expe
Page 35 and 36: absence of material well-being and
Page 37 and 38: not protect from exclusion from goo
Page 39 and 40: more than half of its members who a
Page 41 and 42: FIGURe 75 percent of male youth age
Page 43 and 44: Education: the probability of exclu
Page 45 and 46: lower access to services than urban
Page 47 and 48: contract enforcement and privatizat
Page 49 and 50: produce a high risk of social exclu
Page 51 and 52: 3.1 Access to education and exclusi
Page 53 and 54: ns of exclusion as well the composi
Page 55 and 56: sive education depends on deep coop
Page 57 and 58: point these groups more precisely,
Page 59 and 60: FIGURe 3.2 2004/05 2006/07 Grade 1
Page 61 and 62: Kosova Education Centre (KEC) was i
Page 63 and 64: learning in its legislative framewo
Page 65 and 66: 4.1 CHAPTER 4 Health care services
Page 67 and 68: ported deaths. However, Kosovo face
Page 69 and 70: the same levels of difficulties as
Page 71 and 72: to healthcare. For many, it is simp
Page 73 and 74: 4.4 Promoting inclusion in healthca
Page 75 and 76: 5.1 Political participation and exc
Page 77 and 78:
for all Kosovans, the level of publ
Page 79 and 80:
the Department for Registration and
Page 81 and 82:
were women. 188 In minority communi
Page 83 and 84:
with the mayor and his job, two thi
Page 85 and 86:
Table 5.6 % of respondents attendin
Page 87:
public meetings are not always the
Page 90 and 91:
• and created Human Development S
Page 92 and 93:
tion against certain ethnic groups
Page 94 and 95:
passes poor health and education va
Page 96 and 97:
and cross-ministerial collaboration
Page 98 and 99:
to the success of this scheme, by,
Page 100 and 101:
The under-five infant mortality rat
Page 103 and 104:
Human Development Index according t
Page 105 and 106:
Introduction 1 Preparing for a futu
Page 107 and 108:
65 USAID and Swiss Cooperation Offi
Page 109:
gagement.pdf. 156 See Civic Capacit
show all

Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?