Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...
Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ... Kosovo Human Development Report 2010 - UNDP Kosovo - United ...
services. The chapter examines specific institutional, policy and attitudinal drivers of economic exclusion – with a particular focus on examining access to employment, social protection systems and public utilities. Chapter 3 - Access to education and exclusion: literacy and an education focused on “life readiness” are strongly connected to life opportunity and social inclusion. Chapter 3 presents a concept of inclusive education and describes how reforms of the education system in Kosovo have impacted social inclusion. The chapter identifies a number of groups excluded from education and analyses the mechanisms of their exclusion – presenting specific recommendations to address the barriers. Chapter 4 - Health care services and exclusion: equal access to quality healthcare helps improve health outcomes for socially excluded groups. Chapter 4 presents key demographic and health indicators of the Kosovo population. It identifies challenges and successes in the field of healthcare reforms and how they have affected the processes of exclusion/inclusion. The chapter identifies socially excluded groups and mechanisms of their exclusion from the healthcare system, 22 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010 including poverty and other social factors. It concludes with recommendations for addressing health inequalities and furthering social inclusion. Chapter 5 - Political participation and exclusion: inclusion is impossible if people cannot equally and fully participate in decision-making processes. The chapter examines the concept of social exclusion through a political lens. Patterns and trends of political participation in Kosovo are examined, followed by a more detailed analysis of socially excluded groups and the mechanisms of their exclusion. The chapter concludes by identifying challenges to promoting inclusion in political processes and providing specific recommendations as to how the barriers to social inclusion can be tackled and eliminated. Chapter 6 - Findings and recommendations: this chapter summarizes key drivers of social inclusion and lists Kosovo’s primary socially excluded groups. Strategic and sector-specific recommendations towards realization of social inclusion are provided and elaborated.
1.1 Social inclusion/ exclusion: evolution of the concept in Europe What is social exclusion? There are currently multiple definitions. However, each one emphasizes a process through which deprivation is driven by alienation from the mainstream - locking individuals or groups out of normal economic, social and political processes. From this perspective, social exclusion is both a process and an outcome. The process occurs when the institutions and social constructs that allocate resources and assign value operate in ways that systematically deny some groups full participation in society. 14 The outcome is “a complex and dynamic set of relationships that prevent individuals or groups from accessing resources and asserting their rights”. 15 Rooted in French and German sociology, 16 social exclusion is a largely European construct. In France, the term “social exclusion“ was first used in the 1970s to refer to the plight of those who fell through the net of social protection - the poor, people with mental and physical disabilities, as well as racial and ethnic minorities. In early debates on social exclusion and marginality, social exclusion was usually nar- CHAPTER 1 Social inclusion and human development a conceptual background 13 “The obvious is the most difficult to see: The true wealth of a country is its people.” Mahbub ul Haq, founder of the Human Development Reports rowly viewed as individual-level challenge experienced by some individuals 17 who were not able to participate in mainstream society. As the concept evolved, it started to include societal, institutional, policy and cultural barriers as well as individual-specific challenges. When the European Commission (EC) adopted the term in the late 1980s, social exclusion as a concept was finally absorbed into Europe’s internal political discourse. 18 Over time, it became understood as both a relative and absolute concept. Exclusion can only be judged by comparing the circumstances of an individual (or group or community) relative to others within the same society. However, the individual’s right to “a life associated with being a member of a community” is fundamental, transcending borders and different socio-cultural norms. 19 When first introduced into the EU policy discourse, the concept of social inclusion posited participation in the labour force as the primary nexus of social interaction. The concept understood social exclusion in terms of exclusion from the paid labour force and explicitly assigned an active obligation to the State to identify and remove barriers to full participation in paid employment and to regularly report on its progress. The adoption of the Lisbon Strategy in 2000, however, SOCIAL INCLUSION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - A CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND | 23
- Page 1: The views expressed in this report
- Page 4 and 5: VI specific difficulties that group
- Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations ALMP Active Labour Ma
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- Page 16 and 17: to its society. A dramatic effort t
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services. The chapter examines specific<br />
institutional, policy and attitudinal<br />
drivers of economic exclusion – with a<br />
particular focus on examining access<br />
to employment, social protection systems<br />
and public utilities.<br />
Chapter 3 - Access to education<br />
and exclusion: literacy and an education<br />
focused on “life readiness” are<br />
strongly connected to life opportunity<br />
and social inclusion. Chapter 3 presents<br />
a concept of inclusive education<br />
and describes how reforms of the education<br />
system in <strong>Kosovo</strong> have impacted<br />
social inclusion. The chapter identifies<br />
a number of groups excluded from<br />
education and analyses the mechanisms<br />
of their exclusion – presenting<br />
specific recommendations to address<br />
the barriers.<br />
Chapter 4 - Health care services<br />
and exclusion: equal access to quality<br />
healthcare helps improve health outcomes<br />
for socially excluded groups.<br />
Chapter 4 presents key demographic<br />
and health indicators of the <strong>Kosovo</strong><br />
population. It identifies challenges and<br />
successes in the field of healthcare reforms<br />
and how they have affected the<br />
processes of exclusion/inclusion. The<br />
chapter identifies socially excluded<br />
groups and mechanisms of their exclusion<br />
from the healthcare system,<br />
22 | KOSOVO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT <strong>2010</strong><br />
including poverty and other social factors.<br />
It concludes with recommendations<br />
for addressing health inequalities<br />
and furthering social inclusion.<br />
Chapter 5 - Political participation<br />
and exclusion: inclusion is impossible<br />
if people cannot equally and fully participate<br />
in decision-making processes.<br />
The chapter examines the concept<br />
of social exclusion through a political<br />
lens. Patterns and trends of political<br />
participation in <strong>Kosovo</strong> are examined,<br />
followed by a more detailed analysis<br />
of socially excluded groups and the<br />
mechanisms of their exclusion. The<br />
chapter concludes by identifying challenges<br />
to promoting inclusion in political<br />
processes and providing specific<br />
recommendations as to how the barriers<br />
to social inclusion can be tackled<br />
and eliminated.<br />
Chapter 6 - Findings and recommendations:<br />
this chapter summarizes<br />
key drivers of social inclusion and lists<br />
<strong>Kosovo</strong>’s primary socially excluded<br />
groups. Strategic and sector-specific<br />
recommendations towards realization<br />
of social inclusion are provided and<br />
elaborated.