Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...

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Table 1.1 Low income and the launch of a renewed EC social agenda in 2008, have deepened the EU’s understanding of the centrality of social exclusion to its own goals. The EU and all its members now envisage their future in terms of opportunities, access, and solidarity - creating open societies and learning economies, empowering individuals to realise their potential while helping those unable to do so. The concept of social exclusion has therefore moved beyond economics and the labour force to encompass political and broader social and cultural dimensions. It defines the barriers to participation much more broadly and has correspondingly broadened the responsibilities of the State and other stakeholders to identify and address social, political, institutional and other European Union (Laeken) indicators barriers to social inclusion. Today, ‘combating social exclusion’ is the driver behind the EU’s Open Method of Coordination (OMC) in the field of employment and social policies. The EU Social Protection and So- 24 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT <strong>2010</strong> cial Inclusion Process or “social OMC” helps countries improve their own social policies through policy learning and exchange of good practices. The OMC was formalised in the context of the Lisbon Strategy, which united EU members to make their Union “the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion”. 20 The EC monitors the processes of inclusion in its member states through various instruments such as the Laeken indicators. These are a set of 18 indicators which are used to monitor success in meeting Common Objectives of EU Social Policy Agenda aimed at alleviating poverty and social exclusion in member states (see Table 1.1 below). 21 Primary indicators Secondary indicators By age and gender Low income rate by threshold By work status Low income rate by fixed threshold By household type Low income rate before social transfers By housing tenure Gini coefficient Low income amounts By work status Persistent very low income Persistent low income Depth of low income Regional cohesion Long term unemployment share Work Long term unemployment rate Jobless households Very long term unemployment rate Education Not in education or training Low educational attainment Life expectancy at birth Health Self-defined health status Source: http://www.poverty.org.uk/summary/eu.htm, last accessed on September 26, <strong>2010</strong> 1.2 Mechanisms and drivers of social exclusion Lack of power, or unequal power relations, is at the root of every type
of exclusion. Discriminatory policies and practices limit the interactions of groups and individuals with their social, legal, and economic environments. Discrimination is not limited to race, religion and gender. It extends to geographical areas, income, education levels, health status and age. It happens in highly industrialized nations as well as in developing countries. Social exclusion is more pernicious and damaging than poverty alone. Its multiple dimensions affect every area of life, including: • Economic exclusion, which results from inequalities in ownership of assets, incomes and employment opportunities; • Exclusion from social services, which results from inequalities in access to a range of services – education, health, housing, and social protection; • Exclusion from political participation, which results from unequal access to political opportunities, justice, freedoms, institutions and decision making mechanisms at many levels (from national to community level); and • Cultural status exclusion, which results from differences in recognition and (de facto) hierarchical status of different groups’ cultural norms, customs and practices. These dimensions of social exclusion tend to reinforce each other. 22 Variables that induce social exclusion tend to act together at various levels and over time to produce the effects that are commonly referred to as relational-based deprivation. Excluded groups and individuals have little access to decision-making bodies and little chance of influencing decisions or policies that affect them. As they fall down the social scale, they become increasingly marginalized. While exclusion may result from shocks during the course of life or in periods of societal transition, it is most frequently triggered by circumstances of birth. Being born into poverty or to relatively unskilled parents, for example, inevitably makes a child far more likely to be excluded and to pass exclusion on down the generations. Social exclusion has three primary drivers: (i) structures and institutions: public and private sectors both contribute to exclusion by either fostering discrimination or failing to act to protect the excluded; (ii) values and behavioural patterns: these determine discriminatory attitudes and cultural practices that regulate norms in society and among groups (including forms of self-exclusion); and (iii) policies: these reflect and respond to both structures and values, codifying them for long-term application. Social exclusion is most likely to occur where there are: Discriminatory laws and inadequate law enforcement. Discriminatory or inappropriate legislation is a primary cause and perpetuator of social exclusion. These frequently spring from insufficient understanding of the dynamics of vulnerability and inadequate reflection of the needs of socially excluded groups in policy instruments. Existing policies promoting social inclusion may not be effective in protecting excluded groups due to their lack of commitment, inadequate resources and lack of policy enforcement and oversight. In addition, where adequate legislation is in place, poorly enforced laws can make such legislation meaningless. SOCIAL INCLUSION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - A CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND | 25
Page 1: The views expressed in this report
Page 4 and 5: VI specific difficulties that group
Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations ALMP Active Labour Ma
Page 9 and 10: The UN’s Human Development Report
Page 11 and 12: agents without any true sense of ow
Page 13: Contents Foreword .................
Page 16 and 17: to its society. A dramatic effort t
Page 18 and 19: entated basis for examination of so
Page 20 and 21: services. The chapter examines spec
Page 24 and 25: Ineffective institutional support m
Page 26 and 27: 1 2 3 4 “The basic purpose of dev
Page 28 and 29: Table Human Development Index (HDI)
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Economic and labour marke
Page 33 and 34: managed to increase its public expe
Page 35 and 36: absence of material well-being and
Page 37 and 38: not protect from exclusion from goo
Page 39 and 40: more than half of its members who a
Page 41 and 42: FIGURe 75 percent of male youth age
Page 43 and 44: Education: the probability of exclu
Page 45 and 46: lower access to services than urban
Page 47 and 48: contract enforcement and privatizat
Page 49 and 50: produce a high risk of social exclu
Page 51 and 52: 3.1 Access to education and exclusi
Page 53 and 54: ns of exclusion as well the composi
Page 55 and 56: sive education depends on deep coop
Page 57 and 58: point these groups more precisely,
Page 59 and 60: FIGURe 3.2 2004/05 2006/07 Grade 1
Page 61 and 62: Kosova Education Centre (KEC) was i
Page 63 and 64: learning in its legislative framewo
Page 65 and 66: 4.1 CHAPTER 4 Health care services
Page 67 and 68: ported deaths. However, Kosovo face
Page 69 and 70: the same levels of difficulties as
Page 71 and 72: to healthcare. For many, it is simp
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4.4 Promoting inclusion in healthca
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5.1 Political participation and exc
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for all Kosovans, the level of publ
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the Department for Registration and
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were women. 188 In minority communi
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with the mayor and his job, two thi
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Table 5.6 % of respondents attendin
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public meetings are not always the
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• and created Human Development S
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tion against certain ethnic groups
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passes poor health and education va
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and cross-ministerial collaboration
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to the success of this scheme, by,
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The under-five infant mortality rat
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Human Development Index according t
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Introduction 1 Preparing for a futu
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65 USAID and Swiss Cooperation Offi
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gagement.pdf. 156 See Civic Capacit
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