Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...
Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ... Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...
1 2 3 4 “The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people’s choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and can change over time. People often value achievements that do not show up at all, or not immediately, in income or growth figures: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms and sense of participation in community activities. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.” Mahbub ul Haq sensus - which dictated a set of standard reforms and their sequencing, often regardless of national realities. The human development approach advocates a holistic approach to development that must embrace a wide range of choices that people value: more income, greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms, a sense of participation in community activities, selfrespect and dignity. Economic growth, therefore, is only a means to better human welfare - not an end in itself. Human beings are not perceived merely as instruments for production through increasing human 28 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010 capital but as the ultimate focus of development. The causal link between economic growth and improved wellbeing does not arise automatically, but rather has to be created consciously through public policies. These policies should be tailored for each context but based on the simultaneous, not sequential, achievement of four fundamental principles: Efficiency/productivity: the optimal use of human capital through investment in the education, health, aspirations and skills of people as well as efficient use of resources. Equity: distributive justice and the fair distribution of incomes and assets through equal access to opportunities. Sustainability: concern for not only present generations but future ones as well. Empowerment/participation: enabling people to attain a level of individual development that allows them to make choices close to their hearts. Freedom has both a constitutive value (value by itself ) and an instrumental value (as a means to efficiency and to equity). Social inclusion complements the human development lens in a number of ways. It recognizes the significance of social processes of active and passive exclusion and the role of informal as well as formal institutions in addressing exclusion. Under the social inclusion concept, linkages can more easily be drawn between traditional governance structures – national or-
ganizations and laws - and vital but less tangible social concepts such as values, trust, networks, family ties and friendships. The concept therefore enables a more detailed and tailored approach to human development, particularly in contexts where inequalities are both institutionalized and part of the social fabric. Human development strategies can, as a result, become more targeted to address the particular forms of discrimination, powerlessness, lacking or inadequate legal and policy frameworks and accountability failures that exclude some individuals and groups from their fundamental human rights. b o x 1.1 Social Exclusion/Inclusion and Human Development: Comparison of Two Complementary Concepts • The two concepts are complementary in policy terms: human development bears a stronger focus on what needs to be achieved; while social inclusion focuses on how it should be achieved. • Social inclusion adds the process dimension of exclusion (the agents, groups, and institutions that exclude) to the human development concept. • A social inclusion perspective can thus help sharpen strategies for achieving human development by addressing the discrimination, exclusion, powerlessness and accountability failures that lie at the root of poverty and other development problems. • Social exclusion can limit freedoms and choices, both as a process and as an outcome, thus reducing human development. • Inclusion is therefore an essential precursor to universal human development. 1.4 Lessons for Kosovo The correlation between social exclusion and human development carries important lessons for Kosovo. Despite recent improvement, Kosovo’s human development index (HDI) – a critical measure of progress for people – is the lowest in the region. This suggests that social exclusion in Kosovo is perhaps hindering a critical reform and recovery process in a range of ways that are, as yet, poorly understood. A comparison of the individual components of the HDI in the region (see Table 1.2 below) reveals that Kosovo’s poor performance on this account is mainly due to the fact that it has the lowest GNI per capita and the lowest Life Expectancy rate in the region. The results of this comparison are not surprising. Poverty in Kosovo is widespread. About 45 percent (just over 2 in 5 Kosovans) live below the poverty line, which is set at 43 EUR per month. Health indicators are among the worst in the region. The under-five infant mortality, in particular, estimated at 35- 40 per 1,000 live births is the highest in Europe. Yet, there has been recent improvement in Kosovo’s HDI, which points to some possible policy directions. From 2007 to 2010, Kosovo’s HDI increased marginally from 0.678 to 0.700. This im- SOCIAL INCLUSION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - A CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND | 29
- Page 1: The views expressed in this report
- Page 4 and 5: VI specific difficulties that group
- Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations ALMP Active Labour Ma
- Page 9 and 10: The UN’s Human Development Report
- Page 11 and 12: agents without any true sense of ow
- Page 13: Contents Foreword .................
- Page 16 and 17: to its society. A dramatic effort t
- Page 18 and 19: entated basis for examination of so
- Page 20 and 21: services. The chapter examines spec
- Page 22 and 23: Table 1.1 Low income and the launch
- Page 24 and 25: Ineffective institutional support m
- Page 28 and 29: Table Human Development Index (HDI)
- Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Economic and labour marke
- Page 33 and 34: managed to increase its public expe
- Page 35 and 36: absence of material well-being and
- Page 37 and 38: not protect from exclusion from goo
- Page 39 and 40: more than half of its members who a
- Page 41 and 42: FIGURe 75 percent of male youth age
- Page 43 and 44: Education: the probability of exclu
- Page 45 and 46: lower access to services than urban
- Page 47 and 48: contract enforcement and privatizat
- Page 49 and 50: produce a high risk of social exclu
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- Page 55 and 56: sive education depends on deep coop
- Page 57 and 58: point these groups more precisely,
- Page 59 and 60: FIGURe 3.2 2004/05 2006/07 Grade 1
- Page 61 and 62: Kosova Education Centre (KEC) was i
- Page 63 and 64: learning in its legislative framewo
- Page 65 and 66: 4.1 CHAPTER 4 Health care services
- Page 67 and 68: ported deaths. However, Kosovo face
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1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
“The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people’s choices. In principle, these choices can be<br />
infinite and can change over time. People often value achievements that do not show up at all, or not<br />
immediately, in income or growth figures: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health<br />
services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours,<br />
political and cultural freedoms and sense of participation in community activities. The objective of<br />
development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.”<br />
Mahbub ul Haq<br />
sensus - which dictated a set of standard<br />
reforms and their sequencing,<br />
often regardless of national realities.<br />
The human development approach<br />
advocates a holistic approach to development<br />
that must embrace a wide<br />
range of choices that people value:<br />
more income, greater access to knowledge,<br />
better nutrition and health services,<br />
more secure livelihoods, security<br />
against crime and physical violence,<br />
satisfying leisure hours, political and<br />
cultural freedoms, a sense of participation<br />
in community activities, selfrespect<br />
and dignity.<br />
Economic growth, therefore, is only<br />
a means to better human welfare - not<br />
an end in itself. <strong>Human</strong> beings are not<br />
perceived merely as instruments for<br />
production through increasing human<br />
28 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT <strong>2010</strong><br />
capital but as the ultimate focus of development.<br />
The causal link between<br />
economic growth and improved wellbeing<br />
does not arise automatically, but<br />
rather has to be created consciously<br />
through public policies. These policies<br />
should be tailored for each context<br />
but based on the simultaneous, not<br />
sequential, achievement of four fundamental<br />
principles:<br />
Efficiency/productivity: the optimal use of human capital through investment in the<br />
education, health, aspirations and skills of people as well as efficient use of resources.<br />
Equity: distributive justice and the fair distribution of incomes and assets through equal<br />
access to opportunities.<br />
Sustainability: concern for not only present generations but future ones as well.<br />
Empowerment/participation: enabling people to attain a level of individual development<br />
that allows them to make choices close to their hearts. Freedom has both a constitutive<br />
value (value by itself ) and an instrumental value (as a means to efficiency and to equity).<br />
Social inclusion complements the<br />
human development lens in a number<br />
of ways. It recognizes the significance<br />
of social processes of active and passive<br />
exclusion and the role of informal<br />
as well as formal institutions in addressing<br />
exclusion. Under the social<br />
inclusion concept, linkages can more<br />
easily be drawn between traditional<br />
governance structures – national or-
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